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GLEANING 


I10M    THI 


MOST  CELEBRATED  BOOKS 


Hufbandry,  Gardening, 


RURAL  AFFAIRS. 


The  improvement  of  the  ground)  is  the  nioit  natural  way  of  obtaining 
riches.  /  orA  Baron. 

Many  people  wonder,  why  the  curious  enquirers  into  nature  will  give 
themfelves  Co  much  trouble  aWnrtrcfiV  plants  j  but  thev  do  not  fuffici- 
er.tly  confider,  that  many  kinds  or  grain,  many  roots,  legumes,  Jruits, 
fallads,  and  trees,  in  common  u.e  with  us  for  noonfltmer.t,  household 
utenlils,  cloathing,  and  ornament,  are  originally  exotics. 

S t tiling jteeCs  TraBs. 


FROM    THE    LONDON    SECOND    EDITION    OF    1803. 
—  <g>~ 

Interspersed  with    Remarks  and  Observations  by  a 
Gentleman  of  Philadelphia. 


PRINTED    AND    SOLD    BY    JAMES   HUMPHREYS, 

Ai  tke  N.fV.  Ccrrcr  tf  Wcl-.u:  ard  D:.>-P.-ct:x, 


Diltncl  of  Pennfyivaaia,-— to  wit. 

BE   IT  REMEMBERED  thai  c:  -,-frventh day  $j 

July,  in  the  tvitntj -eighth  year  of  the  Independence  cf  the  United  States 
cf  America,  "James  Humphreys  if  the  /aid  diflrtil,  hath  depcfted  in 
this  ojfice,  the  Title  cf  a  Bock,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Proprietor 
-n  the  words  following,   to  wit. 

"  Gi'eanings  from  the  tncji  ctUl  rated  Books  en  Hujlandry, 
Gardening,  and  Rural  Affairs. 

"  The  improvement  cf  the  ground  is  the  mcjl  natural  w ay  of 
obtaining  riche:.  Lord  Bacon. 

"  Many  people  wonder  why  the  curious  enquirers  into  nature 
ivili gi-ve  ttery'r.'^ss  jo  much  trouble  about  exotic  plants  ;  but  they 
do  not  fufficiently  cor.ftacr,  that  many  hinds  cf  grain,  many  roots, 
legumes,  fruits,  failads,  and  tre  s,  in  common  ufe  with  us  for 
Hburifbnunt,  houfehold  uienfls,  c'.cathing,  and  ornament,  are  ori- 
ginally exotics.  StiJlingfleec's  Traces. 

"  from  the  London  Second  Edition  cf  1803.  Inierfperfed 
with  Remarks  and  Objervatiens  by  a  Gentleman  of  Philadelphia" 

In  conformity  to  the  ad  of  the  Congrefs  cf  the  United  States,  intitled , 
"An  ad  for  the  encouragement  cf  learning,  by  fecuring  the  copies  cf 
maps,  charts,  and  books,  t:  the  anthers  and  proprietors  cf  fuch  copie: 
during  the  rimes  therein  mentioned."  And  alfo  to  an  a3,  intitled,  "  An 
ad  Jupplementary  to  an  ad,  intitled  "An  a3 for  the  encouragement  ej 
learning  by  J e curing  .he  copies  cf  maps,  charts,  and  becks,  to  the  authors 
zr.J  proprietors  of  fuch  ccpie-  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,  and 
extending  the  bereft  s  thereof  to  the  arts  cf  defgning,  engraving, 
etching  hijlorical  and  other  prims." 

D.  CALDWELL, 
C.:(rk  of  the  Dijhid  of  Pennjj 


USZsfr  V  t.    lr>H^^^  >w  T.     ^uy^ 


/ 


GLEANINGS 

/rem  BOOKS  on 

AGRICULTURE  AND  GARDENING,  &c. 


The  general  opinion  of  this  Compendium  is  difplayed  by  the  immediate 
Sale  of  the  firj}  edition  ;  its  merit  is  fiamped  by  the  praife  of  the  Reviews 
(fwo  of  tuhich  are  feleSed)  ;  and  the  Author's  defire  to  render  it  more 
eminently  ufeful,  is  confpieuous,  by  the  introduElian  (in  the  fecond  edition) 
o/"  Gardening.  This  edition  has  alfo  undergone  general  Revifwn,  and 
under  many  beads  is  given  considerable  increafe  of  Information. 

F.xtra3  from  the  MONTHLY  REVIEW  of  Feb.  1802. 

"  The  Compiler  has  extra&ed  a  great  Variety  of  Information,  which 
he  has  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  under  dirtinct  heads,  from  A  to  Z. 
We  think  that  the  publication  will  be  very  ufeful  to  Agricultures.  It 
may  be  confidcred   as  a  conufc  Farmer's  Dictionary." 

Extras  from  the  Review  in  the  GENTLEMANS'  MAGAZINE,  for 
June  1 801. 

"  This  little  Work  gives  the  EJfence  of  mojl  of  the  recent  Publications 
of  many  favourite  Authors  on  Agricultural  and  Rural  Economy,  together 
with  the  Surveys  of  the  fever al  Counties  of  England,  Wales,  and  Scot- 
land, drawn  up  at  the  Defire  of  lite  Board  of  Agriculture.  Plants  are 
defcribed  in  their  Varieties  j  Quantity  of  Seed  necejfary  per  Acre,  according 
to  the  various  Modes  of  Cultivation;  Method  of  Cultivating,  Weeding, 
Cropping,  and  Seeding  ;  and  lalrly,  the  feveral  Ufes  to  which  the  Produce, 
whether  of  Seed  or  Haulm,  can  be  moft  advantageoujly  applied,  frees, 
whether  of  the  Fruit  or  Forejl  Kinds,  are  alfo  treated  of  as  to  their  Varie- 
ties, the  Nature  of  the  Soil  they  delight  in,  their  Quality  and  Affections, 
as  to  thcr  own  Growth,  or  to  what  may  b-  in  Contact  with  them;  and 
the  various  Ufes  their  BlofToms,  Fruit,  Lcavrs,  or  their  Wood,  are  capa- 
ble of.  The  Management  of  Lees,  the  Dairy,  and  many  other  ufeful  Ar- 
tides,  are  likewfe  introduced  ;  together  with  a  Plate  or  fome  uieful  Im- 
plements for  Dra;ning,  frmfptanting  ;  £rc.  The  Manner  by  nvbicb  Hay 
is  faved  in  <wct  Seafons  in  the  North  of  England,  bv  a  practice  called 
Tip/ling.  The  Whole  is  arranged  ivitb  great  Concifnefs  and  Merit,  and 
wul  piove  a  moft  defirable  Companion  to  luch  as  have  neither  the  Meant 
or  Le.furi  to  perufe  the  bulky  Materials  from  which  this  cheap  Tuft  is 
judieim/ly  fcicfled." 


o 


A  LIST    OF    THE   BOOKS    OUT  OF  WKlCHj    PRINCIPALLY,    WET.£ 
SELECTED     MATERIALS     FOR    THE    FOLLOWING    WORK. 

General  Pienvs  cf  the  Agriculture  of  the  different  Counties  cf  England, 
Wales,  and  Sc.Aana  ;  crau.n  up  a:  the  Difire  cf  the  Board  cf  Agri- 
culture 

Tran/adicns  cf  the  Society  ir.ftituted  in  London  for  the  Encouragement  cf 
Arts,   Manufactures,   ana  Commerce. 

Tranjaclicns  cf  the  Bath  Agriculture  Society. 

7ranj.  di'.ns  of  the   Highland  Society. 

Tr^nj  actions  of  the  Dublin  Socuxy. 

Stanftical  Survey  of  the  Cn .:;;,  cf  Dul'ir.. 

General  Fieiu  cf  the  Agriculture,  C?V.  oj  the  County  of  Wicklovj. 

Marfbad's  Rural  Economy. 

Young's   Tours. 

Hunter's   Gnrgisal  Effays. 

Cur  tie'-   Praai.al   Ot/rr^c:iCK;  cn  the  Britifh   Grafts. 

Ne<v;  Farmer's   Calendar,   by  Mr.  La-u.rer.ce. 

Donufiic  Encychpadia,   by  DoQcr  WilH*h. 

Darwin's    Ph. to  cgia 

Witkering's  Botanical  Arrangement  of  all  the  Vegttahles  naturally 
growing   in   Great   Bri  am. 

And  the  Work  cf  the  fcl'Unuing  Writers  on  Gardening,  viz.  Eveyr. , 
Braaley,   Miller,   Aber.r emtio,  Kennedy,  Kyis,  Prefcn,  &c. 


The  different  methods  of  euitivat:ng  each  Plant  or  Tree,  are  ar- 
ringed  nnder  the  Several  beads  «f  Soil,  Seed,  Plant,  or  Tare, 
with  a  ft tgle  letter  in  Italic  btfore  each  ;  and  for  concifer.efs  nearly 
cn  the  pian  of  Cr&nfedt's  Mireralogy. 


CJ'  The  Remarks,  &c.  interfperfed  through  the  following  WcrL 
nd  embraced  as  "  ;hus"  are  by  the  American  Editor. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS, 


Referring  to  the  different  Pages  in  which  th?  fame  Article  is  men- 
tioned or  treated  ot,  &c. 


Alder,  2. 
Almond,   4. 
Ale,  61.181.270. 
Angelica,    5. 
Angling-rods,   IC9.153. 

36.. 
An  if  orbutb,    121.180. 
Ants,  Z14. 
Ap  1c,  6. 10. -4. 

.    ii. 
Aohij,   176.-534. 
Am  >tta,   1  j. 

.,    :^. 
14. 
A  .    .    14. 

do  (Jeruf-lem)  165. 
Architect,    192. 
A(h,    16.174. 

do  (poifjn)  iS. 
Ai'pjrijui,    19. 
AiTa.c  id :,  ao. 
Airbnna,   138. 

.  260. 
Axle-trees,  26.274.  ;6x. 
Axarole,  21. 
B 
Banks,  3. 
Baby-roulTa,   315. 
Barn-owl,   332. 
Bafil,    14.  -5. 
BiJ.r.:,    14.  ;6. 
Barley,  21,23  79. 
Baroracter,  24. 

Baa  ks,    25. 

Baikcti,  42.145. 192.261. 

283. 
Bacon,  270.316.356.357 
Balfarr. . 

B.IT4!, 

Barns,    1;!. 

Bali-mats,    192. 
Bee  ,    10.33. 
Beech,   30 
Beer,   31.1C 

Bees,  31.42. 43. 84. 192. 

Be  in 

Bean*,  26*.  181. 
Berbr- 
Bitch,  35. 


Birdlirnr,    I  58. 

Bl  rn,  8.309. 

.  Canker,   js 
Bla  k  (dyej  3.4. 17.  no. 

I  1)   1-.  171. 227. 

3S9- 

9.37.176. 
27.lO3.jS1. 

Bord.i   , 

'»   38. 
B  I  ,   :-2. 

144.i4vi4it.1i1J.2G9. 

Erewiu 

B'  at     1*  •••!  I  108. 
Bri  :ges, 

Br»om,  4  1. 
Broomcorn,  43. 

,   (dye)  1 10.171. 

Banc  ..:"!  ji. 

89.186.199.239 

205.328. 

•  •neat,  43. 
I 

Bull,  44. 
Bulla:  . 

iting,  45. 

.  46. 
I)u  ter-bur,  49. 
Burgundy  pitch,    i;o, 
Bullocks,  1 

C 
Canker,  9.; 

.316. 
Cabb;  Be,  49.113.156. 

56. 
'•<.  n-,  17.77 

•  ,  56. 
Ci'fiium,   5S. 

way,    58. 
Caibon,   59. 
59. 

•   63- 

I  118. 


Ca'terpilhrs,  156. 
,   221. 

.  yc)  22T. 

Capon*,  272. 

Ccieriac,  66. 
Celery,  66. 

Crurcoil,   3. 4. 26.36.59. 
153..C,;. 
late,   5.153. 
Cheefc,   13.52.53.68.89. 
144.186.239.269.282. 
292. 
Clicrrv,  36.73. 
CbajL  67. 

utters,   6-. 
Cheinut,  7vib2. 

•  '*si    153- 
CiJer,  6.10. 1 1. 
Cichory,   76. 
Cinquefbii,  77. 
Cion,   77. 

C    lir-bu  tjiiw,  28S. 
Cives,  77- 
Cl  -ver,   78.80. 
Cofmci  s,  5.163. 
a,  8. 
ii. 
Coffee,  31.227.2- : 
290. 

84. 
d>  (Sea)  85. 
Coriander,  85. 
Cork   i'ree,  86. 
Tree,  87. 
■  J57« 
C   u,  U  ^2  58.269.346. 

do  (Chined)  90. 
C  w-pox,  91. 

vInd'un)    196. 
Wild  Irifli)  145. 
^uinea1  148. 
Cird-ge,   156. 
Confumption,  252. 
Crab  /in  trees)  91. 

■  .   qi. 
Creffet,  92. 

-,56. 

•    T  53- 

.  03. 
Crop- . 

■  °3 


Contents. 


Crows,  332. 

Cucumber,  05.HI. 
Cultivator,  97. 
Culrer,  98. 
Currants,  98. 
Curl,  267. 
Cy»refs,  qS. 
Cjtifus  ^RomaB)  ico. 


Dairy.  1 00. 

Deer,  47.113  163. 

Dibbiinr,   10c. 

Diet,   ici. 

Dogbane,  101. 

Dogberry  tree,  87. 

Doves,  i»i. 

Drains,  102. 

Drifl,   ic6. 

EroT-fy  in  Sheep,  42. 

Dry-rot   n  Timber,  3;?. 

Pqtcfa  Pink.   349. 

Duck;,  107.272. 

Dyes,  2.3.4.6.11. 34.35. 
S2.S7-94-i1c.113.145. 
162.  i-c.  106. 315.22c 
227.244.25-.274.2R1. 

2S6.2G2. 3IO.  342.349. 
359-  -  .  « 

Dyfentery  in  cattle,  2«e. 


Edifii,  108. 
Egiftmen's,  icS. 
Eglantine,  icS. 
Elder,   109. 
Elm,  1 10. 
Endive,   113. 
Engravers,   153. 
Exotics,  361. 


Fair  and  foul  Weather,  24 
Fallo-.vs,   1:5. 
Facten. ng  c  tt'e,  c-,.--6- 
Fencing,   3.17.109.J  1  5. 

158.273-280.310. 
Fennel,  115. 
Filberts,  74.15*. 
Fig,  117- 
Fir,   119. 

Fish,   122.326.2;?. 
Fiih-por.ds,   361. 
Flax,   124.J-C 
Flaxfeed-jelly,   126. 
Flutes,  26. 
Fly-lime,   158. 
Foa!.   15 
Frrft,    17.37. 
F'uit-tree^.   : 
Furrow,  12-. 
Fact,   12". 
Furze,   i;«. 


Gates,  35.76.113.357. 

361. 
Geefe,    131.258. 
Gerkins,  97. 
Gin,   179. 
Ginfeng,   137; 
Glafs,  rti. 
Goats,  130.262. 
Gold  of  Pleafure,   131. 
G'i     n  rod,   1  co. 
Goofeoirry,   133. 
Gourd,   1^4. 
Grafting,  7.78.94.135. 

168.287.318. 
GraiTes,  77. 78. 152. 104. 

2S2.294. 
Grafs-plot,  140. 
Grapes,   337. 
Green-houfe,   148. 
Green  (dye)  2.4.17.8?. 

145.17c.349. 
Guinea-corn,   148. 
Guinea-hen,   149. 
Gunpowder,  4. 

H 

Harrowing,  97.234. 

Hazle,    151. 

Hats,  zz-. 

Herges,    3. 6. 35. item. 

112. 122. 152. x 5 3 . 1  £ >' . 

161. 192. 217.273. 274. 

310.357. 
Headlands,   38. 
Head-sen,  109. 

-hog,  332. 
Heifer,    IC4. 

Hemp,  154. 170.176. 
156. 
.   2S.126.131. 16;. 
163. 1-2.173. lie. 134. 
:     7.1(9.346. 
Hops,  -4.158. 

CS,     I".";. 

Hoops,   17.35.153. 35-. 
Hone;,    31.84,324.337. 

■    J5"- 

158. 
cam,   161. 

Hot-houfe,   165. 
Hurdle;,  76.113. : 
Hur.garv-wcter,   |] 
HyiTop,   14.166. 
aster,  S3. 

I  &  J 
fee,  167. 

c-rr-.3:c. 
Inarching,  16?. 

171. 


Indigenous  Phnu,  i63. 
Infects,  37.46.134.172. 

3*7- 
Irrigation,  2.177. 
Itch  on  Cattle,   36. 
Juniper,  170, 


Kelp,   180. 
Ketchup,  21S. 
Kitchen  Garden,  1S4. 


.    1S6.336. 
Larch,    187. 
Lavender,   14.18S. 

-    I 
Lampbhck,  36. 
Lawns,  140. 
Lady-cows,  177. 
Laburnum,  iSc. 
Lact  meter,    185. 
Leather   (tanning)    2. 11. 

55.42.76.77.12: 

226. 
Leather  (dye  yellow)   34. 
Leather  (Ruffian)   36. 
Lemon  (dte)  94. 
Leek,    189. 
189. 
•    190. 
Lice  on  Cattle,   36. 
Lime,  59.2c:. 
Linen,  76.125.160.:-^, 
Lime-tree,  191. 
Liquerke,   102. 
Locuft  Tree,  193. 
Lote.    . 

Love-apple,   194. 
Luce:-.,  £1.1:4. 

II 

— ,    3.11.116 

r,   IU5. 

.  18. 

-  : : : . 
dads,    :-r.. 
:  -. 
Hat;,    145. 192.285. 
Ma::   : 

Mangel  Worse!,   190, 
Maw-feed,   1 
JMedici-e,   6-1 

;   2J2. 

... 

.:  '. 


CONTENTS. 


Vll 


Mrit-piej.   16. 

Milk,   16.47. 88. 39.94. 

100. 1 85.10  ' 

'»  9- 
Mint,    14.313. 
Millet,  113. 
.   16.331. 

9.114.239. 
Morells,   114. 
Mole-hills,  214. 

331. 
Mutton,  47. 
Mulhrooms,  165. 117. 252 
Mdb;rr>,   215. 
Mummy,  21-. 
MuiUrd,  118. 
al  Inftrum 
121.: 

Myrtle, 

ums,   123. 

1  94- 
Nets,   145.156. 
Net  needles,   icg. 
Nettarin-j,    16522. 1 . 

Nut  (Earth)  1 


Oak,  220.224. 

Jj.  Evergreen,  127. 
.   218. 

on,  $.13.31.1557.65. 

87.110.121.125.171. 

153.156.170.180.1S8. 

219.232.235.251.263. 

280.328.339.342. 
Oil-cakes,  125. 
Okra,  231. 
Olive,   »]t. 

it,    19.232. 
Opium,    191.162. 
Orange  (dye)  94.171- 
Oranges,    165. 
Orgeat,   212. 
Orchard,  234. 

-.280. 

P 

:,   47.23S. 
Parfni.., 
Parflcy, 
Palmi  Chnfti,  13'. 

I.I70. 

153. 
1  1, 


Pears,  8.241. 
241. 

iC;.239. 
Peas,  158.: 

1 2  -  .2: 1 5- 

PflMOckj    24J. 
Pheafant,  24S. 

i|,  9. 
Pickles,   33.34.42.58.59. 
.     87-97-  i94-2'7-**3-J3- 

Pine-appl-i,   165. 

•  *37-i63- 

Pigeons,  249.33;. 

;er,   250. 
Pirtachla  Tree  and  Nut, 

Pi:ch,   120.151. 
Pipe  (laves,   188. 

Ploughs,  35.^7.103.254. 

3.6. 
Ploughing,  234. 
Plane    i  rer, 

j;n,  152. 
Plum,   ;5v 
Poles,    17.99.113. 
Potalh,    17.31. 110.245. 

i  A  A,    18. 
Poultry,   109. 149. 213. 

27 1.290. 
Potatoes,   116.263. 
Put-herbs,  168. 

Potters. 
Poplar,   259. 
Poppy,   261. 
Polecat",    331. 

.   nate,  25-. 
.   157. 
Preferves,   : 
Printers  Ink,   56. 

193. 
Purple  (dye)  S7.no.171. 
Puddings,  213. 
Punch,   281. 

<*. 

Quickfer,  2-2. 
.  274. 


Rabbits,  47.261.2-5. 

357- 
279. 

Rati,    331. 

13.1?. 
0.48.52.56. 

T.94. 114.134.171 


193.201.2 

292.312.320.j26.3a8. 

33313"- 
Renne',   16.94.282. 

•1  >n)  1S1. 
Reed  (fea)  281. 
Reedfrafs,  382. 
Red  (dye)  3.171.196.310 
Rciin,  251. 
Rhu  arb    283, 
Ricks,  81. 
Ri  e,  286. 
Roletnary,   14.287. 
Rot  (in  Sheep)  47. j  1.  . 

29c.  348. 359. 
Rot  (in  Timber\  520. 
Ropes  1 1 1- 1?  1  145.156. 

179.193.388. 
Rncamb^h,  287. 
Rootgrafting,  28- 
Ruthc*.,  28S. 
289.361. 


•*>aee,   14.293. 

I  ,296. 
Sal.tds,  33.88.93   ,jA.  ,,. 

1 68.2 14.220. 22  3. 24S. 

263.192.344. 
Saftrnn,   291. 
Salatfoin,  294. 
Salt,  296. 

.  296. 
Seedi  (to  prepare  :.. 

ferve)  82.299. 
Seaf>ns,   298. 
Sea  Peas,   169. 
Sea  Weed,   180. 
Seedline,   124. 
Scab  (in  flieeo)  179. 311. 
Si;  i'y-root,   199. 
St  a!  linn;,   1 
Sheep,  42  4^. 5 1.68.83. 

1 10.131.179.237.262. 

2S0.302.321. 
Shingl' 

Silk-w,  rmt,  21-. 

Skufllc :. 

.  230. 

S  ",09. 

Sloe, 

Sma.1 

■ 

.    :  :   lit. 
17. 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


Sparrows,  333. 
Squafn,   134. 
Straw,   27.67. 
Stacks,  41.57.8r. 
Starch,  76. 163.27c. 
Staves,   188.226. 
S:ee-;  for  Wheat,   312. 
Strawberry,   313. 
Stotes,   ^3 1. 
Swine,  83. S7. 221.263. 

270.3:5. 
Sweetmea  s,  6. 
Sweet  Briar,  icS. 

'l'ga  >    34-IC2.2IC. 

Sycamore,  316. 


Tares,  317. 

Tanning,  2. 11.17. 35.42. 

76.77.121.220.226. 

25c.32r.357. 
Tarts,  283. 
Teafel,   3:7. 
Terebration,   318. 
Thatch,    4 -.5 7. 1  ,-6.125. 

145. 281.288. 290. 
Thermometer     319. 
Threfhinj,   318. 
Thyme,  319. 
Tipde,  8r. 
Timber,  32c. 


Tomat",   104. 
Tobacco,   321. 
Tranfplanter,   325. 
Tree,   322. 
Turr.ep,  27.rrc  324. 
Tu-pcntine,  120. 121. 188 

25r. 

d;>  (Straflsurgh)  122. 
Tulip  tree,   323. 
Twine,   156. 

U  &  V 

Underwood,   36.75.16r. 

341. 
Valerias,   330. 
Veijuice,   -. 
Vermin,  22c. 331. 
Vetch,   335. 
Vine,   337. 
Vlaeya  ds,    540. 
Vinegar,  6.J1.II0.2IO. 

W 

Walnut,  341. 
Warring.    34.3. 
Water  creffts,   344. 
Max,  221. 
Weazle,  331. 
Weather,  24. 
Weeds,  344. 


Weld,   34*. 
White  Thorn,  %. 
Wheat,  79.100.26r.3i2j 

349- 
Whycrvhaale,   rr:. 
Wheel  for  fpnning  Ropes 

re  6. 
White  wax,   175. 
V.  i      Figs,    ir-. 
Wine,   36.30.rro.r79. 

2ro.274.275.28r.3ro. 

342- 
Willow,  3:5. 
Wool,   34.221.227.305. 
Wo  d  peckers,  332. 
Woad,  35?. 


Yarrow,   360. 
Yams,  359. 
Y  ic.and,  359. 
Yeaft,   r 53.248. 
Yellows  in  Cows,  9c. 
Yellow  (dye    4-6.jr.34. 
35.162.17c.17r.3r5. 

22I.244-257-342-349* 
Yew,   360. 


Zeugometer,  361. 


GLEANINGS 


AGRICULTURE,  &c. 


••  \cr!cui.tl*re  ate  may  thank  for  our  Property — our 
Municipal  Rights— Mr  mildness  of  our  Maimer* — our  Scien- 
ces— and  our  Arts." 

AC. 

ACCOUNTS 

Kept  of  country  bufinefs,  are  important;  and  when  a 
little  familiarized  by  use,  become  highly  inter  efting  and 
advantageous  to  farmers  and  hufbandmen. 

ACRE. 

A  term  ufed  for  a  certain  quantity  of  land,  by  which 
the  fize  of  a  farm  is  calculated,  and  let  b\ . 

1.  Englifi — Contains  160  perches,  of  \b\   feet,  or  40 
perches  long,  and  4  broad;  or  4840  fquare  yards*  or 

.  ;6o  fquare  feet. 

2.  Scotch — Contains   5760  fquare   yards  of  37   inches 
each;    hence  the  proportion  between  the  Scotch  and 

ngtijh  acre,  is  very  nearly  as  5  to  4. 
1  ijb — Contains  160  fquare  perches. 
The  proportionable  quantity  of  feed,  is  as  i\  bufhels 
an  Englifn  acre,  to  4  bufhels  an  Irijb  acre. 

[  •  1 

i 
N.   C.  College 


:  AF.     AL 

AFTERMATH, 

The  fecond  growth  of  grafs  on  a  field,  of  which  the 
herbage  has  already  been  mown  for  hay. 

i.N  Near  London  when  the  Latter-meath  is  to  be  made 
into  hay,  the  fields  are  fhut  up  for  the  firft  crop  by 
Lady-day  :  if  to  be  fed,  not  till  the  latter  end  of  April. 

1.  Irrigation  produces  a  fine  latter-meath. 

3.  The  field  manured  as  foon  as  the  hay  is  carried  of, 
and  the  cattle  not  turned  in  till  September  or  October. 

4.  Hay  made  of  the  Latter-meath  is  fofter  than  the  firft 
crop,  and  deemed  better  for  Cows  than  Horfes. 

Latter-meath  is  called  by  different  names  in  various 
parts  of  England,  as,  Aftermath,  Roughings,  Aver- 
age, Eddifh,  Grafton,  Rowen. 

ALDER. 

1.  Common  Alder.     (Eetula  Jlnus.) 

Var. — Scarlet}  Black;  Hoary-leaved j  Indented  or 
Elm-leaved  j  Curled-leaved  j  Broad  curled- leaved  : 
White. 

2.  Black-berry  bearing  Alder.     (Rhamnusfrangula.) 
Culture,  csV.  of  the  Common  Alder. 

1.   Soil. 
£.  Flourifhes  belt  in  lowmarfhy  fituations;  will  not  live 
in  a  chalky  foil. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  By  taking  up  old  roots,  and  dividing  them  into  fe- 
veral  parts. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  The  wood  foft  and  brittle. 

b.  The  poles  fit  for  ufe  at  16  or  20  years  growth. 

c.  Grafs  grows  well  beneath  its  fnade. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  berries  dye  green. 

b.  The  leaves  have  been  ufed  in  tanning  leather,  and 
alfo  medicinally. 

According  to  Linnseus,  the  leaves  are  acceptable  as 
fodder  to  fheep  in  winter  are  alfo  eaten  by  goats,  hor- 
fes, and  oxen. 


AL.  3 

The  bark  gives  a  red  colour;  with  the  addition  of 
copperas  a  black — It  is  alfo  ufcd  by  lilhermen  to  ftain 
their  nets. 

d.  Planted  for  hedges. 

e.  The  wood  is  ufed  for  rafters;  pattens;  clogs;  fhoe- 
Jieels;  turners  ware;  hurdles;  rails  for  fencing;  and 
chairs,  which  are  very  handibme,  and  of  the  colour 
of  mahogany. 

The  knots  furnifh  a  beautiful  veined  wood  for  cabi- 
nets ;  and  the  branches  make  good  charcoal. 
/.  The  wood  endures  a  long  time  under  water,  and  there- 
fore is  ufcd  for  pipes ;  and  to  lay  under  the  foundati- 
ons of  buildings  fituated  upon  bogs;  where  it  turns 
black  like  ebony. 
g.  In  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  the  boughs  cut  in  the 
fummer,  fpread  over  the  fields,  and  left  during  the  win- 
ter to  rot,  are  found  to  anfwer  as  manure;  in  March 
the  ground  is  cleared  of  the  undecayed  parts,  and  then 
ploughed. 

In  Norway  the  young  twigs  are  ufed  to  feed  cattle 
and  horfes,  when  other  fodder  is  fcarce. 
b.  Arc  planted  on  the  loofe  ground  of  the  Duke  of 
Bridgeware's  canal,  by  way  of  fecurity  to  the  banks, 
and  not  only  anfwers  the  original  purpofe,  but  has  pro- 
ved a  profitable  plantation,  admitting  of  being  cut 
down  every  four  or  five  ycar^. 

Shrubs  planted  on  high  sloping  banks,  on  the  fides 
of  roads,  occ.  prevents  the  earth  from  mouldering  down. 

Culture,  idc.  of  the  black-berry  bearing  Alder. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  A  wet  foil  and  made. 

i.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  which  fhould  be  lb wn  as  foon  as  they  are 
ripe,  and  then  the  plants  will  come  up  the  fprinor  follow- 
ing; but  if  they  are  kept  out  of  the  ground  till  fpring, 
the  plans  will  not  come  up  till  the  fecond  year. 

b.  Bv  la  I  cuttings,  but  the  fcedling  plants  are  beft 
— Grows  wild  in  woods  and  wet  hedges. 

3.    Tr 
j.  The  wood  when  young  is  foft  and  yellow;    but  be- 
and  light-red  with  age. 


4  AL. 

4.  Use. 
.  The  berries  gathered  before  they  are  ripe,  dye  wool 
green ;  and  a  very  beautiful  green  has  been  procured 
vrom  the  ripe  berries. 

b.  Tae  bark  dves  yellow ;  and  with  iron  black. 

c.  Charcoal  prepared  from  the  wood  is  preferred  by  the 
makers  of  gunpowder. 

ALEXANDERS.     (Smyrnium  Olufatrum.) 

-.   6f*. 

1.  Seed. 
Sown  both  in  autumn  and  in  the  fpring;  the  firft  pro- 
:es    the  ftrongeft   plants:    the  feed  of  the  fpring 
:ng3  often  lay  a  year  in  the  ground. 
2.  Plant. 
a.  The  plants  of  the  autumn  fowing,  thinned   in  the 
fpring  to   10  inches  or  a  foot;  and  the  following  Fe- 
bruary earthed  up  to  blanch  them :    or  they  may  be 
planted  and  treated  in  trenches  like  celery. 
3.    Use- 
m.   This  was  formerly  eaten  as  celery  is;  but  on  the  in- 
troduction of  celery  inro  our  gardens,  this  being  infe- 
rior to  it,  is  now  feldom  cultivated. — Has  been  ufed 
in  phyfic. 

ALMOND.     (Amygdalus  Communis.') 

t  .  Common  Bitter  Almond. 

2.  Sweet  Almond. 

Thefe  two  arife  from  the  fruit  of  the  fame  tree. 

3.  Jordan  Almond. 

The  fhell  is  tender,  the  kernel  large  and  fweet;  the 
leaves  broader  than  the  common  fort,  and  their  edges 
crenared :  the  S  naU,  pale,  and  inclining  to  white. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Will  fucceed  in  any  common  foil  of  our  gardens, 
but  require,  for  the  fake  of  the  blofibms,  a  fheltered 
fanny  fituation. 

2    Increased. 
a.  By  planting  the  almonds  in  the  fhells  in  the  fpring, 
.in  drills  two  inches  deep,  and  in  rows  a  foot  afunder. 


AN.  5 

In  three  years  from  this  they  bear,  a.i  the  peachy     It  is 
beil  to  plant  them  where  wanted  to  remain.        \ 
b.   By  budding  or  inoculation  in  July  ;  into  plum-uocks 
for  wet  ground  ;  and  into  peach  or  almond  ior  dry. 

In  the  middle  States  of  America,  plant  the  feeds  to 
grow,  the  trees  in  the  coldeft  clay  foil  for  preventing 
the  blojfoms  coming  too  forward.  The  tree  need  fcaae- 
ly  be  flickered  but  from  flickers  of  other  trees  or  kn- 
ees, fome  little  way  oh1*,  for  breaking  bleak  winds. 

3;    Tki 
Is  much  of  the  nature  of  the  peach-tree,  and  is  h 

a.  Are  planted  either  as  whole  or  half  itandards,  at  froitn 
4  to  7  feet  high,  and  20  or  30  feet  diftance;  or  aga 
walls  and  as  efpalier  ,  which  produce  larger  and  for- 
warder fruit.  \ 

b.  Bears  principally  on  the  young  fhoots. 

4.    Use. 

a.  The  fruit. 

b.  The  fweet  almond  has  been  ufed  as  a  fubftitute  for 
cocoa-nuts,   in  making  -i  kind  of  chocolate, 

c.  An  oil  is  drawn  from  the  kernel.  / 

d.  A  cofmetic  is  made  of  the  bitter  almond  J 

e.  As  an  ornamental  tree.  / 

There  is  a  dwarf  kind  (A.  Nana)  on  If'  about  three 
feet  high,  which  is  increafed  by  fuckers,  /nd  is  kept  in 
gardens  for  the  lake  of  the  bloflbms;  winch  appeal  in 
April. 

ANGELICA.     (Angelica  Arcbcfigelica.) 
Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil.  ■ 
a.  A  moift  rich  foil,  as  the  banks  of  cj/tches. 

2.  Seed. 
a.  Should  be  fown  loon  after  it  is  ripe. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Planted  three  feet  afunder. 

b.  The  flowering  Items  (which  do  not  appear  till  the 
fecond  year)  (hould  be  cut  down  in  May,  which  will 
occafion  their  putting  out  heads  from  the  fides  of  the 
roots,  whereby  they  may  be  continued  lor  three  or  four 
years;  whereas  if  they  are  permitted  to  feed,  their  roots 
will  perifh  foon  after. 


6  AP. 

c.  When  cultivated  for  the  feed,  new  plantations  fhould 
be  made  annually. 

4,  Use. 
The  plant  is  ufed  in  medicine,  as  is  alfo  the  feed;  and 
hfc  confectioners  make  a  \eat  with  the  tender 

/    (talks,  cut  in  May. — In  Raftald's  Englifh  Houfckeep- 
er,  is  directions  how  to  candy  them. 


/ 


APPLE.      (Pyruc  Malus.) 

1.  Wild  Apple  or  Crab;  of  this  there  are  two  varieties 
of  fruit,  one  is  ^bitc,  and  the  other  purple  towards 
the  lun. 

2.  Apple,  this  fruit  (or  at  lead  the  bell:  cider  kinds) 
are  laid  to  have  been  brought  from  Norman. 

Some  of  the  beft  cider  apples,  as  the  Red-ftreak, 
Golden  Pippin  and  Redmus,  are  nearly  loft,  few  grafts 
taken  from  them  producing  fruit  equal  to  the  old  trees 
— the  following  are  now  reckoned  among  the  beft  cider 
fruit,  viz.  Oxford  Pippin,  Red  Kernel,  Black  Fox 
Whelp,  Foreft  Sire,  Skerm's  Kernel,  Ma. in  Apple, 
Stone  Piopin,  Xever-fail,  Baftard  or  Winter  Pearmain, 
Winter  Merchant,  Iberton's  Streaking,  Bunch  Pippin, 
Pitt  Crab,   Ladbrook's  Red-ftreak. 

of  the  Wild  Apfle  or  Crab. 
1.    Tr 
iTounfne.  better  on  declivities  and  in  fhady  places, 
than  in  opei  expofures  or  boggy 
•  .   Gfafs  grovs  well  beneath  ::. 
:.    Use. 
^ich  to  ingraft  :  ;:nds  of 

apples. 
b.  For  hedges. 
e.  The  bark  affords  a  yellow  dye. 

d.  The  wood  is  tolerably  hard:  it  turn?  very-  clean,  and 

n  made  into  cogs  for  wheels,  obtains  a  polifh  and 
wears  a  long  t?me-. 

e.  n  ith  a  proper  addition  of  fugar,  it  is  fuppofed  that 
2  very  grateful  liquor  may  be  made  with  the  juice,  but 
little  inferior  to  Old  Hock. 

ade  in  the  following  manner  of  the  fruit 
— To  one  peck  of  crabs  bruiied,  put  nine  gallons  of 


A  P.  7 

cold  fpring  water  in  a  tub;  let  them  (land  about  nine 
days  ;  cover  them  over  with  a  cloth,  ftir  the  crabs  once, 
at  lcatt,  every  dav;  then  ftrain  it  through  a  hair  cloth, 
and  put  it  into  a  cafk,  iron  bound  and  painted. 
every  gallon  of  the  liquor,  put  one  pound  of  fugar,  and 
ftir  it  in  the  cafk  a  few  times,  to  diflblve  the  fugar — 
Let  the  cafk  (land  where  it  will  have  as  much  of  the 
fun  as  poffible;  and  cover  it  with  a  tile,  to  keep  infects 
and  rain  out. 
g.  The  juice,  called  by  the  country  people  Verjuice,  is 
much  ufed  in  recent  Sprains,  and  in  other  cafes  as  an 
aftringent  and  repellant — Kept  three  or  four  years,  it 
becomes  an  excellent  palatable  liquor. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Apple. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  A  loamy  clay  foil  eftee.ned  the  befl,  the  cider  being 
better  and  keeping  longer  than  from  trees  growing  on 
other  foils. 

b.  Saidy  or  light  foil — The  cider  made  from  this  foil  is 
pleafant  and  good  for  the  rirfl  year,  and  often  the  fc- 
cond,  but  is  apt  to  get  acid  in  long  keeping. 

INCREASED   FROM   PIPS  OR   KERNELS. 

*.  After  the  apples  are  ground  in  a  mill,  and  the  juice 
for  cider  prelFed  out,  the  rind,  core  and  kernels  (or 
mufty  as  it  is  called)  fhould  be  crumbled  very  fmall, 
and  laid  thin  on  a  board  floor  to  dry;  for  if  it  be  1 
thick,  it  will  heat  and  dellroy  the  vegetation  of  the 
kernels.  To  prevent  its  heating,  it  mould  often  be 
turned  with  a  malt-shovel — In  February  or  March  lay 
it  on  a  well  dug  piece  of  ground,  and  fhovel  turn  it 
in,  that  it  may  be  two  inches  deep;  in  abou:  fix  wetks 
the  young  plants  will  appear,  and  mull  be  kept  clean 
of  weeds. 

J.    Increased  by  grafting. 

a.  Crab-flocks  preferred  by  fotr.e  to  Apple-flocks  for 
grafting;  a*  I.  fucceeding  in  fliiT  cold,  moifl  ground, 
where  the  apple-flock  will  canker  and  die.  2.  Becaufc 
its  roots  are  neither  killed  by  frofl,  nor  eaten  by  field- 
mice.  J.  Does  not  vegetate  fo  early  as  the  apple, 
which  may  prefcrve  the  flower  from  the  bla  be 

the  means  of  faving  a  fine  crop  of  fruit. 


8  AP. 

b.  Apples  and  Pears  have  been  grafted  on  the  White- 
thorn. 

c.  Take  a  cutting  from  the  wild  crab,  and  graft  it  on  a 
black  thorn  (lock:  from  the  offspring  take  a  cutting, 
graft  it  on  a  white  thorn  flock :  from  the  tree  thus  pro- 
duced, take  a  cutting,  and  graft  it  on  a  wild  crab 
flock,  and  this  tree  will  produce  apples.  By  a  number 
of  repetitions  of  this  operation,  have  all  the  varieties 

of  apples  been  originaliv  produced. View  of  die 

agriculture  of  Hereford fh ire. 

d.  Graft?,  from  flrong  feedling  apple  trees,  do  not  bear 
fruit  till  they  are  12  or  20  years  old;  while  the  grafts 
from  old  trees  will  bear  copioufly  in  2  or  3  years. 

c.  Very  large,  and  even  old  trees,  may  be  grafted,  fo 
as  to  bear  fine  heads  of  other  forts;  and  thus  they  will 
produce  a  crop  of  fruit,  quicker  than  by  any  other 
method. 

-t.      INCREASED    FROM    CUTTINGS    OR    SLIPS. 

0.  Near  Bury,  in  Suflex,  is  a  fingular  variety  of  the  ap- 
ple tree,  called  :  apple -t  it  is  often  exceeded  in 
height  by  filbert  bufnes;  but  what  is  very  remarkable, 
it  grows  freely  from  ,  or  rather  flips,  plucked 
from  the  boug 

b.   The  0  0  Stive  Apple  is  propagated  by  fuck- 

ers; or  rather  young  wood  pulled  out  of  the  crown 
of  the  tree. 

•    5.    Tree. 

a.  Trees  raijed  frcn  pips  or  kernels  are,  after  remaining 
two  or  three  years  in  the  feed  beds,  to  be  taken  up,  the 
tap-rcot  cut  off  and  fome  of  the  fpreading  branches; 
and  planted  in  rows  1  foo:  apart,  and  the  trees  8  or  10 
inches  from  eac/  arc  to  remain  three  years, 

-ufl  again  be  taken  up,  the  roots  and  tops 
t,  and  planted  18  inches  diftant  in  the  rows,  and  4 
feet  the  rows;  in  this  nurfery  they  mufl  remain 

till  :  :rom  10  to  15  years  old,  according  to  their 

fize,  to  be  carefully  trained  up  ftraight,  and  every 
fpring  five  or  fix  of  the  largeft  knots  or  fprays  cut  off. 
;hey  are  to  be  planted  in  fields,  20  or  22  yards 
from  each  other;  and  fenced  from  cattle. — No  animal 
will  touch  them  if  painted  annually  with  human  or- 
dure. 


A  PP.  y 

Apples  grown  on  trees  not  grafted,  are  called  Pip- 
pins, or  Kernel  fruit. 

b.  In  Kent  they  find  the  trees  are  advanced  in  their 
growth,  by  keeping  the  land  under  tillage. 

i.  Young  apple  trees,  which  are  found  to  bear  ordinary 
fruit,  mould  be  reduced  to  ttocks  for  the  more  valua- 
ble forts. 

d.  If  hide- bound,  they  are  to  be  relieved  by  cutting  the 
bark  with  the  point  of  a  knife,  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  of  the  ftem. 

e.  Canker — tranlplanting  young  trees  often  flops  it,  or 
cutting  out  the  cankered  part;  it  is  occafioned  by  the 
root  ftriking  into  a  bad  foil,  which  alio  fpots  the  fruit. 
— A  vapour  arifes  from  cankered  trees,  which  affects 
the  found  ones. 

/.  Mifletoe,    which  is  frequently  fatal   to  apple-trees, 

mould   be   pulled   out  with   hooks   in  frofty  weather, 

when,    bein^  brittle,    it  readily  breaks  ofr    from  the 

branches — Sheep  are  very  food  of  this  plant. 

g.  In  new  plantations,  care  fhould  be  taken,  not  to  place 

'  trees  too  deep;  more  mifchief  arifing  from  that  one 

■rce,  than  all  the  other  combined  caufes. 
b.  Trees  overgrown  with  mofs,  and  infelted  with  infects, 
fhould  have  the  mofs  carefully  brufhed  off,  and  the  in- 
fected trees  anointed  with  the  following  mixture,  about 
the  latter  end  of  March — To  ico  gallons  of  human 
urine,  and  I  buihel  of  lime,  add  cow-dung  fufficient 
to  bring  it  to  the  confillence  of  paint. 
6.    Blossom. 

1 0  preferve  from  blights,  form  heaps  of  fward  or 
fpind,  in  the  nature  of  demifhiring  or  burn-baiting,  or 
heap:,  of  long  dung,  wet  itraw,  weeds,  or  any  other 
like  matters,  at  different  intervals  all  round,  /'.  e.  yn 
every  fide,  and  likewife  fome  in  different  parts  of  the 
orchjrd.  Iran  ealt  win  i  blow*,  let  fire  to  fome  of  the 
heaps  on  the  cafl  fide,  and  fome  within  the  body  of  the 
orchard  j   if  a  fouth  wind,  then  on  the  fouth  fide-   and 

oecafionally  on  different  fides,  as  the  wind  may  hap- 
pen to  vary;  but  always  on  that  fide  from  whence  the 
wind  happens  to  blow,  fo  that  the  fmoke  from  the  fmo- 

;  ing  of  the  heaps,  may  blow  through  and  fumigate 

[  » 1 


io  APP. 

the  orchard  for  Tome  weeks ;    beginning  the  latter  end 
of  March. 
b.  Botanifts  impute  the  fall  of  the  blofibm  to  rain  fpoil- 
ins:  the   anther* — Thev   alfo  condemn  fmoking  the 
trees,  as  it  dries  up  the  moifture  cf  the  ftigma. 
7.  Fruit. 

a.  Apples  for  Cider  mould  be  gathered  when  full  ripe, 
and  will  quit  the  tree  by  gentle  making;  if  gathered 
before  ripe,  the  cider  will  be  rough  and  hard,  and  fel- 
dom  pleafant  or  good  flavoured.  Lay  them  on  a 
gravel  walk  (fome  put  them  under  cover)  that  the 
wet  may  the  eafier  run  from  them,  and  not  thicker  than 
io  or  12  inches;  though  fome  pile  them  in  heaps — 
Care  fhould  be  taken  to  place  fruits  of  equal  ripenefs 
and  good  qualities  bv  themfelves;  for,  if  of  different 
ripenefs,  die  cider  will  be  apt  to  ferment  too  much, 
which  will  cauie  it  to  grow  hard,  and  never  be  rich, 
full,  and  fine- flavoured. 

b.  A  mixture  of  apples  is  efteemed  by  fome  to  make  the 
beft  cider. 

c.  Rotten  apples  fnouid  be  picked  cut,  and  attentive  ma- 
nagers break  off  the  ftalks. 

d.  In  fome  places  the  apples  arefplit,  and  two  kinds  of 
cider  made;   that  with  the  red  fide,  being  cf . 
quality,  to  what  the  whole  apple  would  make. 

e.  To  fore  apples — Gather  them  when  the  trees  and 
fruit  are  quite  dry;  the  proper  time  of  the  day  is  from 
ii  to  4:  Take  care  not  to  bruife  them;  put  them  in  a 
dry  place  in  heaps  for  about  a  fortnight  to  fweat;  wipe 
them  carefully ;  next  lay  them  upon  clean  draw,  2  or 
3  layers  thick;  but  if  there  is  not  plenty  of  room,  there 
may  be  feveral  layers  one  upon  another,  covering  the 
whole  with  dry  ftraw  a  foot  thick  at  lead,  to  e:; 

the  damp  air  and  froft. — Some  only  lay  a  coarie  linen 
cloth  between  the  layers. 

3.   Gibi 

a.  After  it  has  been  in  hogfheads  a  few  days,    i: 

work  and  throw  up  a  thick  jubilance  at  the  bung-hole 

fomewhat  like  barm,  but  of  a  darker  colour;  when  this 

appears  it  generally  is  dropt  fine,  and  fhould  be  imme- 

atcly  racked  into  a  clean  cafk;  fo  long  as  it  remains 


A  PP.  ii 

fine  and  free  from  fermenting,  it  may  remain  in  the 

ifk,  but  if  it  ferments  much,  it  Jhould  be  racked,  and 
the  ground  or  k<  \  it;  it  often  requires  four 

or  five  rackings.  After  the  whole  is  done,  a  bung  may 
be  placed  over  the  bung-hole,  but  mould  not  be  clofc 
flopped  un:il  February  or  March,  when  ic  will  be  fit 
for  file  or  ufe. 

The  Zees  may  be  dropt  through  a  bag  or  bags,  or 
coarle  cloth,  made  in  form  of  a  jelly  bag,  with  a  hoop 

v.n  round  the  top  to  hold  abouc  a  pail-full;  by  doing 
this,  very  little  cider  will  be  walled,  and  the  droppings 

;ded  to  the  cider,  will  be  a  means  to  keep  it  from  fer- 
menting, and  will  alfo  help  the  colour. 

To  refine  cider — For  one  hogfhead  of  ioo  gallons, 
beat  about  one  ounce  and  a  half  of  iftnglafs,  and  pull 
it  to  pieces;  add  to  it  about  two  quarts  of  liquor,  and 
whilk  it  together;  next  day  add  more  liquor,  and  whilk 
it  together;  repeat  this  until  it  be  difiblved,  and  beaten 
fine.     Rack  your  foul  liquor,  throw  in  the  difiblved 

ifs,  and  flir  it  together  with  a  (tick.     As  foon  as  it 
ps  fine,  rack  it  off  in  a  clean  cafk. 

Jer  be  bottled  before  it  be  1 6  or  1 8  months  old, 
it  endangers  the  breaking  of  the  bottles. 

d.  Cider  (particularly  fuch  as  is  of  an  acid  tendency) 
placed  in  the  fun,  becomes  very  fir  ong  vinegar  in  a  fhort 
time;  and  i  lb.  of  honey  to  a  gallon  of  cider  will,  after 
ftanding  fome  months,  become  fuch  powerful  vinegar, 
that  it  muft  be  mixed  with  water  for  common  ufe. 

e.  Lead  ufed  about  the  mill  or  prefs  is  laid  to  affect  the 
cider  lb  much,  as  to  bring  on  thofe  that  drink  it,  Palfy, 
Colicky    I 

f  The  cheefe  or  pummice  is  by  fome  prefTed  by  a  lever 
lo  c  lofe  and  dry,  as  to  bear  being  cut  into  narrow  ftrips, 
and  burnt.      "  It  is  better  in  a  manure." 
g.  A  fp'trit  is  faid  to  be  drawn  from  the  refeduum  of  the 
prefs,  macerated  in  water,  and  diftilled  in  the  ufual 
manner;  and  added  to  the  cider  to  give  it  a  body. 
9.    Use. 
The  Fruit. 

bark  tans  leather;  and  dyes  yellow. 


12  APR. 

APRICOT.     (Primus  Armeniaca.) 

i.  With  fmall  but  early  fruit,  ripening  in  July. — 
i.  Early  white  Mufculine.     2.  Early  red  Mufculine. 

%.  With  fruit  larger  and  of  a  fuperior  flavour,  but  not 
ripening  till  the  beginning  or  middle  of  Auguft — 
i.  Algiers,  2.  Orange.  3.  Roman.  4.  Turkey. 
5.    Temple. 

3.  With  large  and  well  flavoured  fruit,  but  not  ripening 
till  the  middle  or  end  of  Auguft;  and  fucceeds  in  cf- 
paliers  and  as  ftandards.     1.  Breda.      2.  Bruffels. 

Culture 3   &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Succeed  well  in  any  common  good  foil  of  a  garden. 
h.  A  light  loam. 

Much  dung  makes  them  gum  and  canker. 
:.    Increased. 
a.  By  budding  in  July  or  Auguft,  on  any  fort  of  plum 
ftccks. 

Near  Aleppo,  is  grown  a  kind,  which  has  a  fweet 
kernel,  and  is  an  exceeding  good  fruit ;  it  is  ingrafted 
upon  the  almond,  and  its  delicacy  is  reckoned  to  pro- 
ceed from  that  particular  circumfiance. 
3.    Tree. 

a.  To  be  tranfplanted  in  open  weather  from  the  end  of 
October  till  fpring,    and  will  bear  it  at  feveral  years 
growth :  For  wall  or  efpaliers  mould  be  planted  from  1 5 
to  25  feet  diftancej   the  laft  the  beft:   The  Turkey  re- 
res  30  feet. 

b.  Produces  fruit  principally  upon  the  young  wood  of  a 
year  old,  immediately  from  the  eyes  of  the  fhoots,  and 
often  upon  fmail  fpurs  on  the  fecond  or  third  years 
wood. 

It  is  recommended  to  prevent  the  forming  of  fpurs, 
as  the  bloflbms  on  them  are  far  off  the  wali,  and  more 
liable  to  luffer  from  the  froft,  than  thofe  on  the  bran- 
ches, befides  producing  fmaller  fruit. 
c  Pruning. 
(1)  Summer — confifts  in  regulating  the  moots  of  the 
year  oniy,  retrenching  the  bad,  and  training  in  the 
ufeful,  and  fhould  be  begun  in  May.  (2)  Winter- 
may  be  performed  from  the  end  of  October  till  the  be- 


ARN.  i; 

ginning  of  March ;  cutting  the  fmaller  fboots  to  6, 
8,  or  10  inches  in  length,  the  middle  growths  to  a 
foot  or  15  inches,  and  the  (trongefl:  fhoots  to  h 
yard  or  2  feet  long;  preferving  all  the  eligible  imall 
fruit-fpurs,  rifing  on  the  two  or  three  year's  wood  : 
cutting  dole  all  confiderable  projecting  old  fpurs,  all 
dead  wood,  and  old  Humps. 

(3)  Slanders,  after  being  beaded  dozvn  the  firjl  year,  re- 
quire no  other  care,  than  in  winter  reddcing  any  long, 
rambling,  very  irregular,  or  crowded  branches ;  and 
removing  dead  wood. 
d.  When  there  is  a  great  redundancy  of  fruit \  thin 
them,  when  about  the  fize  of  fmall  cherries,  or  goofe- 
berries,  leaving  not  more  than  two  or  thiee  on  the 
fmaller  (hoots,  three  or  four  on  the  larger,  and  lb  in 
proportion. 

4.   Use 

a.  The  fruit,  both  ripe  and  unripe.  "  Tarts  are  made 
of  the  unripe." 

b.  The  Chinde  extract  an  excellent  oil  from  the  kernel, 
and  ufe  it  in  lieu  of  olive  oil. 

ARNOTTA.     (#.  e.  the  red  pulp  that  covers  the 
feeds  of  Bixa  Orellana.) 

Used  for  colouring  Cheese. 

1 .  If  a  confiderable  part  of  the  cream  of  the  night's  milk 
be  taken  for  butter,  more  colouring  will  be  requifite; 
the  leaner  the  cheefe  is,  the  more  colouring  it  requires. 

1.  The  weight  of  a  guinea  and  a  half  of  real  Spanifh 
arnotta,  is  deemed  in  Chefhire  fufficient  for  a  cheefe 
60  lbs.  weight.  In  Glouceflerfhire  1  ounce  is  deemed 
fufficient  for  200  lbs.  of  cheefe.  An  adulterated  kind 
is  expofed  for  fale  in  almoft  every  fhop. 

3.  The  manner  of  ufing  arnotta,  is  to  tie  up,  in  a  linen 
the  quantity  deemed  fufficient,  and  put  it  into  a 
pint  of  warm  water  over  night ;  the  infufion  is  put  into 
the  tub  of  milk  in  the  morning,  (with  the  fteep  in- 
fufion) dipping  the  rag  into  the  milk,  and  rubbing 
in  againft:  the  palm  of  the  iiand  as  long  as  any  colour 
comes  out. 

uceller   cheefe  is  coloured  on   the  outfide  with 

Spanifh   brown,   and    Indian    red-,    lcrr.ctirr.es  mixed; 


i4  ARO. 

fometimes  ufed  feparately  :  The  method  varies  ;  fome 
"  dab"  on  the  colouring,  wee,  with  a  cloth ;  others3 
while  the  furface  is  moift,  throw  it  on,  dry,  in  "  pin- 
ches," irregularly  ;  rubbing  it  with  the  hand — The 
fatter  is  allowed  to  be  the  mod  miftrefsly  manner.  The 
winter- made  cheefe  in  Wiltfhire  is  alio  painted,  it  be- 
ing difficult  to  get  rid  of  the  white  fcurfy  coat,  which 
it  generally  throws  out  any  other  way. 

AROMATIC  PLANTS, 

Are  Rofemary,  Sage,  Thyme,  Savoury,  Bafd,  Laven- 
der, Hyjfop,  Baum,  &c. 
i.  Should  be  cultivated  on  a  dry  foil. 

2.  Their  virtues  improved  by  drying. 

3.  Are  in  highert  perfection  when  juft  coming  into 
flower,  and  confequently  fhould  be  then  cut,  both  for 
drying  and  diftilling ;  they  fhould  be  cut  alfo  in  dry 
weather ;  and  thofe  intended  for  keeping,  fpread  or 
hung  up  in  a  dry  airy  place,  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
fun,  and  kept  for  ufe  in  paper  bags. 

It  is  a  fingular  circumftance,  that  the  fmeil  is  in- 
creafed,  in  thofe  varieties  of  Bafil,  Mint,  &c.  which 
have  curled  leaves. 

ARROW-HEAD.     (Saggitaria  Sagitti folia.) 

This  is  a  native  plant,  growing  in  wet  "  branches/' 
ditches,  and  on  banks  of  rivers:  there  is  always  a 
bulb  at  the  lower  part  of  the  root,  growing  in  the  folid 
earth,  beneath  the  mud ;  this  bulb  conftitutes  a  confi- 
derable 'part  of  the  food  of  the  Chineje,  and  the  inhabitants 
of  fome  parts  of  America,  and  upon  that  account  they 
sultivate  it :  and  it  has  been  recommended  to  attempt 
it  here,  as  it  grows  in  places,  where  no  other  ufeful 
plant  will. — As  the  roots  of  the  foreign  greatly  exceeds 
ours  in  fize,  it  would  doubtlefs  be  better  to  get  fome 
from  abroad,  than  to  attempt  to  improve  our  own. 

ARROW-ROOT.     (Maranta  Galanga.) 

The  roots  of  this  plant  received  about  Midfummer  from 
the  Weft  Indies,  continued  to  grow  in  the  open 
ground  till  the  froft  fet  in,  with  which  the  leaves  were 


ART.  15 

not  Co  Toon  injured,  as  thole  of  the  poutoc:   The  roots, 
after  the  (hoots  died  down,  continued  till   the  ! 
without  decaying,  when  th<  y  v. ere  defl  n  \  cd  bv  too  much 

— It  remains  therefore  doubtful,  whether, 
better  management,  ir  w<  r  this  climate,  or  nor. 

ffcj?  Of  che  roots  is  made  the  fine  v.  Lite  Hour,  fold 
by  grocers,  and  which  is  efteemed  remarkably  nutri- 
tious. 

(Cynara.Va/y^v/.) 

i.  Globe  A.  This  hath  large  round  heads,  with  brown 
(bales,  which  turn  inwards. 
:.  Freaeb  A.  The  ftalks  of  this  generally  grow  taller 
than  the  former;  the  heads  are  fmallcr,  and  0 
more  conical;  the  fcales  are  narrower,  of  a  greeniflh 
colour,  and  frequently  turned  outward;  it  hath  lefs 
flefh,  which  hath  a  difagreeable  perfumed  tafte. 

ic  fcales  of  the  cup  of  the  common  Milk  Thiftle 
(Carduus  Marianus)  are  laid  to  be  as  good  as  thole  of 
the  Artichoke. 

Culture,  &c. 

I.    Soil. 
a.  A  rich  moift  foil — In  a  wet  foil  the  roots  feldom  out- 
live the  wini 

Z.    Increased. 
a.  By  young  fuckers,  planted  in  March  or  July,  in  rows 
4 -J  feet  afunder,   by  3  in  the  rows,  and  4  inches  deep 
— A  thin  crop  of  fpinnagc  may  be  fown  before  they 
are  planted. 

NT, 

a.  To  be  kept  clear  of  weeds,  and  hoed  during;  fummer. 
If  any  of  the  fpring  planting  lliouhl  not  fruit  in  au- 
tumn, at  the  feafon  of  earthing  up  the  roots,  tie  up 
the  leaves  with  willow  twigs,  and  lay  the  earth  dole  up 
to  them,  fo  that  the  top  of  the  plant  may  be  ab 
ground;  and  when  the  froft  comes  on,  cover  the  top 
with  a  little  flraw,  or  peas-haulm,  to  guard  off  the 
froll:  thefe  plants  will  produce  fruit  in  winter,  01 
ly  in  the  fpring. 

After  gathering  the  heads,  break  down  the  ftalks,  to 
encourage  moots  from  the  bottom  mon  illy  be- 

fore winter. 


i6  ASH. 

d.  The  heads  cut  in  November  with  the  full  (talk,  and 
fluck  in  fand  under  cover,  will  continue  good  a  long 
time. 

e.  The  leaves  of  old  plants  bleached  like  cardoons,  and 
preferved  under  a  bed  of  fand,  lofe  their  bitter  tafte. 

/.  White  beet'fown  among  the  plants  to  draw  mice  from 
them. 

4.  Use. 

a.  In  England  the  full  heads  only  are  eaten,  always 
boiled;  in  Italy  they  eat  the  young  heads  raw,  with 
oil,  fait  and  pepper.  The  French  dry  the  heads  of 
the  fecond  crop  on  a  firing,  like  beads,  with  paper  be- 
tween ;  and  ufe  them  with  mufhrooms  in  meat  pies. 

b.  The  (talks  are  eaten  in  France  and  Germany  boiled, 
and  feafoned  with  butter  and  vinegar. 

c.  The  flowers  have  the  property  of  rennet,  in  ciydling 
of  milk. 

d.  The  roots  in  medicine. 

ASH. 
j.  Common  Afh.     (Fraxinus  Excelfior.) 

2.  Flowering  Afh  or  Ornus.     (F.  Ornus.) 

3.  Mountain  Afh.     (Sorbus  Ancuparia.) 

The  varieties  of  the  Common  Afh  are,  1.  with 
white  or  yellow  flriped  leaves.  2.  Yellow  coloured 
Am  tree. 

Culture,  &>V. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Will  grow  aimofl  on  any  foil. 

b.  In  damp  meadows  or  moorifh.  foils,  becomes  light, 
ipongy,  brittle,  and  of  fmall  value  in  comparifon  of 
that  on  dry  and  healthy  fpots. 

2.   Increased. 
a.  From  keys  or  feeds,  which  muft  be  buried  one  year 
in  beds  or  pots  of  fand,  before  they  are  fown. — Four 
buihels  are  furncient  for  an  acre. 
3.  Tree. 
vied  when  10  or  12  feet   high,  the  grain  ac- 
quires a  degree  of  tenacity  very  prejudicial  to  the  tim- 
' ;  and  will  not  cleave  into  hoops. 
In  open  groves  they  run  to  great  lengths,  are  free 
;  and  make  valuable  timber. 


ASH.  i7 

e.  Endures  well  the  tea-winds,  and  may  therefore  be 
planted  upon  the  fhores,  where  few  other  trees  will  grow. 

./.  I:  llihg  afh  be  planted  at  4  feet  diftance,  and  a 
:rs  old  cut  within  4  inches  of  the  ground,  the 
ftools  will  10  years  after  afford  poles,  generally  three 
from  each  (tool.  The  firft  five  years  they  require 
weeding,  after  that  no  further  trouble. — Thele  poles 
ferve  for  hurdle  ,  hop  poles,  hoops,  laths,  feeing,  and 
what  is  termed  poft  and  billet  for  colleries.  1  las  been 
known  t*>  (hoot  10  fee:  the  tirll  feafon  after  cutting. 

e.  Is  ufutlly  fit  for  (heep  cribs  at  9  or  1  2  years  old,  for 
hop  poles  from  11  to  14;  but  for  carpenters  and 
others  ufe  mud  ftand  from  16  to  20  years. 

/.  Should  not  be  planted  in  dairy  fields,  as  the  leaves 
communicate  an  incurable  bad  tafte  to  the  butter,  du- 
ring the  time  of  their  dropping  in  autumn. 

g.  Linnzus  lavs,  that,  {£$'  while  the  ajh  is  leafing  there 
is  Jcarcely  any  more  frojl  ;   therefore  greenhoufe  plants 
ought  to  be  broughc  into  the  open  air — /'.  e.  about  the 
i  of  April. 

4-  Use. 

a.  For  coachmakers,  wheelwrights,  coopers,  &c.  Hop- 
poles,  fpade-handles,  rake-ftems,  pick-ftems,  and  o- 
ther  implements  of  hufbandry  are  made  of  it. — The 
fhavings  give  to  wool,  prepared  with  bifmuth,  the 
true  and  permanent  vigogne  colour. 

b.  In  Lancathire  they  lop  the  tops  of  this  tree  to  feed 
the  cattle  in  autumn,  when  the  grafs  is  upon  the  de- 
cline ;  the  cattle  peeling  off  the  bark  as  food.  This 
tree  bears  lopping.  Horfes  and  iheep  arc  fond  of  the 
leaves. 

i  he  afhes  of  the  wood  afford  very  good  pot-afh. 

d.  The  bark  is  ufed  for  tanning  calf  lkins  ;  and  dying 
green,  black,  and  blue. 

e.  In  warm  climates  a  kind  of  fweet  gum,  called  Man- 
na, dirtils  from  this  tree. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Flowering  Am  or  Ornus. 
1.  Tree. 
1  i  ■  been  a  long  time  planted   in  this  country,  but 
does  not  grow  higher  than  15  or  16  feet. 

[  3 1 


18  -    ASH. 

2.  Use. 
a.  In  Calabria  they  procure  Manna  from  the  Ornus,  or 
fmall  leaved  flowering  A(h,  by  making  a  horizontal 
gam,  inclining  upwards,  in  the  bole  of  the  tree.  As 
the  liquor  never  oozes  out  the  firft  day,  another  cut  is 
given  on  the  fecond,  and  then  the  ftalk  of  a  maple 
leaf  is  fixed  in  the  upper  wound,  and  the  end  of  the 
leaf  in  the  lower  one,  fo  as  to  form  a  cup  to  receive 
the  gum  as  it  exftils  from  each  flafh.  All  the  ftrong 
Items  that  grow  above  the  thicknefs  of  a  man's  leg  are 
cut  down. 

Culture,  t£c.  of  the  Mountain  Am. 
i.  Tree. 

a.  Is  a  native  tree,  and  grows  weli  in  woods  or  open 
fields,  and  attains  to  a  large  fize.  It  is  cultivated  in 
nurfery  gardens,  and  fold  as  a  flowering  fhrub. 

b.  The  wood  is  hard  and  durable. 

c .  Plants  grow  well  in  its  made. 

i.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  fit  for  many  ceconomical  purpofes,  fuch 
as  mill- work,  fcrews  for  prefTes,  fpokes  for  wheels, 
chairs,  &c. 

b.  The  roots  are  formed  into  handles  for  knives,  and 
wooden  fpoons. 

c.  The  Highlanders,  who  ufe  bog  or  turf  holes  in  place 
of  tan  pits,  aid  the  tanning  principle  of  the  bog  wa- 
ter, with  the  bark  of  this  tree. 

d.  Bread  has  been  made  with  the  dried  powdered  ber- 
ries— In  fome  parts  of  the  Highlands  a  good  fpirit  is 
diftilled  from  them — Under  proper  management,  make 
an  acid  liquor  fomewhat  like  perry — The  poorer  fort 
of  people  in  Wales  make  a  drink,  called  diodgriafel, 
by  infufing  the  berries  in  water. 

"  Poifon  Afh. 

"  A  fhrub  or  fmall  tree,  growing  in  muddy  branches 
of  water,and  tempting  travellers  to  break  off  their  tufts 
of  white  flowers,  which  occafio.ns  them  to  fwell  and 
break  out  in  fores. cc 


ASP.  19 

ASPARAGUS.     (Afparagus  Officinalis.) 

Grows  wild  in  fields  near  the  fea,  and   in   the  fens  of 
Lincoln  (hi re. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Natural  or  late  Grafs. 
1.  Son.. 
a.  Mu(t  not  be  too  ftrong,   but  luch  as  is  moderately 
light  and  pliable ;  and  a  good  quantity  of  dung  trench- 
ed t  a  or  15  inches  below  the  furface. 
2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  broad  call  in  March  or  early  in  April,  on  beds 
4  feet  wide,  trod  in,  and  covered  with  fome  of  the 
earth  of  the  alleys. 

A  thin  crop  of  onions,  to  be  drawn  young,  may  be 
fown  with  them. 

b.  Two  or  three  feeds  fown  inflead  of  planting  a  root 
in  forming  the  beds,  when  the  plants  are  up,  thinned 
to  one  in  a  place. 

This  is  a  good  method,  but   the  plants  are  not  fit 
to  cut  fo  foon  by  a  year,  as  from  roots. 
3.   Plants. 

a.  The  firft  year  to  be  kept  well  weeded,  and  occafion- 
ally  watered. 

b.  When  one  year  old,  or  at  moft  two,  to  be  planted 
in   March,  in  beds  4!-   feet  wide,  with  alleys  2  feet 

ie  ;  the  plants  to  be  9  inches  from  the  edge,  and 
10  or  12  inches  apart;  to  be  planted  againfl;  a  ridge, 
formed  by  drawing  trendies  6  inches  deep,  and  the 
roots  earthed  with  the  hand. 

c.  Should  not  be  cut  till  the  third  year,  after  which, 
the  beds  will  continue  to  bear  10  or  12  years. 

The  (hoots  to  be  cut  with  a  proper  knife,  when 
from  2  to  4  inches  above  ground,  and  at  about  6  in- 
ches under  the  earth  ;  flipping  the  knife  dole  to  the 
ftem,  to  avoid  wounding  the  young  buds. 

d.  The  beds  to  be  dug  to  a  moderate  depth  the  middle 
or  latter  end  of  March,  with  a  fiat  three-pronged  fork, 
with  blunt  ends ;  and  raked  fmootli. 

e.  In  June  weed  the  beds,  and   foon  after  the  20th  or 

,  terminate  the  general  cutting  for  the  year. 


20  ASS. 

/.In  October  the  ftalks  to  be  cut  down  clofe,  the  beds 
weeded,  and  a  fpade  deep  of  earth  out  of  the  alleys 
fpread  even  over  them. 

Old  beds  fhould  have  a  dreffing  of  very  rotten  dung 
once  in  two  or  three  years,  before  the  earth  of  the  al- 
leys is  put  on. 

g.  Gardeners  generally  after  the  October  drefllng,  plant 
colewerts  or  cabbages  in  the  alleys ;  and  a  row  of 
early  beans,  on  the  north  or  eaft  fide  of  the  alleys ; 
according  to  the  direction  in  which  the  beds  run,  fo  as 
bell  to  protect  them  from  cold  winds. 

Culture,  fcrV.  of  Forced  or  early  Grafs. 
i.  Plant. 

a.  Roots  three  or  four  years  old  are  to  be  planted  on 
hot  beds  from  November  till  February  ;  the  dung  be- 
ing covered  with  earth  6  or  7  inches  deep,  and  the 
roors  placed  clofe  together,  (previoufly  railing  a  ridge 
pi  earth  to  place  the  roots  againft)  and  earthed  with 
the  hand  j  a  bank  of  moid  earth  is  then  to  be  raifed 
round  the  outfide  roots,  as  high  as  the  tops;  and  then 
cover  the  crown  of  all  with  light  rich  earth.  When 
the  bu  is  appear,  add  another  covering  of  mould  3  or 
4  inches  deep,  having  firft  bound  the  bed  with  ftraw 
bands  fattened  by  wooden  pegs,  to  keep  up  this  earth, 
and  to  receive  the  frame;  if  prior  to  this,  fnow  or  much 
rain  falls,  the  beds  muft  be  covered  with  mats  or  ftraw: 
when  it  is  judged  all  danger  of  burning  is  over,  put  on 
the  frame  and  lights,  raifing  them  as  there  is  occafion 
about  an  inch  high;  to  give  the  fleam  vent,  and  to  ad- 
mit air;  efpecially  when  the  buds  firft  begin  to  appear. 

A  bed  will  produce  in  four  or  five  weeks,  and  con- 
tinue about  three  weeks,  giving  under  a  frame  of  three 
lights,  300  or  400  a  week. 

b.  The  moots  muft  not  be  cut,  but  broke  off  with  the 
fingers  clofe  to  the  roots. 

2.  U:e. 
a.  The  young  moots  are  very  univerfally  efteemed  for 
their  fiavo  ir,  and  nutritious  qualities. 

ASSAF.ETIDA.     (Ferula  AJfa  fatida.) 
This  plant  appears  to  be  hardy  enough  for  cultivation 
in  England — The  gum-refin  procured  from  it  is  efteem- 


AZA.     BAR.  21 

Irug:    the   Perfians  alio  ufc    it  as  ajfhe 
with  their  food. 

AROLE.     (Crataegus  Azarolus.) 

i.   Common  Azarole. 

:.   Oriental  parfley-leaved  Azarole.     (C.  A.  Aronia.) 

3".  Without  fpincs. 

Culture t  I 

I.     INCREASED. 

a.  By  lowing  the  berries  or  feed  in  autumn  or  winter 
which  feldom  all  grow,  till  the  fecond  fpring. 

b.  By  budding  or  grafting. 
f.  By  layers. 

i.  Tree. 

a.  Generally  trained  as  fmall  ltandards  of  3,  4,  or  5  feet 
items,  with  bufhy  heads. 

b.  Planted  in  gardens,  orchards,  pleafure  grounds,  &c. 
20  or  30  feet  afunder. 

3.   Use. 
a.  The  fruit — This  is  a  large  red  or  yellow  berry,  which 
ripens  in  autumn,  and  has  an  agreeable  acid  flavour. 

BARLEY. 

1.  Spring  Barley  (Hordeum  vulgare). 

a.  Rath-ripe  Barley.  This  is  a  variety  of  the  former, 
occalioned  by  being  cultivated  upon  warm  gravelly 
lands:  the  feeds  when  fown  in  cold  or  itrong  land,  will, 
toe  firft  year,  ripen  near  a  fortnight  earlier  than  the 
feeds  taken  from  Itrong  land,  but  lofes  wholly  this  ad- 
rintage  when  the  fame  la\\  is  cultivated  two  or  three 
years — Often  ripen  to  nine  weeks  after  lowing. 

2.  Long- eared  Barley  (1  [ord<  um  Zeocriton).  This 
much  efteemed  for  malting;   but  from  the  heavinefs  of 
the  ears  it  is  apt  to  lod; 

3.  Sprat ',    or  Battledore   Barley  (Hordeum  Dijlicboi:). 

ie  ltraw  is  fhort  and  coarie,  lb  not  very  good  fodder 
for  cattle.  It  has  been  fown  with  fuccefs  in  wet  and 
dry  grounds. 

f.  ff'inu-r,  Square,  Big,  or  Bear  Barley  (Hordeum 
Hexafucb'jv).    This  is  a  hardy  fpecies,  but  not  fo  good 


22  BAR. 

for   malting  as  the  former — has  four  or   fix   rows  of 
grain — is  fown  in  autumn. 

Winter  barley  is  chiefly  fown  in  the  north  of  England, 
in  Scotland,  and  in  Ireland  -,  being  found  to  be  more 
prolific  in  cold  barren  fandy  lands,  than  the  common 
barley. 

5.  Siberian  Barley. 

6.  Zealand  Barley. 

7.  In  the  Weftern  Iflands  of  Scotland  is  cultivated  a 
kind  of  barley,  which,  on  land  manured  either  with  fea 
weed  or  marie,  produces  from  20  to  25  fold;  a  fingle 
grain  will  throw  up  from  7  to  14  flalksj  many  of  which 
carry  5  ears. 

Culture,  e?f.  of  Spring  Barley. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Should  be  rather  light  than  ftiff,  but  of  fufficient 
tenacity  and  ftrength  to  retain  the  moifture — On  clays 
the  grains  are  coarfe  and  brown. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Should  be  of  a  pale  lively  colour  and  brightifh  caft, 
without  any  deep  rednefs  or  black  tinge  at  the  tail;  if 
the  rind  be  a  little  fhrivelled  it  is  the  better. 

b.  Requires  being  changed  more  than  any  other  grain. 

c.  In  a  dry  feafon,  if  foaked  in  clean  or  ftagnate  water 
for  24  hours,  it  will  come  up  a  fortnight  earlier  than 
dry  feed  :  the  light  corn  that  floats  mould  be  fkimmed 
off.  Some  little  riik  attends  foaked  feed,  it  being  apt  to 
burft  if  much  rain  fall  before  it  is  come  up. 

Barley  that  has  been  wetted  for  malting,  and  begins 
to  fprout,  will  foon  come  up. 

d.  In  a  trial  made  between  fowing  it  drilled  and  broad- 
can:,  the  extra  produce  of  the  drilled  crop  was  about  20 
bufhels  per  acre  ;  belides  near  two  bufnels  of  feed  faved. 
A  fingle  grain  let  or  drilled  will  fometimes  produce  80 
(talks. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Rolling  it  makes  it  tiller  into  a  greater  number  of 
ftalks. 

b.  If  the  blade  grows  rank,  mowing  is  better  than  feed- 


BAR.  23 

ing  with  fheep,  as  the  ftieep  arc  apt  to  bite  iu  low  as  to 
injure  its  future  growth. 

c.  In  a  periodical  publication  we  have  an  account  of  a 
field  near  Longton,  in  Cumberland,  producing  (in 
1801)  two  very  productive  crops  of  barley.     The  firlt 

II  reaped  on  the  25th  of  July,  and  the  fecond  (which 
grew  from  the  old  roots)  on  the  1  5th  of  September. 

d.  Barley  cut  before  it  is  full  ripe,  is  laid  to  be  thereby 
thinner  fkinned,  paler  coloured,  and  to  give  the  fame 
quantity  of  flour. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  Rath-ripe  having  the  thinned  chaff,  is  the  bed 
for  Malt. 

b.  For  making  bread,  principally  the  Winter  Barley ; 
the  meal  is  alio  ufed  for  fattening  fwine. 

The  meal  for  bread  is  either  ufed  alone,  or  mixed  with 
wheat  flour  in  the  proportion  of  one-half,  one  fourth, 
or  one-third ;  and  with  oatmeal  in  an  equal  propor- 
tion. 

c.  Pearl  Barley. 

A  variety  of  the  long  eared  barley  is  cultivated  in 
Northumberland,  whofe  awns  modly  drop,  or  are  eafily 
fliaken  off  when  ripe ;  from  the  grain  being  fhorter, 
plumper,  and  rounder  bodied,  than  the  common  fort; 
it  is  preferred  by  the  millers  for  making  into  pearl  bar- 
lev — It  ripens  later  than  the  common  fort,  by  near 
a  fortnight. 

d.  In  Spain,  and  other  hot  countries,  they  give  barley 
in  Head  of  oats,  to  horfes,  mules,  and  afles ;  and  in 
Spain  alfo  in  fmall  quantities  to  working  oxen. 

r.    The  draw  as  fodder. 

Gives  a  bittcrnefs  to  butter,  which  is  done  away,  if, 
inllead  of  putting  the  cream  immediately  as  it  is  (kim- 
med  off  the  milk,  into  the  jar  or  other  retaining  vefTel, 
it  is  fird  poured  upon  hot  water,  and  having  itood  till 
cool,  i.i  Hummed  oil  the  water.  This  alio  removes 
the  raocidnefs  of  turnep  butter. 

Culture  of  Siberian  Dan 

I.   Soil. 
a.  Requires  a  good  rich  foil. 


^4  BAR. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Dibbled  more  productive  than  broad-caft,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  about  one-tenth. 

b.  Increafed  from  a  feed  fown  nearly  40  from  1. 

c  The  grains  not  fo  numerous  but  heavier  than  the 
common  Barley. 

d.  Ripens  a  fortnigh;  earlier    than  the  common  Barley. 

e.  The  hufk  is  left  in  the  ear  when  threfhed. 

3.  Use. 
a.  Makes  fweet  and  pleafanr  bread,   if  mixed  in   the 
proportion  of  two-thirds  barley,   and  one-third  wheat. 

BAROMETER. 

The  Hoards  generally  engraved  on  the  plates  of  the 
barometer,  rather  ferve  to  miflead  than  to  inform,  for 
the  changes  of  the  weather  depend  rather  on  the  rifing 
and  falling  of  the  mercury,  than  on  its  (landing  at  any 
particular  height.  When  the  mercury  is  as  high  as  Fair, 
or  at  30  degrees,  and  the  furface  of  it  is  concave,  begin- 
ning to  defcend,  it  very  often  rains ;  and  on  the  contrary, 
when  even  the  mercury  is  at  29  degrees,  oppofite  to  rain, 
when  the  furface  of  it  is  convex,  beginning  to  rife,  fair 
weather  may  be  expected.  Thefe  circumftances  not 
being  known,  or  not  duly  attended  to,  is  the  principal 
caufe  that  farmers  and  others  have  not  a  proper  confi- 
dence in  this  inltrument. 

It  muft  alfo  be  obferved,  that  ceteris  paribus,  the 
mercury  is  higher  in  cold  than  in  warm  wreather,  and 
commonly  early  in  the  morning,  or  late  in  the  evening, 
than  at  noon,  which  feems  cccafioned  by  the  obvious 
caufes  of  the  atmofpbere  being  condenfed  by  the  cold 
of  the  night,  and  rarehed  by  the  heat  of  the  day. 

The  following  obfervatior.s  of  Mr.  Fa  trick  feems 
confirmed  bv  experience. 

1 .  The  fifing  of  the  mercury  prefages,  in  general,  fair 
weather-,  and  us  failing  foul  weather,  as  rain,  fnow, 
high  winds,  and  ftorms. 

2.  In  bet  weather  the  fall  of  the  mercury  indicates  thun- 
der. 

3.  In  winter  the  rifing  -prefages  frojl;  and  in  frcfty 
weather,  if  the   mercury  falls  three  or  four  divifiens, 

Library 
N.  C.  State   College 


BAS.     BA1  .  25 

there  will  certainly  follow  a  thaw  ;   but  in  a  continued 
froft,  if  the  mercury  rifes,  it  will  certainly fnow. 

4.  When  foul  weather  happens  Joon  after  the  fulling 
of  the  ,  expect  but  little  of  it,  and,  on  the  con- 
trary, expect  but  little  fair  weather  when  it  proves  fair 
Ihortiy  after  the  mercury  has  lifen. 

5.  /;;  foul  ken    the  rtffy  much  and 

and  (b  tontikues  for  two  or  three  days  before  the 
fo>  ver  is  quite  over,  then  ex1  eel  a  continuance  of 

fair  weather  to  follow. 

6.  In  fair  weather,  when  the  mercury  falls  much  and 
low,  and  thus  continues  for  two  or  three  days  before  the 
rain  comes,  then  expect  a  great  deal  of  wet}  and  pro- 
bably high  winds. 

7.  The  unjettled  motion  of  the  mercury  denotes  uncertain 
and  changeable  we  a' her. 

From  Capper  on  the  Winds  and  Monfoons. 

BASIL.     (Ocymum  Bsfilicum.) 

Culture^  &V. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  iced  fown  in  March  upon  a  moderate  hot -bed. 

b.  By  cuttings  planted  in  May  upon  a  hot-bed. 

1.  Plants. 
i'he  plants  from  iced  to  be  loon  tranlphintcd    upon 
a   fecond  moderate    hor-bed,   and  gradually  inured  to 
the  air  :    and  transplanted  in   May,  on  warm   borders, 
with  a  ball  of  earth  about  their  roots. 
3.   Use. 
In  medicine  and  in  the  kitchen. 
There   are  leveral   varieties  of  this  plant  ■,    one  of 
which  fmells  like  fennel,  another  like  a  citron. 

BAULKS. 

Narrow  Jlrip s  of  grafs  I  ridges  of  com  :     \ 

pernicious  cuftom  much  abolifhed,  but  llill  to  be   I 
in  many  open  fields,  in  Oxfordshire,  &c.     The  word 
lib  applied  to  grafi  ground,  near  hedges  in  ploughed 
fes  to  turn  the  [lough  horfeson. 

[  ■  1 


26  BAU.     BEA. 

EAUM.     (Mcliffa  Officinalis.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Plant. 

a.  Is  propagated  by  parting  the  roots  in  October,  and 
planting  them  two  feet  afunder. 

b.  The  plants  muft  be  kept  clean  from  weeds;  the 
decayed  ftalks  cut  off  in  September,  and  the  ground 
ftirred  between  them. 

"  By  feeds,  moft  readily." 

2.  Use. 
a.  As  a  medicinal  and  culinary  herb. 
"  Diftilled,  its  water   is  delicately  tine,  is  fuperior  to 
the  freih    herb,    after  even  a  year  or  two   keeping  in 
bottles.     Is  an  excellent  family  article   to  have  conti- 
nually for  the  fick:     Proved  by  recent  experience." 

TVHTTE  BEAM-TREE.     (Crataegus  Aria.) 

Culture,  &£. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  on  chalk  hills. 
2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed  fown  when  ripe. 

b.  By  layers. 

c.  By  grafting  on  the  pear,  which  may  alfo  be  grafted 
on  it — Will  fometimes  alfo  take  upon  the  medlar. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Will  grow  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  with  a  large  trunk. 

b.  The  wood  is  white,  hard,  tough,  and  fmooth. 

c .  Bears  lopping,  and  permits  grafs  to  grow  beneath  it. 

4.  Ule. 

a.  The  wood,  for  axle-trees,  w7heels,  cogs  for  mills,  car- 
•  penters   and  other  tools ;  and  is  excellent  for  flutes — 

From  its  folidity  makes  the  belt  of  charcoal. 

b.  The  fruit  is  eatable  when  mellowed  by  the  autum- 
nal frofts. — An  ardent  fpirit  may  be  diftilled  from  it. 

Seldom  bears  a  good   crop  of  fruit  two  years  to- 
gether. 

BEANS.     (Vicia  Faba.) 

Field  Beans. 

1.  Small  Horfe  Bean.     French  Tick. 

2.  Tick. 


BRA.  27 

'..'  :ffagan   Beau,   not  fo   productive  as  the  tick,  but 
>r  more,  and  ripens  three  \Neeks  iboncr. 

4,  Long-pod  Bean. 

5.  Dutch  B  drows  5  feet  high,  has  from  co  to  70 
pods  i   the  number  of  feeds  from  one  fingle  bean  1 1 4, 

lich  on   allowing  of  an  average  of  three  beans  and 
a  half  to  a  i  199.     "A  white  bean.-- 

This  bean  mould  be  lbwn  tbin,  and  as  early  as 
poifible,  that  in  wet  fummers  it  may  ripen  in  due  time 
for  wheat  to  follow. 

Great  variety  is  produced  by  planting  different  forts 
near  each  other. 

Culture, 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Thrives  beft  in  ftrong,  moiil,  clayey  coils  j  will  not 
fuit  light,  fandy  lands,  or  late  climates. 

b.  The  root    of  fomc  being  above  a  foot  long  require 
that  dep:h  of  foil. 

Seed. 
a.  Bread  c  aft  two  bufhels  and  a  half;  four  bufhels,  five 
bufhels;  ploughed  or  harrowed  in. 
Set  from  two  bufhels  and  a  half  to  three  bufhels. 

c.  Drilled  4  inches  apart,  in  rov/s  2  feet   6  inches  dis- 
tant. 

d.  In  double  rows    1    foot  afunder,   with  alleys  3  feet 
wide. 

e.  Drilled  two  furrows  upon  3  foot  ridges. 

/.  Pea/e,  fetches,  or  Turncps  fown  between  the  rows, 
the  lait  not  then  attacked  by  the  fly. 

mixture  (called  Majhlomj)  of  oats,   barley,  rve, 
peafe,  ms,  was,  till  of  late,  cultivated  in  Dum- 

barf>  >r   bread,  by  almoft  irmer — Some 

ail  fields  are  yet  cropped  with  this  mixture. 
g.   K  end  of  February,  in  March,  or  begins 

of 

lied  or  planted  lb   early  as  the  month  of 

I  the  advantage 
;  in  which  cafe  the  ftraw  will  be 
n  that  from  a  later  planting  or  dril 


28  BEA. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  Weeded   by  turning  fheep  into  them ;  or  with  the 

horfe  and  hand  hoe.     "  Would  not  fheep  pafture  upon 

them  ?" 
k   When  in  rows  to  be  earthed  up. 

c.  'tops  of  the  beans  taken  offjuft  as  the  blojfoms  are  Jet, 
not  only  improves  the  quality ',  but  increafes  the  quan- 
tity f  and  caufes  them  to  ripen  Jooner.  It  alfo  deftroys 
a  black,  infect  on  their  tops. 

d.  Beans  are  generally  cut  off  above  ground  with  a 
fey  the  or  reaping  kcok  ;  but  if  the  haulm  is  fhort  (as 
that  of  the  long  pod  and  mafiagan  is)  they  are,  in  fome 
places,  pulled  up  by  the  roots. 

e.  Should  remain  in  the  flack  till  Chriftmas  to  harden. 

4.  Use. 

a.  A  more  hearty  and  profitable  food  for  horfes  than 
oats — Are  frequently  crufhed  in  a  mill  for  them. 

b.  Bean  meal  ahfwers  for  fattening  oxen. 

c.  The  haulm  ufed  as  fodder  for  working  horfes  and 
cattle. 

d.  Soap  boilers  ufe  the  aihes  of  the  burnt  haulm,  as  do 
bleachers. 

Lewis,  in  his  Materia  Medica,  remarks,  that  the 
allies  of  Bean-ftalks,  Broom,  and  Worm-wood,  yield 
a  pure  alkaline  fait  ■,  whereas  in  divers  other  vegetables, 
there  is  a  large  mixture  of  other  /aline  matter. 

Garden  Beans. 
1.  Early  Mazagon — A   great   bearer,  and  a  good  fort 
The  feed  is  procured  from  Portugal :  after  being  plant- 
ed two  ye^rs    in  England,  the  feed  grows  larger,   and 
does  not  ripen  fo  foon  ;  which  is  called  a  degeneracy. 
1..  Early  Spanifh  or  Lifbon — A  fmall  and  fweet  bean. 

3.  Sandwich — A  good  bearer,  and  hardier  than  the 
Wind  for. 

4.  IVindjor — One  of  our  belt  tafced  beans  when  young; 
not  a  hai  dy  kind. 

5.  White  blojfom — A  good  fort  and  bears  well.  The 
feed  when  old,  black,  and  apt  to  degenerate  if  not 
faved  with  c:ire. 

6.  Green  Genoa.     Seed  when  old,  green.     A  late  bean. 

7.  Bog,  Fan,  or  Clafler — Grows  only  from  6  to  12  in- 
ches high. 


29 

8.  Early  long  pod. 

9.  Large  long  pod. 
10.  True /word ; 

1  I.    Mam  ford.  * 

1 :.  Broad  Spanijh. 

Toker.     A  good  bearer. 
1 
1 5.  Willow-leaved, 

..'.'•f,  cirY. 

1.     SliED. 

rt.  For  an  early  crop — Sow  on  a  border  under  a  S.  wall, 
or    fence,    from    the    I  k    in    October    to    the 

end  of  November:   if  the  border  is  5  or  6  feet  \ 
fqw  crofsways  in  rows  i\    feet  afunder  ;  if  ch< 
is   narrow,  one   row  near  the   wall,  and   t! 
feet  from  it. 

In  the  firft:  cafe,  a  row  fliould  be   \ 
ill,  which  often  furvives  the  winter;   while  thofe  at  a 
rer  diilance  xxc  cut 

b.  Sown  :ro:n  December  till  June  in  open  ground. 

c.  Beans  may  be  forwarded  by  lowing  thick  on  a  warm 
border,  and  planting  out. 

d.  The  feed  lor  late  crops,  mould  be  planted  in  rows 
3  feet  afunder,  and  according  to  the  fize  irom  4  to  6 
inches  apart,  and  2!  inches  deep. 

•.  In  double  rows  4  or  6  inches  apart,  and  alleys  1  or 
3  feet. 

2.   Plant. 

a.  To  be  earthed  up;  elpecially  the  early  ones,  to  pro- 
reel  them  from  froll. 

b.  If  planted  in  lows  1   foot  afunder,  and  when  5  or  6 
inches  high,  every  other  row  is  cut  off  2   or  3  in 
from  the  ground,  they  will  produce  two  crops ;  the 
uncut  in  July,  and  the  cut  in  Auguft  or  September. 

If  the  (talks  are   cut   off  within   6    inches  of  the 
ground,  when  the  beans  are  fit  fo   ufc  .  fill  iV.oot 

up  feveral  (talks,  and  ;  i  crop. 

3-  ' 

The  feed  whilft  green  for  the  table. 
b.  Seedfmen  biake  all   kinds  of    unfold  garden   beans 
for  horfes;  or  grind  them  into  n 


jo  BEE. 

BEECH.     (Fagus  Sylvatica.) 

i.  Common  Beech,  bark  fmooth,  white. 

2.  A  variety  has  lately  been  jobferved  with  the  bark  of 
the  trunk,  and  larger  branches  formed  like  that  of  the 
oak  j  and  the  tree  has  likewife  the  crooked  and  pro- 
portionally mort  branches  of  the  oak  :  fo  that  a  fpec- 
tator  at  fome  diftance,  or  in  the  winter  feafon,  would 
undoubtedly  take  it  for  fuch. 

3.  Striped  leaved  B. 

4.  Scarlet  B.  (F.  8.  Sylv. /anguine a.) 

Culture,  &(. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Delights  in  a  chalky  foil,  and  lofty  fituation. 

b.  Bed  raifed  ori  a  poor  gravelly  bottom. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  feed,  (called  Beech  Mad)  to  be  fown  as  foon  as 
ripe,  two  or  three  bufhels  to  an  acre. 

In  a  favourable  feafon,  for  ripening  of  the  feed> 
one  buihel  and  a  half  has  produced,  1 50,000  young 
trees. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  a  free  grower  •,  and  thereby  injures  oak  if  plant- 
ed with  it — Nothing  but  holly  will  grow  under  its 
drip. 

b.  A  beech,  at  the  age  of  60,  was  found  to  contain 
100  feet  of  timber ;  and  calculated  to  contain  212  in 
24  years  after  -,  that  is,  more  in  the  laft  24  years,  than 
in  the  60  preceding. 

c.  The  wood  is  brittle,  but  clofe  grained,  and  of  a 
firm  texture. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  lecmes  gathered  in  autumn  before  they  are  much 
injured  by  the  froft,  make  infinitely  better  maltrejfes 
than  draw  or  chaff,  and  endure  for  fcven  or  eight 
years. 

b.  It  is  unparalleled  in  water  works,  for  when  conftantly 
kept  wet,  it  appears  as  perfectly  found  at  40  years 
end,  as  when  immerfed. 

c.  The  wood  is  formed  into  tool  handles,  planes,  chairs, 
bedfteds,  fpokes, '  bowls,  large  fcrews,  &c. 


3i 

The  fellies  of  the  London  carts  are  made  of  it,  be- 
caufe  it  tears  more  difficultly  thnn  even  alii. 

It  is  excellent  fuel,  and  when  burnt,  it  affords  a  Erge 
quantity  of  pot-afh. 

The  malt  or  feeds  yield  a  good  oil  for  lamps  :  twine 
are  fond  of  them,  but  their  fat  is  foft,  and  boils  ato 
unlefs  hardened  before  they  are  killed,   by  fomc  other 

J.     They  have  been  toalled  as  a  fuccedaneum  for 
coffee. 

The  hulls  of  the  feed  are  collected  by  the  poor  fo. 
winter  fin 
/.    1  is  lopping,  and  may  be  trained  to  form 

very  lofty  hedges. 

"  BEER. 

Small  Heir,  the  belt  family  drink  :  Malt  and  hops 

productions  of  the  Farm.     Cyder  being  precarious, 

>»,  an  intemporate  liquor,  is  unhappily  rdorted  to 

for  ler.      The  ingredients  of  Beer,  (better 

than  either)  are  always  in  the  power  of  the  Hufband- 

ES. 

i.  Hive. 

Yorkfhire  it  is  the  cultom  to  c::rry  the  hives  from 
the  marginal  heights,  into  tin-  and   in  uinumn, 

to  be  filled  up  with  honey  ;  a  practice  which,  lingu- 
lar as  it  may  appear,  has  been  followed  with  fuccefs. 
b.  In  the  tranfactions  of  the  London  Society  for  the  en- 
couragement of  Arts,  &c.  i  >,  mention  is  made  of 
ig  of  two  cylinders,  feparated 
from  each  other  by  lattices,  lor  collecting  the  honey 
without  deflroying  the  I  Graving  is  preferved 

in  the  Socu  lection. 

i.   \  betaken  without  :ng  the  bees,  by 

putting   under  the  hive  another  with  *  ■ 

the  top,  and  a  fquare  hole  in  the  middli  bets  to 

deicend  th.  e   mud  be  a  Qiding  fhuttej 

-hole  to  ck>(c  ir,  when    the   bees  hu\  e   defcended 
into  the  lower  one — They  will  ;    netim     fill  thii  >.\fo, 
kcond  to  be  put  undei — The  rime  for 
g,  the  end  of  June  or  beginning  of  J 


32  BEE. 

d.  In  Rufiia,  hives  are  made  for  Wild  Bees  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner — They  look  out  for  the  flrongefl  and 
flruteit  tree,  and  of  the  hardeft  wood,  on  which  they 
contlrufl  the  bee-houfe,  by  hollowing  out  the  trunk, 
plain  and  fmooth,  with  a  tool  refembling  a  chifTel; 
doling  trie  aperture  with  a  board,  in  which  are  left  lit- 
tle holes  for  the  bees  to  enter  at.  The  height  of  the 
tree,  is  to  prevent  bears  getting  at  the  honey. 
2.    Honey 

a.  Collected  from  the  flowers  of  heath,  is  brown,  ftrong- 
ly  flavored,  and  of  the  confiftency  of  melted  rofin;  the 
wax  is  brown. 

b.  Collected  from  the  flowers  growing  in  meadows,  paf- 
ture  lands,  trees,  and  cultivated  crops,  is  almofl  as 
limped  as  the  purefl  oil,  and  the  wax  nearly  as  white 
as  fnow.     "  Collected  from  Buckwheat,  is  harm." 

c.  Is  collected  from  what  is  improperly  called  honey- 
dew,   as  well  as  from  flowers. 

d.  Taken  only  once  in  two  years  is  richer  and  more  folid, 
and  will  keep  better  than  what  is  taken  every  year. 

3.    Bees 

a.  When  their  flores  are  exhaufted,  mould  be  fed  with 
honey  hard  preffed  from  the  comb;  which  contains  bee- 
bread  as  well  as  honey. — Cannot  be  kept  alhe  with 
pure  boney  alone. 

Fed  by  covering  a  plate  with  thin  cut  comb,  and 
filling  the  cells,  either  with  honey  or  coarfe  fugar,  mix- 
ed with  middle  beer — it  mull  not  be  too  thick. 

€.  A  flock  will  fwarm  twice;  the  firfl  fwarm  again  twice, 
and  the  fecond  once. 

Some  vears  a  ftock,  will  increafe  itfelf  to  fix  flocks. 

d.  The  bees  of  one  fociety  will  attack  thofe  of  another 
fociety,  plunder  them  of  their  honey,  and  deilroy  mofl 
of  them,  perhaps  ail  of  them,  in  battle.  The  bed  me- 
thod of  putting  a  flop  to  thefe  battles,  is  to  remove  the 
attacked  hive  to  a  diflant  part  of  the  garden. 

HUMBLE   BEES. 

If  a  nefl  of  the  common  Humble  Bee  (Apis  Terref- 
tris),  or  of  the  black  Humble  Bee  (A.  Subterrcnea), 
is  taken  late  in  the  evening,  and  confined  for  the  nighr 


BEE. 

in  a  hive  or  box;  they  will  not  afterwards  forfakc  it,  but 
increafe  their  comb  and  breed. 

BEET.      (Beta  Vulgaris.) 

i.   With  a  red  root. 

a.  Common  red  B.  • 

b.  Turnep-root  red  B. 

c.  Green-leaved  red  B. 
2.   With  a  white  root. 

a.  White- leaved. 

b.  Green-leaved. 

c.  Swifs  or  Chard  B. 

d.  Cicla  (B.  V.  Ciela.) 

Culture,  &fr.    of  Red  Beet. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  Requires  a  deep  light  foil,  and  open  fituation. 

2.  Seed. 

a .  Sown  in  March  or  April  broad  calt  on  rough  ground, 
and  trod  in  before  the  ground  is  raked. 

b.  Sown  either  alone,  or  with  carrots,  parfnips,  or  onions, 
which  mud  be  drawn  voung. 

c.  Drilled. 

3.  Plants. 

a.  The  broad-caft  to  be  thinned  to  a  foot  diftance,  or  in 
very  good  land  to  1^  foot. 

b.  The  drilled  to  be  thinned  by  degrees  to  1  foot  apart. 

c.  The  roots  may  be  either  taken  up  in  November,  and 
prefer ved  like  carrots  in  fand,  or  left  in  the  ground. 

d.  Old  roots  to  be  planted  in  February  two  feet  afunder, 
for  feed. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  root  is  either  ufed  as  a  pickle,  eaten  boiled,  or 
frefh  in  falads. 

b.  Is  ufed  to  improve  the  colour  of  claret. 
Culture,  fiff.    of  White  Beet. 

1.  Plant. 
a.  The  culture  is  the  fame  as  that  of  the  red  beet. 

2.    Use. 
a.  The  leaves  in  foups;  the  mid-rib  of  very  large  leaver 
are  peeled,  ftewed,  and  eaten  like  afparagus. 

[  $  1 


34  B£E. 

The  largeft  leaves  fhould  be  firft  gathered,  leaving 
the  (mailer  to  grow  larger. 

The  roots  are  called  Chards. 
b.  The  roots  of  variety  d  are  ufed  medicinally}  and  in 
Pruffia  to  make  fugar — no  lbs.  of  the  roots  wafhed, 
peeled,  cleaned,  and  then  grated,  produced,  by  a  cer- 
tain procefs,  4  lbs.  of  white  fugar,  and  2>\  quarts  of"  a 
fpirit  refembling  rum.  The  red  is  alfo  ufed  for  the  fame 
purpofe,  1500  quintals  of  which  have  produced  5952 
lbs.  of  fugar  in  grofs,  450  quintals  of  hufky  matter,  and 
100  oz.  of  fyrup:  the  fqueezed  fubftance  mayferve  as  a 
fort  of  coffee,  and  for  diftilling  brandy?  and  is  more  pro- 
fitable for  the  feeding  of  cattle,  than  the  beets  them- 
felves.    (See,  poft,  Mangel  Wurzel,  or  Scarcity-root.) 

BERBERRY.      (Berberis  Vulgaris.) 
Var.  1.  Red  with  ftoney  f  -u.it.     1.  Red  without  ft  ones. 

3.   White.     4.  Sweet  black  B. 
Culture,  &c. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed — Sow  the  ripe  berries  in  autumn,  in  drills 
an  inch  or  more  deep;  probably  moft  of  them  will  lay 
in  the  ground  till  the  fecond  fpring. 

b.  By  fuckers  taken  from  the  root  in  autumn,  with  as 
much  roots  as  pofiible. 

c.  By  layers — Choofe  young  branches  of  laft  fummer, 
and  lay  them  in  autumn  or  winter,  and  by  the  autumn 
following  they  will  be  rooted. 

2.  Tree. 

a.  Planted  of  four  or  five  feet  high;  and  at  any  time 
from  November  till  March. 

b.  Prune  irregular  and  crouded  branches,  fhoots  from 
the  ftem,  and  fuckers  from  the  root. 

3.    Use. 

a.  The  fruit  for  pickling;  and  boiled  with  fugar  form 
a  moft  agreeable  rob  or  jelly. 

b.  The  inner  bark  of  the  items  dyes  linen  of  a  fine  yel- 
low with  the  afiiftance  of  allum. 

In  Poland  they  dye  leather  of  a  moft  beautiful  yel- 
low with  the  bark  of  the  root. 

c.  The  roots  boiled  in  lye  dye  wool  yellow. 

d.  The  inner  bark  is  ufed  medicinallv. 


BIR.  is 

BIRCH.     (Bctula  Alt*) 

Culture,  &V. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Grows  in  all  kinds  of  foil;  but  bell  in  fhady  places. 

2.    Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  which  is  eafily  taken  from  bearing  trees,  by 
cutting  the  branches  before  it  is  qu  te  ripe  in  Auguit; 
an  J  may  be  thrafhed  out  like  corn,  as  foon  as  the  bran- 
ches dry  a  littic. 

The  feed  to  be  fown  broad-caft  in  autumn — two 
bufhels  per  acre. 

b.  By  layers. 

j.  Tree. 

a.  The  wood  is  firm,  tough  and  white. 

b.  As  underwood,  mould  be  felled  before  March  to  pre- 
vent its  bleeding. 

c.  Bears  removing  with  fafety  of  the  height  of  fix  or 
feven  feet. 

d.  Is  hurtful  to  pafturage. 

e.  Is  ready  to  plulh  as  hedges  in  four  years  after  planting. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  ufed  by  the  wheelwright  for  ploughs, 
carts,  and  moil  of  the  ruftic  implements ;  by  the  tur- 
ner for  trenchers,  bowls,  ladles,  fmall  fcrews,  &c.  by 
the  cooper  for  hoops.  The  wood  is  alio  ufed  by  clog- 
makers  and  fnoe-heel  cutters;  and  alfo  fcrves  for  light 
gates  end  rails. 

b.  The  knotty  excrefcencies  afford  a  beautiful  veined 
wood. 

c .  Befoms  are  made  of  the  twigs,  and  the  branches  ferve 
for  handles. 

d.  Makes  ftrong  hedges. 

The  leaves  yield  a  yellow  dye;  but  thofe  of  the  Dwaj  ( 
Birch  (B.  Nana.)  afford  a  better. 
/.  The  bark  has  been  ufed  to  tan  leather,  and  even  rim- 
ing nets,  dnJ  fails j  which  it  renders  more  durable:  and 
alfo  to  make  ropes.  The  outer  rind  is,  in  Scotland, 
fomctimes  burnt  inftead  of  candles. 

The  inhabitants  of  Poland  dill.l  from  the  bark  per 
defcenfum,  an  oil  of  an  empyicumatic  ftrong  fmdl, 
which  they  ule  in  fprains,  and  to  help  limbs  that  i. 


SS  BIR. 

fuffered  by  cold;  and  to  heal  wounds^  and  deftroy  the 
itch,  and  lice  on  cattle. 

g.  Ruffian  leather  is  drefied  with  a  kind  of  tar,  extracted 
by  fire  from  the  bark  of  this  tree ;  which  is  then  dyed 
with  log-wood. 

h.  The  white  bark  or  rind  is  of  fo  firm  a  texture,  that 
it  will  efcape  putrefaction  for  many  years,  even  in  the 
damped  places ;  and  is  therefore  fpread  by  the  Norwe- 
gian peafants  over  the  planks  with  which  their  houfes 
are  covered,  and  upon  this  rind  they  lay  green  fward 
or  turf  for  the  fake  of  warmth. 

'  The  Indians  and  Canadians  of  North  America 
make  Boats  of  the  bark,  which  are  fo  light  that  they 
ibmetimes  carry  them  wirh  them  on  their  journeys  from 
lake  to  lake.  The  Indians  of  Nova  Scotia  have  been 
known  to  crofs  the  Bay  of  Fundy  in  them.  They  alfo 
make  bafkets,  boxes,  &c.  of  this  bark,  and  curioufly 
ornament  them  with  porcupine  quills  coloured." 

i.  Affords  excellent  fuel,  and  makes  the  beft  of  char- 
coal; and  the  foot  is  a  good  lamp-black  for  making 
printer's  ink. 

k.  If  a  hole  is  bored  into  the  tree  when  the  fap  rifes  in 
the  fprmg,  a  f.veet  liquor  diftils  from  it,  which,  pro- 
perly fomented  with  the  addition  of  fugar,  makes  a 
pleafant  wine. — It  has  been  fuppofed,  a  coarfe  fort  of 
fugar  might  be  produced,  by  boiling  the  fap. 
One  branch  alone  will  yield  a  gallon  in  a  day. 

BIRD-CHERRY. 

i.  Englifh  Bird-Cherry.     (Prunus  Padus.) 
2.  American  Bird-Cherry.     (P.   Virginiana.) 

Culture,  &c.    of  the  Englifh  Bird-Cherry. 

i.   Soil. 
a.  Grows  well  in  woods,  groves,  or  fields,  but  not  in 
a  moift  foil. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feeds  fown  in  autumn. 

b.  By  layers,  laid  down  in  autumn;  they  will  have  good 
roots  by  that  time  twelvemonth. 

3;  Tree. 
a.  Grows  to  or  12  feet  high. 


Blil.  37 

b.  Bears  lopping,  and  fufifcrs  the  grafs  to  grow  under  it. 
rhe  wood  is  fmooth  and  tough. 

4.   Use. 
a.  The  wood  is  ufed  for  cabinet  work. 
/'.  The  fruit,    which  has  a  nauieous  tafte,   is  eaten  in 
Sweden  and  kamfchatca. 

c.  Makes  an  exceeding  good  underwood. 

Culture,  &fr.  of  the  American  Bird-Cherry. 

1.    Increased. 
a.  By  the  fame  methods  as  the  former. 

z.    Tree. 
a.  Grows  to  30  feet  high. 
.    The  fruit  ii>  large  and  black. 
J.    Use. 
a.  The  wood  being  beautifully  veined  with  black  and 
white,  and  taking  a  fmooth  polifh,  is  frequently  ul'cd 
for  cabinet  work. 

BLIGHT. 

The  withering  and  dropping  off  of  leaves,  bloflbms, 
or  fruit;  and  the  death  or  plants  and  trees;  arifing  ei- 
ther from  froft,  cold  or  very  hot  winds,  or  inftcts — 
Gardeners  make  ute  of  the  following  methods  to  guard 
tgainft  them. 

1.  Frost. 
a.  Straw  or  dung  is  often  laid  on  the  roots;  but  clean 

mofs  is  to  be  preferred  for  newly  planted  fruit  trees. 
l>.  By  lticking  between  the  branches  of  wall  trees,  cut- 
tings of  evergreens  or  fern,  till  the  fruit  is  fairly  fet. 
.  By  mats  nailed  up  before  the  trees,  when  there  is  an 
appearance  of  frofty  nights ;  if  the  froft  continues  long, 
and  no  fun,  lc:  them  remain  up  in  the  day  alio,  but 
muft  be  removed  at  every  favourable  appearance  of  mo- 
derate weather. 

1.    Cold  Winds. 
By  live  hedges;  of  thefe  yew  make  the  belt. 
/.    Reed  fereens. 

A  dry  ho:  wind  frequently  occurs  in  fummcr,  and 
fcorches  the  leaves,  lb  as  to  make  them  turn  black  and 
britde,  but  it  is  often  (o  weak,  as  not  iu  penetrate 
through  a  hedge. 


38  BOR. 

3.  Insects 

a.  For  wall  trees — To  a  hogfhead  of  clear  lime  water 
add  6  lbs.  of  flour  of  brinrftone,  and  4  lbs.  of  tobacco 
duft,  or,  which  is  better,  a  pint  of  a  liquid  that  is 
fqueezed  from  tobacco  in  prefling :  this  is  to  be  fprinkled 
on  the  trees  between  (tvtn  and  nine  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  at  lead  three  times  a  week,  from  the  time 
the  buds  begin  to  burft. 

h.  By  fmoaking  the  trees.     (See  Apple  bloiToms.) 

"  BORDERS  AND  HEAD-LANDS. 

"  Too  much  negletled;  but  are  applicable  to  enlar- 
ging the  compoft  manure,  under  the  moil  advantageous 
circumftances." 

BORECOLE. 

1.  Green  curled  Borecole — There  is  a  variety  with  va- 
riegated leaves,  which  is  planted  in  gardens  for  orna- 
ment. 

■2.  Brown  or  red  Borecole. 

3.  Siberian  Borecole,  commonly  called  Scotch  Kale. 

Under  this  head  may  be  reckoned, 
1.  Jerufalem  Kale. 
1.  Bruffels  Sprouts. 
3.  Tree  Cabbage,  leaves  nearly  flat. 

All  the  above  plants  grow  tall  ^  do  not  turn  in  their 
leaves  to  form  a  clofe  head;  but  furnifh  numerous  fweet 
and  tender  fprouts,  from  the  fides  of  the  (talks. 

Culture,  &V. 

I.  Plant. 
a.  The  culture  is  the  fame  as  that  of  the  Savoy,  except 

that  the  plants  mould  be  fet  only  1  foot  afunder  in  rows 

2  feet  diftant. 
h.  An  Irifh  acre  of  fallow  ground,  on  which  they  were 

planted  at  two  feet  diftance,  and  hoed  in  the  Tullian 

method,  produced  plants  which  weighed  about  5  lb. 

10  oz.  each,  on  an  average,  and  the  whole  produce  was 

40,096  lbs. 
c.  Planted  between  drilled  potatoes  (after  they  were  well 

hoed)  for  winter  feeding  cattle. 


BRI.  39 

2.    Use. 

a.  The  borecole  is  a  very  profitable  table  vegetable,  but 
is  never  eaten  till  the  frott  hath  rendered  it  tender,  for 
Otherwiie  it  is  tough  and  bitter. 

I.  It  has  been  recommended  CO  the  attention  of  the  far- 
mer or  grazier,  on  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its  growth, 
and  the  property  of  zvithftanding  the  efletl  of '/evert 
frtjl. — Sheep  mould  not  be  fullered  to  depasture  fo 
long,  as  to  injure  the  (talks. 

BRITISH  WIN! 

l.  Birch  wint  (Receipt)  In  the  beginning  of  March, 
while  the  fap  is  rifing,  and  before  the  leaves  moot  out, 
bore  holes  in  the  bodies  or  the  largeft  trees,  and  put 
falfets  therein,  made  of  elder  tticks,  with  the  pith  ta- 
ken our,  and  then  put  any  velTel  under  to  receive  the 
liquor:  if  the  tree  be  large,  you  may  tap  it  in  four  or 
five  places  at  a  time  without  hurting  it;  and  thus  from 
feveral  trees  many  gallons  of -juice  may  be  gained  in  a 
If  you  have  not  enough  in  one  day,  bottle  up 
cl  ill-  what  you  have,  till  you  get  a  fufficiency  for  your 
purpole;  but  the  lboner  it  is  ufed  the  better.  Boil  the 
my  fcum  rues,  (kimming  it  all  the  time. 
To  every  gallon  of  liquor  put  4  lbs  of  fugar,  and  boil 
it  afterwards  half  an  hour,  lkimming  it  well;  then  put 
it  into  an  open  tub  to  cool,  and  when  cold,  turn  it  in- 
to your  calk;  when  it  has  done  working,  bung  it  up 
clofe,  and  keep  it  three  months;  then  either  bottle  it 
off,  or  draw  it  out  of  the  cafk  af:er  it  is  a  year  old. 

This  is  a  generous  and  agreeable  liquor. 
:.    Black  Currant  Wine*     The  procefs  of  manufacture 

nerely  that  ot  macerating  the  fruit,  in  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  cold  water,  two  or  three  days,  then  boiling  the 
whole  llowlv,  until  the  fruit  is  difiblved;  when  the  li- 
quor is  (trained  ofF.  Rcboil  the  liquor,  gently,  a  lhort 
time;  and  add  a  quant. ty  of  fugar,  proportioned  to 
the  given  richnefs  of  the  fruit \  ferment,  and  lay  up, 
agreeably  to  the  methods  pratftiicd  with  other  fruit  li- 
qu< 

This  wine  approaches  v  red  port  wine,  in  co- 

lour and  flavour. 


40  BRO. 

3.  Red  Currant  Wine.  Gather  the  currants  when  they 
are  fullv  ripe;  break  them  into  a  tub  or  vat;  then  prefs 
and  add  two-thirds  of  water,  and  to  each  gallon  of  that 
mixture  put  3  lbs.  of  loft  fugar;  agitate  the  whole  pro- 
perly till  the  fugar  is  difiblved,  when  it  may  be  barrelled. 
The  juice  fhould  not  be  left  to  (land  during  the  night, 
as  the  fermentation  ought  not  to  take  place,  till  all  the 
ingredients  are  compounded.  "An  excellent  proccfs 
for  making  it  is  in  the  American  Philofophical  Tranf- 
a&ions.     It  is  the  very  bed." 

Sir  Richard  Worfley  has  planted  a  Vineyard  in  the 
JJle  cf  IVight,'  of  two  acres  and  a  half,  with  the  Wl 
Mujcadine  and  Plant  Verd  grapes  j  from  which  the  na- 
tives of  the  weftern  parts  of  France  make  a  light  white 
wine. 

BROCOLI. 
1.  Early  purple  Italian  B.  This  is  by  fome  preferred  to 
all  others. 
1.  Late  purple  Italian  B. 

3.  Green  Italian  B. 

4.  White  Italian  B. 

Some  kinds  of  Italian  B.  produce  bulbs  at  their  roots. 

5.  Cauliflower  B.  In  look  and  tafte  is  very  like  the 
Cauliflower. 

6.  Brown  or  black  B.  This  is  very  hardy,  and  grows 
very  high,  but  is  inferior  in  tafte  to  the  above. 

7.  Dwarf  purple  B. 

8.  Brimftone  B.  The  head  of  this  is  as  large  as  that  of 
the  Cauliflower  B.  and  of  a  yellow  colour  j  it  is  efteem- 
ed  a  good  fort.  Said  to  have  been  brought  firft  from 
Portfmouth. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Succeeds  bell  in  a  foil  that  is  rather  light  than  heavy. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  In  order  to  fave  good  feed,  referve  a  few  of  the  lar- 
ger!: heads  of  the  firft  crop,  ftripping  conftantly  off  all 
under  fhoots,  leaving  only  the  main  ftem  to  flower  and 
feed  (no  fort  of  cabbage  fhould  be  iuffered  to  feed  near 
them)  and  tie  them  to  ftrong  flakes,  to  prevent  their 
being  broke  by  winds  and  heavy  rain. 


BRO.  4.1 

3.  First  Crop. 
Seed  to  be  fown  the  latter  end  of  May  or  beginning 
of  June. 

When  the  plants  have  eight  leaves,  to  be  pricked  out 
into  fhady  borders,  about  3  or  4  inches  apart. 
c.  To  be  again  planted  the  end  of  July  in  Tonic  flicker- 
ed fpot,  but  not  under  the  drip  of  trees,  1  \  foot  in 
the  row,  and  2  feet  between  the  rows :  the  brown  or 
black  2  feet  every  way. 

4.    Second  Crop. 

a.  The  feed  to  be  fown  the  beginning  of  July,  and  the 
plants  treated  like  the  firft  crop. 

b.  Some  do  not  make  two  diftinct  crops,  but  fow  from 
February  to  June,  laying  however  molt  ftrefs,  on  what 
they  fow  in  April  and  June,  for  full  crops. 

c.  In  expofed  fituations  gardeners,  in  autumn  or  fpring, 
dig  a  deep  doping  ditch,  lay  the  plants  on  it,  fo  as  to 
be  ab^ut  1  foot  above  ground,  and  1  foot  apart;  on 
thefe  they  lav  earth,  and  a  fecondrow,  &c.  or  dig  deep 
holes,  and  plant  them  in  it  about  half  the  depth  of  the 
Item,  and  at  the  common  diftance. 

5.    Use. 
a.  For  the  table. 

The  heads  mould  be  cut  off  with  about  4  or  5  in- 
ches of  the  ftem,  and  the  fkin  of  the  ftem  dripped  off 
before  they  are  boiled  :  The  plants  will  moot  out  a  num- 
ber of  fide  fprouts  with  fmall  heads,  full  as  well  fla- 
voured as  the  large,  and  are  called  by  fome  Italian 
Ajparagus. 
.   The  brown  has  been  cultivated  for  cattle. 

BROOM. 

1.  Common  Broom.     (Spartium  Scoparium). 
1.  Spanifh  Broom.     (Spartium  Junccum). 

Culture,  isc.  of  Common  Broom. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  in  this  ifljnd  in  dry  fandv  foils. 

:.  Use. 
a.  For  making  brooms. 

[   6   1 


42  BRO. 

b.  For  tanning  of.  leather;  in  which  intention  the  twigs 
and  branches  are  not  inferior  to  oak-bark. 

c.  Is  'preferred  to  fir  aw  for  covering  (lacks,  as  it  admits 
tfye  air  more  readily  into  the  ftack  than  draw  does,  and 
equally  well  fee u res  it  from  rain.  Is  alfo  ufed  for 
thatching  houfes. 

In  Sweden  it  is  cut  in  autumn,  and  ufed  as  litter  for 
houfed  fhecp. 

d.  The  old  wood  furnifhes  the  cabinet-makers  with 
moft  beautiful  materials  for  veneering. 

e.  The  tender  branches  are  in  fome  places  mixed  with 
hops  for  brewing. 

f.  The  macerated  bark  is  found  capable  of  being  manu- 
factured inro  cloth. 

g.  The  flower  buds  are  pickled  and  eaten  as  capers. 

h.  Sheep  fometimes  eat  it  in  winter  ;  but  they  are  gree- 
dy of  tiie  bloflbm ;  they  alfo  eat  the  young  pods. — 
Shepherds  turn  them  into  fields  where  it  grows,  to  cure 
them  of  the  dropiy. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Spanijh  Broom. 

i.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed  fown  either  in  the  fpring  or  autumn. 

b.  By  laying  down  the  tender  branches  in  March,  and 
cutting  them  at  the  joints,  after  the  manner  of  Car- 
nation layers  :  but  this  way  is  not  fo  certain,  and  mere 
troublefome,  than  the  raifing  of  them  from  feed. 

2.  Shrue. 
a.  Should  be  planted  where  they  are  to  remain  at  not 
more  than  two  years  old,   as    they  do  not  fucceed   if 
they  arc  removed  large. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  twigs  for  making  bafkets. 

b.  The  flowers  affording  much  food  for  bees — The  cul- 
ture of  this  fhrub  is  recommended  near  bee  hives,  by 
writers  on  the  management  of  thofe  ufeful  infects. 

We  raife  another  fort  of  Spanifh  broom  from  feed  in 
this  country,  it  is  called  the  white  (Spartium  Monof- 
permum);  it  appears  to  be  too  tender  to  be  turned  to 
any  account  in  this  country:  where  it  grows  naturally 
it  is  ufeful  \n  flopping  flying  fands  i  goats  eat  the  leaves 


BUC  43 

and  voung  branches  j  and  the  twigs  are  ufed  for  tying 
bundles. 

"  BROOM-CORN. 

A  ufefuj  plant  (the  chenpclt  and   befr)    for  making 
broom*.  ift's,    &c.     The  grain  for  poultry, 

&c.      Some  liills  or  rows  of  it  in  gardens  fuffice  for 
family  purpofes.*' 

CKWl  II  AT.     (Polygonum  Fugopyrum.) 

Culture,  L~ 

i.  Son.. 

a.  A  light  mellow  foil  fuits  it  belt. 

b.  Does  not  thrive  on  a  ItifT  clay  or  poachy  ground. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  From  one  to  three  bufhels  fown  per  acre.    Light  land 
requires  the  mod  feed. 

b.  Sown  from  the  fit  ft  week   in  May  till  the  beginning 
of  July. 

c.  Sown  with  clover  or  oth<r  grafs  feed. 

3.   Plant. 
a.  Two  crops  have  been  got  in  a  favourable  year  from 

the  lame  land — Is  mowed. 
/-.   Kills  all  weeds  by  being  of  quick  growth. 

4.   Use. 
a.   The  feed  makes  a  nutricious  meal,   which  is  not  apt 
to  turn  four  upon  the  fbomach. 

he  meal  fattens  hogs  and  poultry. 

c.  Ilorjc-s  are  fond  of  the  grain. 

d.  The  flowers  alFord  food  for  bees  at   a  feafon  when 
the  meadows  and  trees  arc  nearly  ftripped  of  them. 

Sown  ivitb  grafs  feeds  makes  a  good  lay  on  a  light 
foil. 
/.  Affords  draw  for  fodder  or  manu, 
g.   When  full  grown  is  rolled   (or  firft  fed  and  trodden 
down  by  cattle)  and  ploughed  in  as  a  manu: 
it  a.  fallen'  crop. 

;etables  that  have  a  fucci.  ",  inch  as  buck- 

wheat,  vetches,   peas  and  beans,  draw  a  great  part  of 
their   nourilhment   from  the  air,  and  on    that  account 
>  than  wheat,    oa:s,  barley,  or 
rye. 


44  BUD.     BUL. 

Buckwheat  was  firft  brousht  from  Africa  into  France 
by  the  Saracens  ;  and  from  France  into  England. — Is 
called  by  many  French- Wheat. 

BUDDING. 

In  performing  this  kind  of  grafting,  the  bark  of  the 
ftock  is  cut  on  the  north  fide,  perpendicularly,  about 
two  or  three  inches,  and  gently  opened  with  the  handle 
of  the  budding  knife  j  and  the  bud  (fuch  as  contains 
only  the  flower)  being  put  in  with  the  greateft  care, 
the  bark  is  clofely  tied  down  with  wet  bajs  or  matting. 
This  fhould  be  done,  if  pofiible,  in  a  moift  or  cloudy 
day,  early  in  the  morning,  before  the  heat  of  the  fun 
prevails,  or,  in  the  afternoon,  after  it  has  fubfided ;  as 
all  hot  and  fultry  feafons  are  unfriendly  to  this  procefs. 
— It  is  ufed  for  the  finer  fruits,  fuch  as  peaches,  apri- 
cots, neclarines,  &c.  Some  gardeners  call  it  Inocu- 
lation. 

BULL. 

The  cow -keepers  near  London  allow  about  one  bull 
to  thirty  cows — In  fome  counties  they  are  let  leap  while 
yearlings ;  and  in  Suffolk  they  never  keep  them  more 
than  three  years  old ;  the  ill  confequence  of  which  is, 
that  before  the  merit  can  be  known  of  the  ftock  gotten, 
the  bull  is  no  more. 

Farmers  call  the  bars  of  a  harrow,  in  which  the  teeth 
are  fixed,  Bulls. 

BULLACE.     (Prunus  Infititia.) 
Varies,  with  White,  Black,  and  Red  Fruit. 

Culture,  &c. 

i.   Increased. 

a.  By  ftones  of  the  fruit;  if  fown  an  inch  or  two  deep 
in  autumn,  they  will  come  up  in  the  fpring;  and  when 
a  year  old  mould  be  planted  out  in  the  nurfery. 

b.  By  grafting  or  budding  on  their  own,  or  any  fort  of 
plum  ftocks. 

2.  Tree. 
a.  Trained  as  a  moderate  ftandard,  with  a  clean  fingle 
ftem,  branching  regularly  at  top  to  a  full  head. 


B  I  45 

b.   Planted  20  or  30  feet  afunder. 
wild  in  hedges. 

3.   Use. 

a.  The  fruit — This  does  not  ripen  till   September  or 

tober,  and  is  the  more  valuable,  as  it  comes  in 
when  molt  others  of  the  plum  kind  are  gone;  it  is  ex- 
cellent for  tarts,  pies,  cvic.  and  when  fully  ripe,  eat* 
agreeably  as  a  defert  fruit. 

\  conferve  is  prepared  by  mixing  the  pulp  with 
thrice  its  weight  of  fugar. 

b.  The  bark  and  llowcrs  are  ufed  medicinally. 

BURN-BAITING 

Is  the  cutting  off  the  turf  or  furface  of  the  ground, 
and  when  fufliciently  dry,  putting  it  in  final  1  piles,  and 
burning  it  to  allies,  which  are  fpread  (in  fome  places 
mixed  with  lime)  on  the  bare  furface,  and  ploughed  in: 
It  is  in  the  opinion  of  many  intelligent  perfons  a  dangerous 
practice,  unlefs  done  very  judiciouily,  and  the  land  well 
fupported  with  manure  afterwards;  it  has  even  been 
compared  to  the  ule  of  fpirituous  liquors,  in  the  human 
fyltem,  which  is  invariably  followed  by  debility  and  dif- 
eile. — Under  fome  circumitances  it  is  however  allowed 
to  be  of  ufe,  and  at  all  times  produces  one  or  two  good 
crops. 

May  be  praclifed  with  advantage, 
1.  On  land  over-run  with  furze,  broom,  bramble,  or 
heath,  where  the  roots  would  require  a  long  time  to  rot. 
On  long  neglefled  pajlurc,    with  a  thick  fpongy  co- 
vering of  mofs. 

3.  A  thin  chalky  foil,  is  faid  to  be  much  improved  by  it. 
Iditional  ways  of  burn-baiting, 
i.  I  he  following  way  of  paring  and  burning,  which 
is  practifed  in  Shropfhire,  differs  from  the  ufual  method. 
The  fwarth  is  pared  near  two  inches  thick,  and  laid 
round  a  fmall  faggot  of  wood,  large  enough,  when  burnt, 
to  blacken  and  fcorch  the  (ward  reared  round  it,  the 
burners  not  holding  it  good  to  reduce  it  to  a  red  afh  ; 
thus,  in  its  coarfe,  but  feorched  ltate,  it  is  fpread  upon 
the  land  when  ploughed,  being  rirft  got  into  rows  to  make 
way  for  the  plough;  and  thcle  blackened  lumps,  Sec.  do 


46  BUR. 

often  produce  an  extraordinary  crop  of  wheat,  though 
upon  land  not  worth  more  than  feven  {hillings  per  acre, 
and  the  fucceeding  crops  generally  anfwer  as  well. 

1.  The  fod  turned  upfide  down  wich  the  fpade,  and 
xvhen  dry,  owing  to  the  heath  and  grafs  raifing  it  a  few 
inches  from  the  ground,  burnt,  without  making  it  up 
in  heaps — A  very  good  natural  grafs  followed  this  me- 
thod, without  ploughing:  It  was  accounted  for,  from 
the  fire  having  been  thus  applied  all  over  the  furface,  in 
a  ftate  of  fmothering  combufticn. 

BASTARD  BURN-BAITING. 

This  practice  confifts  of  burning  the  refufe  product  of 
the  land,  fuch  as  ftubble,-  &c.  upon  the  ground  which 
produced  them;  or  whatever  elfe  is  laid  on  for  that  pur- 
pofe. 

i.  Burning  of  {edge  on  w?et  land,  a  fuccefsful  practice. 
1.  Burning  ftubble  upon  corn-fields. 

3.  Burning  of  any  wafte  produce,  as  broom,  &c.  on 
heaths  and  commons;  piling  it  in  heaps,  and  covering 
them  with  the  earth  raifed  in  digging  up  the  roots:  the 
afhes  fpread  and  ploughed  in. 

4.  The  bringing  of  (ticks,  ftubble,  &c.  to  impoverifhed 
land,  and  burning  them  there. 

More  benefit  is  fuppofed  to  arife,  from  the  enliven- 
ing warmth  communicated  to  the  ground  by  fo  many 
fires,  than  from  the  afhes.  "  Infers  and  their  eggs  are 
deftroyed  by  burning  ftubble ;   rake  it  firft  in  heaps." 

BURNET,     (Poterium  Sanguiforba.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Flourifnes  on  poor,  light,  landy,  or  ftoney  foils;  or 
even  on  dry  chalk  hills. 

b.  The  land  to  be  prepared  as  for  turneps. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Perfects  its  feed  twice  in  the  fummer. 

b.  Sown  late  in  the  fpring  with  barley  or  oats. 

c.  Sown  in  Auguft  after  oats;  12  lb.  of  feed  to  an  acre, 
— The  plants  thinned  to  one  foot  diftance. 


BUR.     BUT.  47 

d.   In  a  failure  of  turneps,  land  has  been  fown  with  Bui 
ner,  and  produced,  in  March  following,  a  fine  pafturc 
for  fheep  and  lambs. 
t.  Sown  on  a  fmall  piece  of  Ian;!  ingofjuly; 

1  the  plants  tranfpl  anted  in  October,  in  rows  2  feet 
art,  and  about  1  foot  diftam 

.v  be  increafed  by  parting  the  roots. 

'  s  of  three  mowings  in  a  feafon. 

loes  not  injure  it,  nor  dofe  feeding. 
€.   Harrowed  after  being  ittle. 

4.    i 
a.  Proves  an  excel!:  r  faftur.  dly  any 

tbbig  elfe  vegetates. 

1:  h  1  nnftance,  that  cattle  are  fond  of 

burner  railed  1  ,    but  will  not  touch  it 

upon  other  land,  though  on  a  foil  (uvular  in  ap- 
pearance. If  fown  With  Ray-grafs  and  White  Clover, 
or  with  the  latter  alone,  they  will  be  induced  the  better 
to  like  it. 

Is  as  good  as  oats   for  horfes :     "  And  its 
quantity  confnlerable." 
1.   Increafcs  the  quantity  of  milk  in  cows;   and  makes 
good  but 

d.  The  mutton  of  fheep  (ed  on  it,  better  coloured,  more 
juicy,  and  better  flavoured,  than  mutton  fed  on  any 
other  food. 

e.  A  perfect  cure  for  the  rot  in  fheep j  and  recovers  fheep 
that  have  f 

E  xcellent  winter  food  for  Deer  and  Rabbits. 

is  plant  was  introduced  into  husbandry  by  the  late 
Mr.  Roque,  under  the  patronage  of  the  London  Soci- 
ety of  Arts.  "  It  is  well  won;:  the  hufbandman's  at- 
tention." 

Meadow  Burnet  (Sanguhorba  Officinalis)  grows  ve- 
ry luxuriantly  in  cold  and  very  pool  wrt  uplands,  and 
has  been  thought  worth  cultivating  in  fuch  filiations. 

BUTTER. 

I.    Fresh   Butter. 
In  an  experiment  made  to  know  whether  it  was  mod 
profitable  to  churn  the  whole  milk,  or  only  the  cream 


48  BUT. 

which  the  miik  produces,  the  miik  of  a  particular  cow 
was  felected,  and  it  was  found,  that  one  days  milk 
churned  by  itfelf,  produced  only  three-fourths  of  i  ib. 
of  butter;  and  the  cream  of  two  days  milk  produced 
3  lbs.  2  oz.  of  butter;  from  this,  it  appears,  more  pro- 
fitable to  colleul  the  cream  and  churn  it,  than  to  churn 
the  whole  milk  together.  The  cream  butter  is  thought 
the  richest  of  the  two,  but  will  not  keep  ib  long  fweet. 
Refpefling,  however,  the  above  experiment,  in  far- 
ther explanation  of  the  circumdances,  it  appears,  that 
the  one  day's  miik  was  collected  from  the  noon  of  one 
day,  to  the  morning  of  the  next,  then  immediately 
churned;  whereas  the  two  days  cream  was  collected  on 
a  Thurfdsry  and  friaay  and  remained  to  ripen  till  the 
Monday  following,  which  may,  perhaps,  account  in  a 
great  degree,  for  the  difference  in  the  produce. 

b.  It  is  faid,  that  in  fome  places  famous  for  making  the 
bed  freili  winter  butter,  they  fet  the  pot  of  cream  in 
warm  water  fo  long  as  till  it  has  acquired  that  fmall 
degree  of  fournefs,  which  it  very  foon  has  in  warm 
fummer  weather,  and  gives  it  its  agreeable  flavour. 
And  in  order  to  give  it  colour,  they  grate  a  well-co- 
loured carrot  into  a  little  milk,  which,  as  foon  as  dain- 
ed,  is  drained  from  the  carrot  through  a  fieve,  and  then 
mixed  with  the  cream. 

c.  Whey  butter — The  quality  of  this  is  improved,  by 
fcalding  each  meal  of  cream,  as  it  is  taken  off  the  whey, 
by  hanging  it  over  the  fire  until  fcalding  hot;  being 
careful  not  to  let  it  boil.     (See,  ante,  page  23.) 

2,    Salt  Butter. 
a.  The  following  mode  of  curing  butter  is  prattifed  bv 
fome  in  the  pariih  of  Udney,  in  the  county  of  Aber- 
deen,  which  gives  to  it  a  fuperiority  above  that  of 
others. 

Take  two  parts  of  the  bed  common  fait,  one  part  of 
fugar,  and  one  part  of  ialtpetre  ;  beat  them  up  together, 
and  blend  the  whole  completely :  take  1  oz.  of  this 
compofition  for  every  16  oz.  of  butter,  work  it  well  into 
the  mafs,  and  cloie  it  up  for  ufe. 

The  butter,  cured  with  this  mixture,  appears  of  a 
rich  marrowy  confidence,  and  fine  colour,  and  never 


BUT.     CAB.  49 

juircs  hardnefs,  nor  talks  fait;  it  cats  as  fwcct  after 
being  kept  three  years  as  at  firft.  It  mult  be  noted,  that 
butter  thus  cured,  requires  to  (land  three  weeks  or  a 
month  before  it  has  begun  to  be  ufed  ;  if  it  be  lboncr 
opened,  the  falts  are  not  fufficiently  blended  with  it; 
and  fometimesthecoolnefsofthe  nitre  will  then  be  per- 
ceived, which  totally  difappears  afterwards.  (See  p.  52. 

BUTTER-BUR.     (Tuflllago  Petafites.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Plant. 
a.  This  is  a  native  plant,  growing  in  wet  meadows  and 
by  river  fides ;  the  leaves  are  the  largeft  of  any  native 
plant  in  Great-Britain  ;  and  in  heavy  rains  are  frequent- 
ly obfcrved  to  afford  a  feafonable  fhclter  to  poultry  and 
other  (mall  animals. 

1.  Use. 

a.  In  Germany,  the  leaves  are  bruifed,  and  mixed  with 
chaff,  or  cut  ftraw  ;  in  which  ftate  they  are  fondly 
eaten  by  cattle. 

b.  It  is  ufed  in  medicine. 

CABBAGE.  (Braffica  Oleracea.) 
Field  Cabbages, 
t.  Turnep  Cabbage  (B.  O.  Caulorapa) — Bulb  above 
the  furface  of  the  ground — Suppofed  to  have  been 
brought  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  perhaps  from 
China,  where  a  bulbous  rooted  cabbage  is  cultivated  ; 
called  by  the  natives,    Pack-Jo-a. 

Turnep-rcoted  Cabbage  (B.  O.  Nepobrafllca.) — Bulb 
under  the  furface  of  the  ground — Brought  from  Lap- 
land. 
Drum-beaded  Cabbage. 
'4.   Scotch  Cabbage — The  head  not   quite  lb  clofe  and 
flat  as  the  laft. 

5.  Cole-worts,     (fee  Colewort.) 

6.  North  American  Cabbage. 

7.  Anjou  Cabbage. 

Culture,  of.  of  the  Turnip  Cabbage. 

1.   Soil. 
hts  in  a  dry,  elevated,  and  rather  light  foil, 

17  ] 


50  CAB. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  May  be  fown  from  the  middle  of  March,  to  the  firfl 
or  fecond  week  in  May. 

b.  Should  be  fown  very  thin. 

*".  Beft  raifed  on  a  feed  bed,  and  tranfplanted  from  five 
to  fix  weeks  old. 

d.  Ripens  about  the  middle  of  July. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Very  hardy. 

b.  To  be  planted  in  rows  from  3  to  5  feet  apart,  and  not 
lefs  than  3  feet  from  plant  to  plant. 

e.  If  intended  forfpring  feeding,  fhould  be  planted  at 
the  beginning  or  middle  of  July. 

d.  The  beft  time  of  feeding  off  the  crop,  is  from  the 

middle  of  March,  to  the  latcft  pofTible  time  the  land 

can  be  fpared.  . 
<?.  Not  to  be  planted  very  deep,  or  earthed  very  high,  or 

hoed  in  wet  weather. 
/.  The  bulbs  fit  for  ufe  in  October. 
g.  Average  weight  of  the  bulbs  about  51b.  many  reach 

81b.  or  91b.  and  fome  few  141b.  or  15ID. 
h.  The  bulbs  may  be  kept  a  long  time  in  a  barn  or  fried. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Excellent  food for  Jbeep,  cows,  and  horfes. 

b.  More  nutritive  than  the  common  turnep,  and  are 
readier  come  at  when  the  ground  is  covered  with 
fnow. 

c.  An  excellent  fpri?ig  food. 

d.  The  Jprouts  may  be  cut  off  even  when  in  blofiom, 
and  when  withered  given  to  fheep  and  cows. 

e.  For  the  table  the  rind  muft  be  taken  off,  and  the  bulb 
cut  into  fmall  pieces,  and  treated  as  turneps. — The 
iprouts  are  very  good. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Turnep-rooted  Cabbage. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  dry  fandy  mixed  foil  lints  it  beft. 

b.  Suited  to  the  uplands  and  wolds- 

c.  The  land  co  be  prepared  as  for  turneps. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  To  be  fown  the  beginning  of  June- 


CAB.  51 

J-  Half  a  pound  of  feed  fown  on  a  feed  bed  of  two  or 
three  perch  fquare,  will  raife  plants  fufficient  for  an 
acre  If  they  run  too  much  to  ftalk  mult  be  tranf- 
planted  to  check  them. 

Wood  afhes  or  foot  to  be  fown  on  the  young  plants, 
if  attacked  by  the  fly. 

c.  Produce  from  the  broad  caft  has  been  i\\  tons  per 
acre  in  April,  before  their  tops  had  fprouted  above  3 
inches  high. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Very  hardy. 

b-  To  be  planted  about  midfummer  at  1  feet  diftance. 

c .  Hand-hoed  at  a  fortnight,  earthed  by  a  common  plough 
paffing  up  and  down  each  interval  :  and,  laftly,  hand- 
hoed  again — The  broad  caft  twice  hand-hoed  like  rur- 
neps. 

d.  The  roots  weigh  from  4-lb.  to  iolb. — In  tafte  and 
confiftnefs  refemble  the  kernel  of  the  cocoa-nut.  The 
rind  being  very  hard,  the  bulbs  mull  be  cut  in  half 
for  the  cattle. 

e-  As  the  roots  arc  difficult  to  pull  up,  a  light  mattock- 
like hook  has  been  ufed,  having  a  claw  on  one  fide  of 
about  9  inches  length,  with  a  traniverfe  edge  at  its 
end,  of  about  2  inches  width,  and  at  the  other  a  kind 
of  hatchet,  or  more  properly  cleavei  ;  with  tins,  the 
roots  may  be  taken  up  with  eafe  ;  its  handle,  of  about 
feet  in  length,  acYing  as  a  lever  for  the  puipofe. 
When  the  root  is  up,  it  receives  a  ftrAe  or  two  with 
the  fide  of  the  implement,  by  which  its  fan^s  are  in  a 
great  degree  diverted  of  their  dirt  j  and  another,  with 
the  hatchet  or  cleaver  on  its  back,  which  divides  it  in 
two  ;  by  fuch  divifion,  the  fheep's  teeth  being  introdu- 
ced into  the  centre  of  the  bulb,  they  work  their  way 
outward  to  the  fhell,  and  thus,  with  great  facility,  de- 
vour the  whole,  or  nearly,  fhell,  fangs  and  all. 

/.  If  given  in  winter  to  fheep  they  bring  on  a  fort  of 
white  flux,  of  which  the  fheep  foon  recover  on  a 
change  of  food  ;  and  fometimes  gives  to  their  urine  a 
deep  red  caft,  like  the  red  water,  but  no  harm  has 
ever  followed  it. 

4  Use. 

$.  One  great  advantage  attendant  on  them  is  the  vaA 


52  CAB. 

abundance  of  food  they  fupply  by  their  buihy  tops  in 
the  fpring. 

b.  Railed  {or  feeding  Oxen,  Ccu;s,  Sheep,  Hcrfes,  and 
Hogs. 

Are  either  pulled  up  and  carried  to  the  {tables  and 
ox-houfes,  or  eaten  on  the  ground  ;  in  this  cafe,  they 
are  firft  fed  with  the  fatting  ftock,  then  the  lean,  and 
afterwards  with  hogs. 

When  ewes  are  penned,  the  lambs  have  been  furTer- 
ed  to  run  through  holes  in  the  hurdles  over  the  fields, 
and  thereby  keep  pace  with  their  dams. 

€.  We  have  two  instances  mentioned  of  the  great  quan- 
tity of  food  this  phnt  affords j  in  the  firit,  an  acre 
fupported  70  fneep  for  a  month  j  and  in  the  fecond, 
140  for  the  fame  time. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Drum-headed  Cabbage. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  the  end  of  February  or  March  on  3  feed  bed. 

b.  Sown  in  Auguft,  plants  fet  out  in  November,  and 
transplanted  for  good  in  July. 

A  hardy  variety  has  been  produced  of  this  cabbage, 
by  planting  it  alternately  with  the  red  ;  and  when  the 
feed-poJs  were  perfectly  formed,  cutting  down  the  red, 
and  leaving  the  other  for  feed.  This  variety  was  of  a 
deep  green  colour  with  purple  veins,  retaining  the  fize 
of  the  drum-head,  and  acquiring  the  hardnefs  of  the 
purple. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  Planted  18  inches  diftance  every  way. 

b.  Planted  in  rows  from  3  to  4  feet  afunder,  and  1 8  to 
30  inches  from  plant  to  plant;  hoed  by  the  plough  be- 
tween the  rows,  and  by  hand  in  the  rows. 

By  giving  much  room  have  been  brought  to  grow  to 
fuch  a  fize  as  to  weigh  92IDS. 

c.  Inflead  of  planting  with  the  dibble,  laid  carefully 
on  the  fide  of  a  furrow,  and,  as  the  plough  returns, 
it  covers  the  roots  with  accuracy  and  difpatch. 

d.  Said  to  make  bad  tailed  butter. 

The  difagreeable  flavour  of  butter  or  cheefe,  arifing 
from  cows  feeding  upon  turneps  or  cabbages  may  be 
prevented;   if,  when  the  milk  is  fet  abroad  in  the  leads, 


VB.  53 

of  bo:  •  >  put  to  fix  gallons   of 

IK;  or  bvdiflolving  nitre  in  fpnng  water,  and  put- 
ting about  a  quarter  of  a  pine  to  10  or  12  gallons  of 
milk,  when  warm  from  tin*  cow.  Cabbages  are  laid 
not  to  give  a  bad  taftc  to  butter,  if  the  precaution  of 
breaking  off  the  looie  leaves  be  taken,  and  only  the 
found  heart  given  to  the  cows  :  other  cattle  will  cat 
die  leaves. 

3.  Use. 
a.  Inferior  to  turneps  for  fattening,  but  iuperior  in  the 
increafe  of  milk,  either  of  cows  or  ewes  ;  and  there- 
fore they  are  particularly  good  where  there  is  a  dairy, 
or  a  breeding  flock  of  fheep. 

Contrarv  "to  the  above,  it  is  afiferted,  that  they  are 
excellent  for  fattening  cattle;  having  an  aftiingent 
quality  i'o  oppofite  to  that  of  turneps,  that  fix  weeks 
are  laved  in  fattening  a  bead. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Scotch  Cabbage. 
1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  April. 

b.  Sown  in  Auguft  ;  the  plants  from  this  are  tranfplanted 
in  beds  in  October,  and  fet  out  in  the  field  in  March 
or  April,  about  3  feet  distance,  to  be  hand-hoed  and 
twice  horle-hocd  during  the  fummcr. 

1  Plant. 
Jot  arretted  by  the  frolt. 

b.  Grows  very  well  on  moor  land. 

c.  Planted  immediately  after  a  potatoe  crop  is  ta- 
ken up. 

3.  Use. 
>r  feeding  oxen  and  / 

Culture,  toe.  of  the  Anjou  Cabbage. 

1.  Sebd. 
a.  Sown  on  a  bed  in  March  5  and  the  plants  from  it  (ct 
out  the  beginning  of  M 

2.  Plant. 
iltivated  in  Glamorganihire,  &c. 
Said  to  be  fuperior  to  any  other  ;  grows  faft,  flands 
the  moji  fevere  winter,  and    produces   a   fucceflion  of 
«m  is  in  the  .  and  after  repeated  gather- 

's, will  give  a  great  quantity  of 


54  CAB. 

c.  Planted  in  rows  4  feet  afunder,  and  2  feet  from  plant 
to  plant. 

d.  To  be  twice  horfe  and  twice  hand-hoed. 

e.  The  leaves  to  be  gathered  for  the  cattle. 

Cattle  will  not  eat  the  leaves,  when  they  are  wither- 
ed by  frofty  nights. 
/.  Grows  7  feet  high. 

3.   Use. 
a.  Cattle  like  this  plant,  and  thrive  upon  it. 

Garden  Cabbages. 

1.  Early  dwarf. 

2.  Pen  ton. 

3.  Early  Yorkfhire — not  apt  to  run  to  feed. 

4.  Early  Rufiia — the  head  foon  breaks  and  runs  up  to 
feed. 

5.  Early  dwarf  Batterfea. 

6.  Early  large  Batterfea. 

7.  Early  fugar-loaf — a  fine  kind  for  a  late  fummer  cab- 
bage. 

8.  Early  Dutch. 
6.  Imperial. 

10.  Long-fided — a  late  fort. 

1 1.  Common  winter. 

12.  Devonfnire. 

13.  White. 

14.  Red. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Rotten  dung  fhould  be  laid  on  the  ground,  which 
fhould  be  well  dug  one  fpade  deep,  and  the  dung 
properly  buried  in  the  bottom  of  the  trenches. 

b.  Where  manure  is  fcarce,  a  fpit  or  two  of  earth  is  ta- 
ken out  (after  the  ground  is  dug)  at  a  proper  diftance 
for  the  plants,  and  the  dung  laid  at  the  bottom  of  the 
hole. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Should  be  fown  in  open  expofed  ground,  diftant  from 
trees,  fences  or  buildings ;  for  when  fown  in  fuch  clofe 
f;:uations,  the  plants  are  drawn  up  weak  and  long- 
{hanked,  and  are  liable  to  be  eaten  by  vermin. 


CAB.  55 

Sown  from  the  latter  end  of  February  to  the  end  of 
April  for  Spring,  Autumn,  and  Winter  ufe  -t  according 
to  the  kind  or  Iced  town. 

If  lbwn  in  February  on  a  moderate  hot  bed,  it  will 
much  forward  the  plants. 

c.  Sown  between  the  6th  and  1  2th  of  Auguft,  nor  muft 
it  be  fown  liter,  there  being  an  advantage  in  lowing 
jult  at  that  ti  re  :  for  was  the  feed  lbwn  (boner,  many 
of  the  plants  would  be  apt  to  run  up  to  Iced  in  March  ; 
and  wis  i;  to  be  fown  later  in  the  month,  the  plants, 
would  not  get  proper  ftrength  before  winter. 

d.  Re.l  co  bs  fown  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March. 
The  plants  will  continue  good  from  Michaelmas  to 
fpring. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  When  the  young  plants  have  leaves,  one  or  two  in- 
ches wide,  tranfplant  them  into  beds,  about  3^  feet 
wide,  in  an  open  fituation,  but  fuch  as  are  to  (land  the 
winter  in  a  warm  one  ■,  and  the  plants  4  or  5  inches 
ap  iter  them  immediately,  and  occafionally  in 
dry  weather. 

b.  In  the  fpring,  the  early  forts  to  be  planted  2\  feet 
apart,  and  the  late,  a  yard  j  but  in  fummer  half  a  foot 
nearer. 

c.  The  plants  to  be  earthed  up. 

d.  When  the  early  plants  have  formed  tolerable  good 
heads,  and  begin  to  turn  their  inner  leaves  for  cabba- 
ging ■,  they  may  be  greatly  afiifted  and  brought  forward, 
by  gathering  their  leaves  regularly,  and  binding  them 
round  (but  not  too  tight)  with  ftrong  bafs  or  (mall 
ofier  twigs. 

e.  Plant  cabbages  for  feed,  from  early  in  November  till 
the  end  of  February :  the  largeft  and  bed  grown  cab- 
bages mould  be  chofen  (cabbage  ftalks  with  good 
heads  will  anfwer  the  purpofe)  divert,  them  of  the  large 
leaves,  and  if  they  appear  wet,  hang  them  with  their 
heads  downwards  for  a  day  or  two  to  dry,  then  plant 
them  at  three  feet  diftance,  in  trenches  lb  deep,  that 
they  may  be  buried  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  head. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  green  and  white  forts  for  boiling. 
i  he  red  for  pickling. 


56  CAL. 

CALF. 
To  have  cattle  of  fuperior  fize  and  beauty,  early 
tendency  to  fatten,  and  more  nutritious  fkfh,  the 
calves  mud  be  brought  up  with  the  milk  of  the  dam — 
But  various  fubftirutes  have  been  reforted  to,  especially 
with  a  view  to  fatten  them  for  the  butcher  receipts  for 
one  or  two  of  which  are  here  given. 

i.  Make  a  jelly  of  one  quart  of  linfeed,  boiled  ten  mi- 
nutes in  6  quarts  of  water,  which  jelly  is  afterwards  mix- 
ed with  a  imall  quantity  of  the  bed  hay-tea. 

2.  Take  one  gallon  of  fkimmed  milk,  and  in  about  a 
pint  of  it,  add  half  an  oz.  of  common  treacle,  ftirring 
it  until  it  is  well  mixed ;  then  take  I  oz.  of  linfeed  oil- 
cake, finely  pulverized,  and  with  the  hand,  let  it  fall 
gradually  in  very*  fmall  quantities  into  die  milk,  {tir- 
ing it,  in  the  mean  time,  with  a  fpoon  or  ladle,  until  it 
be  thoroughly  incorporated  :  then  let  the  mixture  be 
put  into  the  other  part  of  the  milk,  and  the  whole  be 
made  nearly  as  warm  as  new  milk,  when  it  is  full  taken 
from  the  cow;  and  in  that  ftate  it  is  fit  for  ufe.  The 
quantity  of  oil-cake  powder,  may,  from  time  to  time, 
be  increafed,  as  occafion  may  require,  and  as  the  calf 
becomes  accuftomed  to  the  flavour  of  it. 

The  ufual  method  of  conveying  calves  to  g\: 
markets,  is,  Handing  in  the  b^d  of  a  cart  or  waggon ; 
but  a  different  method  is  purfued  in  Nbi  tanflurc, 

from  whence  they  are  (^az  into  ElTex,  being  70  or  80 
miles,  in  the  following  extraordinary  manner — Some- 
times 10,  15,  or  20,  are  put  into  a  cart,  being  laid  on 
their  backs  on  draw,  and  their  feet  tied  :  and  are  main- 
tained frequently  for  8  or  10  days  together,  on  nothing 
hut  wheat-flour  and  gin  mixed  together,  which  arc  ail- 
ed gin-balls. 

CANARY.     (Phalaris  C:  is.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  The  land  mull  be  made  very  fine,  and  light  on  ; 
furface. 

2.  Seed. 
&.  Sown  the  firft  dry  week  in  February,  about  four  or 
five  gallons  per  acre. 


CAN. 

3«    Pi.  A 

Hoed  when  necefi  Dutch  hoe; 

k.  Is  generally  ripe  by  the  beginning  of  September  : 
requires  much  time  in  the  field,  and  leklom  fuffers  by 
wet  weather;  it  is  tied  in  lumps  of  half  a  fheaf  at  a 
p!..  ore  it  is  tic  to  bind  and  carry  to  the  barn. 

Continues  in  the  field  fometimes  till  December,  for 
without  much  expofure,  it  would  be  fearce  poflible  to 
thraih  out  canary  kx<\,  it  clings  lb  remarkably  to  the 
hulks. 

4.   Use. 

c.  It  is  cultivated  for  the  fake  of  the  keds ;  which  are 
found  to  be  the  bed  food  for  the  Canary,  and  other 
liiull  birds. 

b.  From  the  feed  is  drawn  one  of  the  whiteft,  and  bed 
of  oils,  for  the  limner's  ule. 

c.  Its  itraw  is  good  for  cows,  bur  fheep  will  not  eat  it; 
for  horfes  it  is  indifferent,  and  therefore  ihould  be  cut 
into  chaff,  which  is  the  belt  horle  food  of  the  kind  that 
comes  out  of  the  barns. 

Another  grafs  of  this  genus  is  cultivated  in  our  gar- 
dens for  its  beautiful  ftriped  leaves;  called  Painted 
1  .ady-grafs,  or  Ladies  Traces  (Phalaris  Arundinacea). 
It  is  of  ufe  to  thatch  ricks  or  cottages,  and  endures 
much  longer  than  itraw.  In  Scandinavia  they  mow  it 
twice  a  vear  for  their  cattle.  Grows  from  2  to  6  feet 
high. 

CANKER. 

iifeale  to  which  trees  are  fubjecTt;  it  proceeds 
principally  from  the  nature  of  the  foil,  and  caufes  the 
bark  to  decay — The  cures  are, 

f.  Cutting  off  large  boughs  at  fome  dittance  from  the 
Item,  and  fmall  ones  cloic  roit;  and  then  coating  the 
wound  with  white  lead  and  boiled  oil,  made  into  a 
kind  of  thick  paint,  with  die  addition  of  fublimate  of 
mercury. 
-.    By  tranfplanting  the  tree. 

When  a  branch  of  a  valuable  tree  is  likely  to  be  de~ 

ltroyed    by  the  canker,  indole  the   affe&ed    part  and 

it   in  a  garden    pot   ol  pre- 

r « 1 


■ 


53  CAP.     CAR. 

vioufly  divided,  fupported  by  (takes,  and  tied  together 
round  the  branch,  which  will  ftrike  roots  in  the  mould; 
and  which  after  fome  months,  may  be  cut  off,  and 
planted  in  the  ground  :  thus  preferved,  it  will  produce 
a  new  tree. 

CAPSICUM.     (Capficum  Jnnuum.) 

Culture ',  diJV. 

i.  Plant. 

a.  The  feed  Ihould  be  fown  in  March  on  a  hot-bed;  the 
plants  gradually  inured  to  the  air,  and  tranfplanted  in  a 
rich  fpot  of  ground  and  warm  fituation  in  May,  about 
14-  foot  afunder ;  if  duly  watered  in  dry  weather,  and 
the  feafon  proves  not  too  cold,  they  will  produce  three 
or  four  crops. 

i.  Use. 

a.  As  a  pickle — The  kind  called  Bell  Pepper  is  the  belt 
for  this  purpofe,  having  the  fofteft  rind  ;  the  fruit  fnould 
be  gathered  before  it  is  ripe,  flit  cown  one  fide  to  take 
out  the  feeds,  after  which,  they  ihould  be  foaked  two 
or  three  days  in  fait  and  water,  then  drained,  and  boil- 
ing vinegar  poured  on  them,  fufficient  to  cover  them, 
and  clofely  flopped  down  for  two  months  ;  then  boiled 
in  vinegar  to  make  them  green :  they  require  no  addi- 
tion of  any  fort  of  fpice. 

CARAWAY.     (Carum  Carui.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  autumn,  when  they  will  more  certainly 
grow  than  when  kept  to  the  fpring.  The  plants  alfo 
which  rife  in  the  autumn  generally  flower  the  follow- 
ing feafon  ;  fo  that  a  fummer's  growth  is  thereby  faved. 

b.  Sown  with  Coriander — which  fee. 

2.  Use. 

a.  The  feeds  are  by  fome  put  into  cheefe;  and  are  ufed 
by  the  confectioners ;  they  are  alfo  ufed  medicinally, 
and  pernicioufly  diftilled  with  fpirituous  liquors  to  give 
them  a  flavour.  , 

b.  The  roots  are  faid  to  be  better  eating,  than  thofc  of 
the  parfnip,  which  they  refemble  in  fliape ;   they  alfo 


CAR.  59 

afford  a  very  agreeable  pickle,  when  preferred  in  vi  - 
negar,  fugar,  &c 

CARBON. 

It  is  now  completely  afcertained  by  Chemifts,  that 
Carbon  or  Charcoal,  diffolved  in  water,  is  the  chief 
food  of  plants  :  the  whole  acmofphere  contains  always 
a  quantity  of  it,  in  the  form  of  carbonic  acid  or  fixed 
air,  which,  being  heavier  than  common  air,  is  con- 
ftantly  falling  down  on  the  earth,  particularly  in  the 
form  of  dew :  hence,  therefore,  the  great  advantage 
of  condantly  ftirring  the  earth  between  the  rows  of 
vegetables,  by  which  it  acquires  a  greater  portion  of 
this  material,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  roots  of  plants. 

Ijme  has  alfo  a  great  tendency  to  unite  with  carbon, 
either  in  the  foil  or  in  the  decompofition  of  vegetable 
matter,  and  thus  to  render  it  foluble,  and  fit  to  enter 
into  the  plants  as  their  food. 

CARDOONS.     (Cynara.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  A  light  foil ;  and  a  free  open  fituation . 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  broad-cad  in  March  or  early  in  April. 

b.  Sown  where  the  plants  arc  to  remain,  in  rows  5  (cct 
afunder,  by  4  feet  in  the  row. 

3.  Plants, 
0.  Thofe  from  the  broad-cad  to  be  thinned,  where  too 
thick,  to  5  or  6  inches  afunder;  the  drawn  plants  may 
be  pricked  in  a  nurfery  bed. 
b.  When  two  months  old  to  be  tranfplanted  finally  in 
an  open  fituation,  4  or  5  feet  afunder;  either  Oil  level 
land,  or  in  fhallow  holes  like  a  bafon. 

The  plants  to  be  gradually  earthed  up  as  they  ad- 
ice  to  their  full  growth,  which  is  3  or  4  feet — When 
the  leaves  are  to  be  tied  together  with  hay  or  draw 
bands. 
d.  In  fevere  weather  lay  fome  dry  litter  round  the  bed 
plants  5  or  fome  may  be  laid  horizontally,  to  be  more 
conveniently  covered. 


60  CAR. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  ftalks  of  the  leaves  are  the  part  which  is  ufed  for 
foups  and  for  dewing ;  but  they  muft  firft  be  rendered 
perfectly  white  and  tender,  othenvife  they  would  be  in- 
tolerably bitter. 

The  Cardoon  is  a  fpecies  of  artichoke. 

CARROT.     (Daucus  Carota.) 

1.  Sandwich  Carrot.     This  is  the  kind  cultivated  by  the 
Farmer. 

2.  Early  or  Horn  Carrot. 

3.  YelJow  and  White-rooted  Carrot. 

4.  Wild  Carrot — not  uncommon  in  fields. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Field  Carrot. 

1.  Soil. 

a,  Sandy  loam,  of  confiderable  depth,  the  mod  proper 
foil. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Before  ("owing  mould  be  rubbed  between  the  hands 
to  take  off  the  beards,  which  would  make  them  dick 
together,  and  come  up  in  patches ;  it  fhould  alfo  be 
mixed  with  dry  fifcsd  faw-duft  or  fand. 

b.  End  of  March  the  time  for  fowing. 

c.  The  quantity  of  feed  to  an  acre  4lb.  or  4-Ub.  or  even 
8  lb.  broad-caft — 3^'lb.  hand  drilled — the  rows  one 
foot  apart — 2  lb.  with  Mr.  Cooke's  drill. 

The  produce,  from  200  to  900  bufhels  per  acre  from 
the  broad-caft — 320  bufheh  hand  drilled. 
3.  Plant. 

a.  Grows  bed  after  turneps,  as  the  land  is  freer  from 
weeds,  than  after  any  other  crop. 

b.  To  be  hoed  three  times;  at  the  firft  the  plants  to  be 
\zCii  at  the  difhnce  of  6  inches — Some  recommend  har- 
rowing after  each  hoein^. 

c.  J^eftin  the  ground  will  continue  good  till  April. 

Thefe  cannot  be  got  at  in  very  hard  weather. 

d.  To  preferve  in  fields :  dig  a  trench  about  3  feet  wide 
and  8  or  10  inches  deep :  the  roots  being  dug  up  and 
their  tops  cut  off,  they  are  to  be  placed  as  dole  to  each 
other  (perpendicular)  as  poflible  in  the  trench.     When 


CAR.  61 

•  trench   is  full,  they  are  to  be  covered  with  ftraw, 
!    over   the  ftraw  the   mould  that  came  out  of  the 
trench,  by   which   means   they  are  preferred  from   the 
froft,  &c.   and  will    continue  perfectly  good  till  May 
or  Ju; 
e.  If  houfed  fhould  be  dug  up  in   dry  days  in  October 
(the  tops  cut  off)  and  put  up  in  final!  covered  cocks  of 
10  bufhels  <iid\ ;  when  dry  are  to  be  piled  loofe  in  out- 
houfes,  and  protected    from  fi oft  by  a  thick  covering 
of  draw. 
/.  The  belt  and  heahhiefl  roots  are  felected  for  feed, 
and  fet  out  upon  the  heavieft  and  ftrongeft  land  in  Ja- 
uy, 

.;..    Use. 

a.  For  fattening  Oxen  and  Sheep  ■,  feeding  Cows,  Iior- 
Jes  and  Hogs,  late  in  th<  ,  after  turneps  are  gone. 

If  fheep  are  half  fat  when  put  up,  they  will  be  wholly 
fo  in  100  days.  One  bufhel  per  diem  is  an  allowance 
for  working  horfes  inftead  of  oats — Are  efteemed  par- 
ticularly good  for  broken  winded  horles. 

b.  The   tops  are   equally   valuable  with  the  roots   for 
Cows,  Sheep,  anil  Swine. 

Of  thefe  hay  has  been  made,  by  cutting  them  off 
with  a  fcythe  the  latter  end  of  June,  but  not  fo  clofe  as 
to  injure  the  crown  of  the  root :  the  tcps  of  a  good  acre 
11  produce  four  tons  of  hay.  They  mult  be  taken  off 
the  ground  to  be  made  in:o  hay;  the  trouble  of  ma- 
king which,   is  little  more  than  clover-hay. 

.npts  have  been   made  to  convert   the  cxprcfled 

juice  into  wine,  vinegar  and  fpirits  j   the  laft  was  moft 

promifing,    leading  to  a  iuppolition,  that  a   good  acre 

carrots  would  produce  more  fpirits  than  an  acre  of 

ley. 

rots  have  been   malted;    and   alib  peas,  potatoes, 
little  effe 
Use  of  the  it. 

a.  The  lee  ureticqu  mc- 

di  i  grateful  arum u  give 

a  flavour  to  lie. 

rhe  IS  of  Scorl 

ke  ufc  of  the 
this  plant)  inftead  of  Hops,  for  brewing  their 


6i  CAR.     CAT. 

and  they  fay  that  it  anfwers  the  end  fufficiently   well, 
and  gives  the  drink  a  good  relifh. 
c.  The  roots  are  fweet  like  the  parfnip,  and  are  eaten 
boiled  with  flefh  meat. 

Culture,  fcff.  of  Garden  Carrots. 

i.   Soil. 
a.  Lio-ht  ground,  dug  a  lpade  deep,  or  double  digged 
two  moderate  fpades — The  feed  to  be  lightly  trod  in 
before  the  ground  is  raked. 

i.  Seed. 
a.  For  early  carrots, 

(i.)  Sown  on  a  moderate  hot-bed,  2  feet  thick  of 
dung,  with  earth  8  inches  deep,  on  which  the  feed  is 
to  be  fown,  and  covered  an  inch  deep  with  mould — 
The  bed  to  be  covered  either  with  a  frame,  or  with 
hoops  and  mats  -,  air  mud  be  given  when  the  weather 
permits,  and  the  plants  thinned  to  3  inches  afunder. 

(2.)  Sown  on  a  warm  border  from  October  to  the  end 
of  January — A  precarious  crop. 
h.  Sown  from  February  till  near  the  end  of  Auguft:  in 
open  grounds — The  main  crop  from  the  end  of  Febru- 
ary till  early  in  March. 
c.  Sown  in  January  with  radiihes. 
3.  Plants. 

a.  When  intended  to  be  drawn  young,  to  be  thinned 
to  4  or  5  inches  afunder  •,  but  if  to  attain  their  full 
growth,  to  6  or  7. 

b.  In  November  the  roots  to  be  dug  up,  and  preferved 
in  fand  for  ufe. 

c.  Roots  for  feed,  to  be  planted  in  February,  2  feet 
afunder. 

4.  Use. 
a.  For  the  table. 

"  CARTS. 

"  Calculated  for  me  borfe,  may  be  confidered  con- 
fiderably  preferable  to  other  carts ;  for  which  fee 
Modern  Treatife  on  Hufbandry." 

XEJT  CATTLE. 

Arranged  according  to  .  being  ibi  mcft  c. 

cus  char  after. 


CAT.      CAU.  63 

(Sec  articles  of  Cow  and  Ox  for  other  particulars  re- 
lating to  the  different  breeds.) 

1.  With  long  horns — Thefe  have  thick  hides;  afford  the 
richeft  milk,  but  lead:  in  quantity. 

a.  Horns  fpread  horizontally  or  upwards. 

(1.)  In  Devonfhire,  Hcrefordlhire,  Suffex,  &c. 
(2.)   Irilh. 

b.  Horns  curved  downwards — In  Staffordshire,  War- 
wickshire, &c. 

Downward  horns,  denote  a  heavy  fluggifh  animal. 
4.  With  Jho  t  horns. 

a.  Holdernejs  Cattle,  breed  principally  in  Yorkfhire — 
Came  originally  from  Holftein,  and  the  low  countries. 
"  A  large  coftly  fed  cattle,  of  a  coarfe  hard  meat;  gi- 
ving the  greateft  quantity,  but  the  pooreft  milk,  or 
water  and  milk;  therefore  cow-keepers  and  milk-fellers 
prefer  them.     They  arc  now  re  edted  by  hufbandman." 

b.  Lincoln/hire.     Generally  large  and  coarfe. 

t.  Alderney.  "  Rather  fmall,  but  give  the  ricbeft  milk, 
though  not  great  in  quantity." 

3.  Horns  hanging  loofe  by  the  fkin — An  accidental  va- 
riety, that  rarely  occurs. 

4.  Ilornlefs. 

a.  Suffolk  Duns.     Came  originally  from  Poland. 

b.  Scotch.     Common  in  the  Highlands. 

There  were  formerly  wild  cattle  in  Great  Britain,  of 
a  pure  white,  and  had,  according  to  Boethius,  manes — 
Their  offspring  (but  without  manes)  are  at  prefent  pre- 
ferved  in  the  woods  of  Drumlanrig,  in  N.  Britain,  and 
in  the  park  belonging  to  Chillingham  cattle  in  Northum- 
berland :  they  are  white,  with  a  black  muzzle,  and  ears; 
their  horns  fine,  with  a  bold  and  elegant  bend :  are  as 
wild  as  deer,  and  never  mix  with  the  tame.  The  weight 
of  an  Ox  is  38  itone,  of  a  Cow  28. 

CAULIFLOWER. 

Culture,   6fr. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  January  on  a  hot-bed,  for  plants  to  fucceed 

winter  (landing  plants  if  deftroyed  by  froft. 

b.  Sown  in  January  on  a  warm  border,  for  plants  t« 
place  out  in  April  and  May. 


64  CAU.     CED. 

c.  Sown  from  March  to  Jijne,  for  late  :\.  nmer  and  au- 
tumn crops. 

Radifhes  ihould  be  fr.vn  with  this  crop,  which  will 
craw  the  flies  from  the  plants,  an i  prevent  their  eating 
the  leaves  full  of  holes,  to  the  prejudice,  andfometimes 
to  the  derlruction  of  the  plants. 

d.  Sown  between  the  21ft  and  24th  of  Auguft  for  plants 
to  be  planted  in  September,  in  frames,  hand-glaiTes, 
and  warm  borders. 

2.    Plant. 

a.  The  winter  plants  on  warm  borders,  to  be  defended 
th  mars. 

b.  Plants  wintered  in  frames,  to  be  planted  in  March, 

feet  afunder,  in  a  compartment  of  rich  ground. 

c.  Thofe  under  hand-glaffes  to  be  planted  out  in  March 
or  Aoril,  except  two  under  each  glafs,  which  are  to  be 
earthed  up,  and  the  glaiTes  raifed  .3  inches  -,  and  wholly 
removed  in  May. 

If  bell-glades  are  incautioufiy  put  over  the  plants 
early  in  2  frofty  morning,  a  denfe  tranfparent  fcalding 
vapor  will  be  generated,  that  will  burn  and  kill  them. 

d.  When  the  heads  appear,  the  end  of  the  leaves  are  to 
be  broken  down  over  them,  to  keep  off  fun  and  rain. 

e.  In  June  fome  of  the  beft  early  plants  are  to  be  left  to 
itand  for  kcd. 

3.    Use. 
a.  For  the  table;   both  frefh  and  pickled, 

CEDAR. 

1.  Cedar  of  Libanus    (Pinus  Cedrus.) 

2.  Red  Cedar    (juniperus  Virginiana.) 

Culture,  crV.  of  Cedar  of  Libanus. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Grows  well  in  a  ftrong  clay,  and  lofty  Gtu 

b.  In  a  lean  hungry  foil,  mixed  with  gravel. 

1.      I-VCilEASED. 

c.  By  feed — The  cones  mould  be  foaked  for  24  hours, 
and  then  fplit,  by  driving  a  (harp  piece  of  iron  through 
the  centre  lengthways,  when  the  feeds  may  be  taken  out 
with  eafe. 

b.  By  layers. 


c  i  b.    ci  i  65 

t .   By  grafting  on  the  I  /arch. 

3,     'I  REE. 

Supposed  to  have  been  firft  planted  in  England,    by 
.  elyn,  about  1683. 
£.   The  largeft  tree  in  Kngland   in  1799,    was  70  feet 
high;  greateft  circumference  of  the  trunk  20  feet;  ho- 
rizontal extent  of  the  branches,  on  an  average,  100  feet. 
One,  which  Maundrel  mentions  in  his  travels  to  have 
meafurcd  on   Mount  Libanus,  was  12  yards  6  inches 
jirth,  and  r  yards  in  the  lpread  of  the  branches. 
The  wood  is  very  dry,  and  apt  to  fplit. 
4.   Use. 
J.  A  valuable  material  in  the  hands  of  the  joiner  and 
cabinet  maker. 

Should  be  fattened  with  wooden  pins,  as  it  fhrinks 
from  nails. 
b.  The  wood  is  faid  to  yield  an  oil,  which  is  famous  for 
prelerving  books  and  writings. 

Culture,  6fr.    of  the  Red  Cedar. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  By  feed — If  fown   as  foon  as  ripe,    they  will  often 
1  ome  up  the  following  fpring;  though  fometimes  a  few 
will  lie  a  year  or  two  in  the  ground. 
2.    Tree. 

a.  The  young  trees  mould  remain  two  years  in  the  feed 
beds,  and  then  iranlplanted,  either  into  nurleries,  or 
where  they  are  to  remain. 

b.  The  feedling  trees  fhoukl  be  protected  from  froft,  by 
laying  mulch  on  their  roots;  and  the  growing  tree's 
moderately  pruned,  to  make  them  afpire  in  height. 

( .    Bears  our  fevered  winter. 

d.  This  ib  a  native  of  N.  America,  from  which  country 
we  have  other  kinds  of  cedars,  whole  culture  is  the 
fame  as  the  above. 

e.  The  wood  13  brittle,  and  lb  not  fit  for  ftubborn  ufes 
— It  is  not  eaten  by  worms. 

j.    Use. 
ngland  the  wood  is  uled  in  making  black  lead 
icils — In  America  (hips  are  built  with  it,  and  it 
1  wainfeoting  houles,  and  for  making  many  torts 
.'ils. 

[  9 1 


66  CEL. 

CELERIAC. 

Culture,  &JV. 

i.    Seed. 
a.  Sown  about  the  end  of  March  or  early  in  April,  upon 
a  rich  border;  and  in  dry  weather  conftantly  watered, 
otherwife  the  feeds  will  not  grow. 
1.   Plant. 

a.  When  large  enough,  to  be  planted  in  rows  18  inches 
afunder,  and  the  plants  6  or  8  inches  apart,  either  on 
level  ground,  or  in  very  fhallow  drills. 

b.  The  plants  to  be  only  once  earthed,  and  that  when 
the  roots  are  nearly  grown  to  their  full  fize. 

j.  Use. 
a.  The  part  which  is  eaten  is  the  root,  which  grows  of- 
ten as  large  as  ordinary  turneps;  it  is  cut  into  flices, 
and  tfoaked  a  few  hours  in  vinegar,  by  which  fimple 
preparation,  it  becomes  as  mellow  as  a  pine-apple,  and 
affords  a  delicious,  and  very  nourifhing  repaft — By 
fome  this  plant  is  called  Turnep-rooted  Celery. 

CELERY. 

i.  Italian  or  common  C. 

2.  Solid  Stalk  C. 

3.  Great  upright  C. 

4.  Curled  leaved  C. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  deep,  rich,  dry  and  light  mould — Trenches  are 
to  be  dug  a  moderate  fpade  deep,  a  foot  broad,  and  34 
ieet  apart;  the  earth  taken  out,  to  be  fpread  even  on 
the  lpace  between:  laftly,  fome  good  rotten  dung  to  be 
laid  at  the  bottom,  and  dug  in. 
1.   Seed. 

a.  Sown  from  the  middle  of  February  till  the  fecond  week 
of  May. 

b.  Sown  broad-caft  either  before  the  earth  is  raked ;  or 
afterwards,  and  mould  fifted  over  it  to  the  depth  of  an 
inch. 

c.  The  early-fown  may  be  forwarded  on  a  moderate  hot- 
bed; and  the  late  fhould  be  fcreened  from  the  fun  from 
10  to  3  o'clock,  and  occafionally  watered. 


CHA.  67 

3.   Plant. 

u.  When  a  month  or  five  weeks  old,  to  be 'planted  in 
nurfery  beds,  3  feet  wide;  the  plants  3  inches  apart, 
and  in  rows  of  5  or  6  inches  width — Here  to  remain 
for  about  fix  weeks. 

To  be  planted  in  the  middle  of  the  trenches,  about 
5  inches  apart;  and  occafionally  watered  till  they  have 
taken  root ;  and  earthed  from  the  top  of  the  fpace  be- 
tween, as  they  advance  in  growth. 

r.  The  tops  of  the  leaves  fhould  be  cut  off,  and  the  roots 
trimmed,  before  planting;  and  a  double  row  of  lettuces 
may  be  planted  between  the  trenches. 

d.  When  fevere  frofty  weather  fets  in,  cover  fome  of  the 
beft  plants  with  long  litter;  this  will  protect  them,  and 
prevent  the  ground  being  frozen  ;  by  which  means  they 
may  be  taken  up  without  difficulty,  when  wanted  :  or, 
they  may  be  kept  for  ufe,  laid  in  fand  or  earth,  or  covered 
with  long  litter;  either  under  a  fhed,  or  in  a  dry  cellar. 
4.  Use. 

0,  This  is  a  favourite  vegetable  with  mod  people. 

CHAFF. 

This  word  properly  fignifies  the  hujks  of  corn;  but  is 
ufed  by  farmers  for  any  kind  of  ftraw  cut  into  fhort 
pieces,  thus  refembling  chaff:  its  ufe  is  to  make  a  fmall 
quantity  of  oats,  or  other  corn,  go  much  further  in  feed- 
ing cattle,  than  corn  alone  will;  by  being  mixed  with  it. 

1.  The  engines  for  cutting  it  are, 

a.  The  old  one,  ftill  ufed  by  many  :  the  knife  works  like 
a  law,  and  with  it  one  man  will  cut  60  bulhels  per  day. 

b.  The  late  invented  charT-cutters  have  1,  2,  or  3  blades 
fixed   to  the  fpokes  of  a   perpendicular   iron    wheel, 

tich  is  turned  round  by  a  handle.     One  invented  by 
r.  1  Iarmand  with  3  blades,  cuts  a  bulhel  in  a  minute. 
1  1  2  lb.  of  Jl raw  gives  iS  bufhels  of  chaff,  and  1 1  : 
lb.  of  hay   17  bufhels. 

CI  IAMOMILE.     (Anthcmis  tiobilU.) 

:re,  fcfe. 

1.    !' 
#.   The  culture  of  thin  plant,  is,  planting  partings  of 
roots  in  the  fpring,  about  a  foot  afundcr. 


68  CHA.     CHE. 

Is  much  cultivated  (even  in  fields)    about  Chefter- 
field,  on  a  light  iandy  foil. 
b.  The  flowers  fhould  be  gathered  of  a  dry  day,   fpread 
to  dry  in  a  fhady  place,  then  put  up  in  paper  bags. 
2.   Use. 

a.  Medicinally. 

The  herb  people  generally  fell  a  variety  with  dou- 
ble flowers,  which  are  much  larger,  but  not  fo  ftrong 
as  the  finale. 

b.  A  favourite  food  of  Jheep. 

It  is  eafy  to  judge  what  plants  are  moil  agreeable  to 
different  animals,  by  obferving  which  are  thofe  that 
they  prefer  on  being  turned  into  a  frefh  pafture;  or 
what  are  the  plants  in  common  paftures;  which  the 
creatures  feeding  there,  never  fuflfer  to  rife  to  feed. 

CHEESE. 

Method   of  making,    &c. 
i.    Stilton  Cheese. 

Take  the  night's  cream  and  put  it  to  the  morning's 
new  milk,  with  the  rennet ;  when  the  curd  is  come,  it 
is  not  to  be  broken,  as  is  done  with  other  cheefe,  but 
take  it  out  with  a  foil-difh  altogether,  and  place  it  in  a 
fieve  to  drain  gradually ;'  and,  as  it  drains,  keep  gradu- 
ally pretTing  it  till  it  becomes  firm  and  dry;  then  place 
it  in  a  wooden  hoop;  afterwards  to  be  kept  on  dry  boards, 
turned  frequently,  with  cloth  binders  round  it,  which  are 
to  tighten  as  occafion  requires. 

The  cheele,  after  being  taken  out  of  the  hoop,  is  to 
be  bound  tight  with  a  cloth,  which  cloth  mull  be  chan- 
ged everv  day,  until  the  cheefe  becomes  firm  enough  to 
fupport  itfelf;  after  the  cloth  is  taken  off,  they  are  to  be 
rubbed  every  day  all  over  for  two  or  three  months,  with 
a  brufh;  and  if  the  weather  is  damp  or  moid,  twice  a 
day;  and  even  before  the  cloth  is  taken  off,  the  top  and 
bottom  are  to  be  well  rubbed  every  day. 
1.  Gloucester  Cheese. 
Is  made  with  milk  immediately  from  the  cow,  but 
which  in  fummer  is  deemed  too  hor,  and  is  lowered  to 
the  defired  degree  of  heat  before  the  rennet  be  added, 
by  the  addition  cf  fkim  mi.k,  or   if  thai  wiH    not  do, 


CH  69 

water  is  added.  When  the  curd  is  come,  it  is  broken 
with  a  double  cheefc  knife,  and  with  the  hand,  to  free  it 
from  the  whey  which  is  laded  01F.  The  curd  b< 
thus  freed  from  the  principal  part  of  the  whey,  but  not 
yet  from  the  whole  of  it,  it  is  put  into  naked  vats,  and 
the  vat  let  in  the  prefs  for  10  or  15  minutes,  to  free 
it  the  more  effectually  from  the  remaining  whey  :  it  is 
then  turned  out  of  the  vats  in:o  the  cheefc  tubs  again  ; 
broken  fmall  and  fcalded  with  water  lowered  with  whey, 
about  three  parts  water  to  one  part  whey;  the  quantity, 
a  pailful,  thrown  upon  the  crumbled  curd  ;  and  the  whole 
ftirrcd  brifkly  about,  mixing  the  curd  and  the  fcalding 
liquor  evenly  together;  >g  flood  a  few  minutes 

for  the  curd  to  fublide,  the  liquor  is  laded  off;  the  curd 
collefted  an  v.  hen  the  vat  is  half  full,  a  little  fair, 

about  an  ounce,  is  fcattered  over  the  furface,  and  worked 
in  among  the  curd  ;  the  vat  filled  up,  and  the  mafs  turn- 
ed two  or  three  times  in  the  vat  j  the  edges  being  pared 
and  the  middle  rounded  up  each  turning.  At  length  it 
is  turned  into  a  cloth,  and  placed  in  the  prefs,  and  car- 
ried from  thence  to  the  (helves,  where  they  are  turned 
generally  once  a  day,  till  they  attain  a  fufficicnt  degree 
texture  to  enable  them  to  undergo  the  operation  of 
ling.     See,  ante,  pa.  13.  &c  14. 

3.  1EESE. 

The  milk  is  run  as  it  comes  from  the  cow,  or  as  it  hap- 
pens to  be  lowered  by  the  little  fkim  milk  which  is  put 
into  it.  The  curd  is  firft  broke  with  the  hand  and  difh  : 
in  fome  dairies  great  caution  is  obferved  in  the  fir  ft  f; 
ture  of  the  curd,  lb  as  to  let  out  the  v.  hey  leifurely,  to 
prevent  its  carrying  off  with  it  the  "fat"  of  the  caul, 
thin  cheefc  it  is  not  broken  lb  fine  as  curd  is  in  Glou- 
felrerfhire;  for  thick  cheefc,  Mill  finer;  and  for  loaves, 
it  is  reduced,  as  it  were,  to  atoms.  The  whey  is  laded 
offas  it  riles,  and  the  curd  pre  fled  down  ;  the  mafs  of  curd 
is  then  pared  down  (lice  after  flice  (about  an  inch  thick) 
three  or  four  times  over,  to  free  it  wholly  from  the  v.  I 
and  lied — the  method  of  fcalding  is  fimilar  to 

that  for  Gloucefter  cheefc — th  laded    off*,  the 

rcbrokc  and  laired  in  the  cc 
1  others,  '  or, 


70  CHE. 

and  faked  in  the  vat :  thin  cheefes,  with  a  fmall  hand- 
ful, in  one  layer — thick  ones,  with  two  fmall  handfuls, 
in  two  layers— loaves,  with  two  handfuls,  in  three  or 
four  layers  ; — fpreading  and  rubbing  in  the  fait  evenly 
among  the  curd.     The  cheefes  are  generally  faked  twice 
in  the  prefs,  where  they  remain  in  proportion  to   their 
thicknefs ;  thin  cheefes,  three  or  four  meals  ;  thick,  four 
or  five;  and  loaves,  five  or  fix.     See,  ante,  pa.  14. 
4.  Cheshire  Cheese. 
The  evening  milk   (of  fuppofe  20  cows)  having 
flood  all  night,  the   cheefe-maker  (in  fummer)  about 
fix    in  the  morning,  (kirns  off  the   cream,  obferving 
firft  to  take  off  all  the  froth  and  bubbles ;  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  brafs  panful  (3  or  4  gallons)  is  placed  in  a 
furnace  of  hot  water  in  the  pan,  and  made   fcalding 
hot;   half  of  this  is  poured  into  the  cheefe  tub,  and 
the  other  half  poured  to  the  cream  in  another  brafs  pan : 
before  this  is  done,  feveral  bowls  full,  or  perhaps  the 
whole  morning's  milk,  is  poured  into  the  cheefe  tub, 
care  being  taken  to  (kirn  off  all  air  bubbles.     The  ren- 
net being  added,   the  whole  is  well  fibred  :  and  a  wood- 
en cover  is  put  over  the  tub,  and  over  that  is  thrown 
a  linen  cloth  ;  if  the  cream  rifes  to  the  furface,  the  whole 
mufl  be  flirred  ;  and  if  the  curd  does  not  come,  in  about 
an  hour  and  a  half,  hot  water  or  hot  milk  may  be  poured 
into  it,  or  hot  water  in  a  pan  partially  immerfed  therein : 
but  this  mufl  be  done  before  it  is  at  all  coagulated — The 
curd,  before  it  is  broken  by  the  hand,  is  firft  cut  to  the 
depth  of  a  knife  blade,  at  the  diflance  of  about  an  inch, 
and  again  croffwife  at  right  angles  to  let  out  the  whey  : 
if  the  curd  is  tender,  inflead  of  a  knife,  recourfe  is  had 
to  the  edge  of  a  fkimming  difh,  and  the  curd  cut  gently 
an  inch  or  two,  and  turned  over  till  the  whole  furface  is 
thus  turned.     The  curd  being  wholly  freed  from   the 
whey  by  premng,  and  laded  off;   the  curd    is  then  cut 
into  nearly  three  equal  parts,  one  of  which  is  taken  into 
a  brafs  pan,   and  broke   very  fine;  but  as  foon  as  it  is 
coarfly  broken,  a  large   handful  of  fait  is  added  :  when 
fufliciently  broken,   it  is  put  into  a  cheefe  vat,  and  the 
fecond  and  third  portions   are  treated  in  the  fame  man- 
ner,  and    emptied   into  the    vat,    except,   that  into  the 
middle  portion,  is  added  eight,    nine,  or  ten  times  the 


CHI  .  ;, 

quantity  of  fait,  though   fome  give  each  portion  three 
large    handfuls.     The  curd   being    put   into    the   \  it, 
heaped  in  a  conical  form,  the  corners  of  the  cloth  a.e 
turned  over  it,  to  prevent  its  crumbling  down,  and   the 
curd  prelll-d  in  with  the  hands  ;  when  it  adheres,  a  fquarc 
board,  with  a  corner  of  the  cloth  under  it,  is  put  on  the 
top,  with  a   oolb.    weight  on   it  (fome  ufe  a   lever  to 
prefs  it)  when  the  whey  does  but  drop  the  weight  is  re- 
moved, and   the  curd  broken  half  way  ;  the  weight  is 
then  replaced  as  long   as  any  whey  drops.     The    vat  is 
then  drawn  from  the  cheefe,  rinced  in  whey,  and  another 
cloth  being  added,  the  cheele  is  replaced,  and  the  whole 
whey  prefTed  out,    when  the  cheele  is  turned  out  of  the 
,  which  is  rinced  as  before.     It  is  now  wrapped  in   a 
finer  and  larger  cloth,  which  is  fo  placed,   that  on  one 
fide  it  fhaJl  be  level  with  the  edge  of  the  vat,  and  the 
other  wrapped  over  the  whole  furface,  and  the  edge  put 
within  the  vat ;  as  the  cheefe  is  (till  too  high  recourfe 
is  had  to  a  tin  binder  or  hoop,  about  3  inches  broad  ;  the 
cheele  is  then  put   into  the  prefs.     When  the  cheefe 
is  firir.  taken  out  of  the  prefs,  it  is  the  cuftom  in  fome  pla- 
ces to  put  it  naked  into  hot  or  warm  whey  for  an  hour  or 
more:  it  is  then  taken  out,  wiped  dry,  and  when  cool, 
returned  to  the  prefs — This  is  done  to  harden   its  coat, 
and  make  it  Hand  the  better.     In  the  faking  houfe  it  is 
placed  nearly  mid  deep  in  brine  ;  the  upper  furface  of  the 
cheefe  being  covered  all  other  with  fait,  for  about  three 
days  j  being  daily  turned,  and  the  cloth  twice  changed  j 
the  cheefe  is  now  bound  with  a  hoop,  placed  on  a  bench, 
faked  and  turned  for  eight  days,  at  the  end  wafhed  in 
lukewarm  water;   when  dried  with  a  cloth,   it  is  put  on 
a  bench  for  feven  days,  wafhed  again  in  warm  water  with 
a  brufli,  wiped  dry,   fmeared  with  1  oz.  of  fweet  whey 
butter,   and  placed    in  the  warmed  part  of  the  cheefe 
room.     See,  ante,  pa.  13. 

5.     I  .MAM     CHEF.SE. 

The  fuperiority  of  it  is  not  afcribed  to  any  particular 
mode  in    the  management  of  the  dairies,  but  folely  to 
the  nature  of  the  herbage  on  the  commons. 
6.   llr\  lse. 

This  is  made  in  Dumbartonfhire,   and  is  called  bung 
when  the  curds  ore  tied  up  in  a  clot!}  or  net,  and,  to  get 


12  CHE. 

quit  of  the  whey,  are  hung  up,  inftead  of  being  put  un- 
der the  pre fs. 

This  kind  of  cheefe  is  thought  to  be  richer,  or  fatter, 
than  had  the  curds  been  treated  in  the  ordinary  man- 
ner ;  becaufe  the  whey  is  not  forcibly  drawn  off,  but 
allowed  to  drop  at  leilure. 

7.  Skim  Cheese. 

The  curd  is  broken  up  in  the  whey  j  the  whey,  when 
the  curd  has  fubfided,  laded  off;  the  remainder,  with 
the  curd,  thrown  into  a  coarfe  ftrainer;  and  having  lain 
abroad  in  this  (fpread  over  a  large  tray,  with  a  hole  in 
the  corner,  to  let  out  the  whey  which  drains  through  the 
cloth)  until  quite  cool,  the  corners  and  loofe  part  of  the 
ftrainer  are  gathered  together  in  the  hand,  the  curd 
fqueezed  as  hard  as  the  hands  can  prefs  it.  The  curd 
in  the  ftrainer  is  then  put  into  a  vat,  and  fet  in  the  prefs 
for  a  few  minutes  to  difcharge  the  remaining  whey  more 
effectually.  The  whey  having  done  running,  the  curd 
is  taken  out  of  the  prefs  and  rebroken,  as  finely  as  pof- 
fible,  faked,  and  returned  to  the  prefs. 

In  large  dairies  a  mill  is  ufed  to  break  the  curd. 

8.  Cheefe,  made  of  goats  milk,  is  much  valued  in  fome 
of  our  mountainous  counties,  when  kept  to  a  proper 
age  ■,  but  has  a  peculiar  tafte  and  flavor. 

9.  In  Cardiganfhire  ewe's  milk  is  added  to  the'  cheefe, 
to  give  it  a  tartnefs,  which  the  country  people  prefer 
to  the  milder  fort — In  Scotland  both  cheefe  and  butter 
are  made  from  ewe's  milk  only. 

10.  There  is  an  inftance  in  Giraldus  Cambrenfts,  of  a 
Countefs  ofChefter,  who  kept  milch  hinds,  and  made 
cheefe  of  their  milk  j  fome  of  which,  fhe  prefented  to 
Archbifhop  Baldwin,  in  his  itineracy  through  IVales> 
in  the  year  11 88. 

It  may  be  proper  to  add  one  general  remark  on 
cheefe,  viz.  That  there  are  few  countries  which  are 
famous  for  bad  cheefe,  where  the  reafon  may  not  be 
traced  much  oftener  to  a  fundamental  fault  in  the  pro- 
cefs  of  making,  and,  particularly,  in  that  efTential  ar- 
ticle the  rennet,  than  to  any  particular  local  fault  of  the 
foil  or  fituation,  or  even  to  want  of  care  and  attention  in 
the  dairy- woman.     See  pa,  52.  &  53. 


CI  IF.  73 

CHERR1 

..  Wild  black  C. 

oroun  or  large  black  C. 
3.   Red  C. — Thefe  three  are  varieties  of  the  Bird  Cher 
ry  (Primus  Padus)  improved   by   culture,  and  are  ad- 
mired by  many  for  their  peculiar  bitteriih  tafte — The 
Coroun  is  fuperior  to  the  other  two  for  general  culture. 
4-  r'lemilh  or  early  Ktntifh,  ripe  the  end  of  June. 
I  Icrcfordfhire  heart  C.  July  and  Auguft. 

6.  Black  heart  C.  end  of  June,  and  in  July. 

7.  White  heart  C.  June  and  July. 

All  the  above  are  cultivated  in  the  orchard  manner 

in  Kent,  and  from  No.   4  to  the   end  of  this   lift,  in 

Gardens,  as  llandards,  wall,  and  efpalicr  trees.     Thefe 

are  varieties  of  the  P.  Cci\iJ)is. 

8     Early  May  C    (Small)  May  and  beginning  of  June* 

9.  May  Duke  C.  end  of  May. 

10.  Amber  heart  C.  July  and  Auguft. 

i  1 .   Bleeding  heart  C.  middle  or  end  of  July. 

1 1.  Carnation  C.  end  of  July. 

13.  Crown  heart,  July. 

Mod  of  the  heart  C.  being  ftrong  growers,  gene- 
rally bear  more  fparingly  than  the  others. 

14.  Morello  C.  Auguft  and  September — This  is  com- 
monly alTigned  to  a  northern  afpecT:,  though  it  highly 
deferves  a  foutheily  expofuion.  The  other  forts  ripen 
their  fruit  early  or  late,  according  as  they  are  planted 
againft  a  S.  \V.  E.  or  N.  walls;  forming  thereby  a 
fuccelTion  of  crops  from  May  till  September. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Succeeds  in  any  common  foil. 
1.   Increased. 

a.  By  the  ftones,  fown  in  autumn,   2  inches  deep. 

b.  By  cleft-grafting  in  the  fpring,  and  by  budding 
from  the  middle    of  July   to  the  middle  or  Auguft. 

r   fmall  dwarfs   for  pots,  the  Bird -Cherry  is  the 
properftocki   but  for  ftandardn,  &c,  the  Wild  Cherry 
the  beft,  being  a  hardier,  and  ftronger  grower,  than 
from  the  beft  fruit. 
[    l 


74  CHE, 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Planted  as  wall  fruit,  from  November  till  March, 
at  a  diftance  of  15  or  20  feet — Broken  parts  of  the 
roots  to  be  previoufly  cut  away,  and  any  ill  fhaped 
moots  of  the  head. 

b.  When  planted  like  ah  orchard,  the  diftance  between 
the  trees  is  from  20  to  30  feet ;  and  are  put  in  the 
earth  fomewhat  deeper  than  apple-trees. 

c .  The  beft  method  of  raifing  cherry  and  apple  trees, 
is  planting  them  among  hops,  by  which  means  they 
very  foon  come  to  perfection :  the  proportion  (in 
Kent)  to  an  acre,  800  hop  hills,  200  filberts,  and  40 
cherry  and  apple  trees.  The  hops  ftand  about  12 
years,  and  the  filberts  about  30,  by  which  time  the 
cherries  and  apples  require  the  whole  land. 

d.  Planted  in  alternate  rows  with  apples,  and  two  rows 
of  filberts  between  each. 

e.  Pruning. 

(1.)  Summer  P.  to  be  performed  in  May  or  June,  and 
confifts  in  difplacing  all  ufelefs  growths  of  the  year,  as 
fore-right  fhoots,  &c. 

(2.)  Winter;  cut  out  worn  or  dead  wood,  and  train 
in  Iaft  fummer's  Ihoots  to  fill  up  vacancies,  cutting 
out  all  fupernumerary  ones — the  branches  to  be  trained 
moftly  at  full  lengths,  and  4  or  5  inches  afunder. 

f.  Bears  fruit  on  fpurs. 

g.  A  composition  of  lime  and  night-foil,  painted  on 
the  items  of  young  cherry-trees  with  a  brufh,  is  faid, 
to  promote  the  growth  of  them  exceedingly. — It  has 
the  fame  effect  on  apple  trees. 

4.  Use. 
d.  The  Fruit. 

b.  The  wood  is  hard  and  tough ;  and  is  ufed  by  the 
turner ;  and  by  him  formed  into  chairs,  and  itained  to 
imitate  mahogany. 

c.  The  gum  that  exudes  from  this  tree  is  equal  to  gum 
Arabic, 

d.  The  leaves  an  excellent  article  of  food  for  fattening 
hogs.  "  Cattle  have  it  is  faid,  been  killed  by  eating 
leaves  of  the  wild  cherry-tree." 

Cherry-trees,  according  to  Pliny,  were  not  known 
in  Europe,  before  the  battle  which  Luadlus  fought 


CHE.  7S 

with  Mitbriddtes,  and  it  was  ioo  years  longer  before 
they  palled  into  Kngland. 

They  were  brought  to  Italy  from  Cerajontc  in 
Afia. 

CHESNUT.     (Fagus  Cajlanca.) 

Culture,  fcff. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Flourifhcson  poor  gravelly  and  Tandy  foils,  and  alfo 
on  loams. 

b.  Is  a  certain  and  quick  grower,  in  every  kind  of  foil; 
.  ept  heavy  clays,    or  foils   generally   wet,  wliere  it 

mak  indifferent  progrefs. 

The  land  lhould  be  trenched  to  a  depth  from  15  to 
iS  inches:  by  this  procefs,  the  upper,  which  is  ufually 
the  belt  foil,  is  fubverted,  to  the  great  advantage  of 
the  roots ;  and  the  under-foil  brought  up  to  the  bene- 
ficial influence  of  the  atmofphere. 
2.   Increased. 

a.  From  nuts  dibbled  in  February,  3  or  4  inches  deep, 
having  been  preferved  during  winter  in  land.  The 
quantity  to  an  acre  4  bufhels. 

b.  By  grafting;  this  is  a  more  certain  way  of  continu- 
ing a  good  kind,  than  by  nuts. 

3.    TxEE. 

Grows  quick,  tall  and  ftraio;ht  ;  the  wood  excellent, 
much  relembling  oak,  both  in  colour  and  quaHty. 

Said  to  excel  oak  in  two  points,  viz.  tliat  it  grows 
filler,  and  that  the  lap  part  of  the  timber  is  firmer* 
and  lefs  corruptible.  It  is  however  allowed,  that 
chefnut-trees  of  a  large  fize,  or  great  a^r,  ate  gene- 
rally oblerved  to  be  greatly  (haken. 

18  or  20  ye  »wth — The 

1  lading  of  woods  for  thi  fe,  continuing  in 

•  for  near  30  years. 

kes  an  excellent  underwood  •,  the  fhoots  from  the 
flubs  being  numerous  and  very  luxuriant. 
d.  Trees  intended  for  fruit  fhould   be   railed   in  nurfe- 
1  be  removed  at  lealt  three  times,  and  have  the  tap- 

•  )ne  growing  a:  Tortworth,  in  Gloucefterfhire,  is  51 
I  to  be  near  iood  years  old, 


6  CIC 


In  a  warmer  climate  it  attains  to  a  much  larger 
fize,  if  not  a  greater  age :  for  we  have  an  account  of 
one,  in  the  travels  of  a  Swede,  through  Italy,  (trans- 
lated by  the  late  G.  R.  Fofter)  being  144  feet  6  inches 
in  girth. — Brought,  according  to  Pliny,  into  Italy 
from  Lydia  its  native  place. 
/.  Nothing  will  thrive  under  its  fhade. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Timber  for  building ;  and  for  hop  poles ;  alfo  for 
hurdles,  ftiles  and  gates ;  fome  of  the  latter  have  been 
known  to  laft  for  20  years. 

The  wood  may  be  ftained  to  look  equal  to  maho- 
gany, by  rubbing  it  over  firft  with  allum-water,  then 
laying  on,  with  a  bruih,  a  decoction  of  log  wood 
chips,  and  iaftly  a  decoction  of  Brazil  wood. 

b.  It  is  the  beft  of  woods  for  fea-walling,  or  embanks 
ments  againft  the  fea.  If  the  foil  is  fandy,  the  piles 
will  not  laft  fo  long,  as  in  a  cohefive  ooze. 

c.  The  nuts,  which  are  agreeable  to  moft  people,  are 
alfo  ufed  for  whitening  linen  cloth,  and  for  making 
ftarch. 

In  Italy,  the  inhabitants  dry,  grind,  and  knead 
them  into  a  pafle,  and  ufe  it  in  lieu  of  bread.  In 
Portugal,  horfes  are  fed  with  them,  which  are  found 
to  fatten  them  very  quickly,  although  it  does  not  in- 
fpire  them  with  fo  much  life  and  vigour  as  oats  or 
barley. 

d.  The  Engliih  nuts  are  well  rafted,  but  do  not  reach 
in  fize,  thofe  brought  from  Spain  and  Portugal.  In 
England,  chefnuts  are  eaten,  either  raw  or  roafted ; 
in  Spain  they  are  boiled. 

e.  The  bark  is  fometimes  ufed  for  the  purpofes  of  tan- 
ning ;  but  it  is  greatly  inferior  to  that  of  oak,  felling 
for  only  half  its  price. 

The  afhes  of  Chefnut  wood  are  faid  to  be  ufelefs 
in  lye  for  wafhing,  as  they  damage,  and  even  fpoii 
the  linen. 

CICHORY.     (Cichorium  Intybus.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Will  thrive  on  moft  foils. 


CIN.  CIO.  CIV.  77 

:.  Seed. 
ioIds.  per  acre. 

The  feed  was  rirft   introduced  by  Mr.  Young,  who 
obtained  it  in  France. 

b.  Sown   with  lpring  corn,  either  with  or  without  clo- 
ver or  other  grades. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  Is  a  native  plant. 

l  .   1  las  been  cut  three  times   in  the  feafon — firit  time 
about  the  20th  of  May. 

4.  Use. 
a.  Given  as  foil  to  horfes   when  hard   worked  without 
either  hay  or  corn. 

;.  With  fheep  and  pigs  it  is  fuppofed  to  fucceed  even 
better  than  with  larger  cattle. 

c.  The  Swedes,  in  time  of  fcarcity,  make  a  fubftitute 
for  bread  from  the  roots. 

CINQUEFOIL.     (Potentilla  Reptam.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  light  land. 

2.  Seed. 
a.  Five  bumels  lbwn  per  acre. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  Lies  fix  years,  and  in   that  time  gets  three  hand- 
drefiings  of  cinder  afhes,  at   the  rate  of  50  bufhela 
per*acrc — This  crop  is  annually  mown. 

This  plant  is  known  to  lbme  people  by   the  name 
of  five-Uaved  grafs. 

4.  Use. 
w  feeding  cattle. 
if.  A  fine  grained  calf-leather  has  been  prepared  from  it. 

"  CION. 
A  flip,  or  young  tree.(C 

CI VES.     ( A 1 1  i li m  Si hanoprajum . ) 

Culture, 

1.   Son.. 
4.  A  light,  rich  ground,  and  (hade. 


78  CLE.  CLO. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  parting  the  roots,  either  in  the  fpring  or  autumn, 
obferving  to  plant  them  about  8  inches  diftant. 
3.  Use. 
a.  The  leaves  in  winter  and  fpring  fallads. 

This  is  a  kind  of  Onion  which  never  produces  any 
bulbs,  and  feldom  grows  above  6  inches  high  in  the 
blade,  which  is  very  (lender,  and  collected  in  bundles. 

CLEFT-GRAFTING. 

Is  performed  as  follows  :  firft,  with  a  faw  cut  off 
the  head  of  the  (lock  in  a  fmooth  place,  at  5,  or  5  feet 
6  inches  from  the  ground,  pare  it  very  fmooth  ;  then 
with  a  ftrong  knife  and  mallet,  cleave  the  ftock  14 
inch  down,  a  little  on  one  fide  the  heart  of  the  ftock ; 
draw  out  the  knife  and  put  a  wedge,  driving  it  eafy 
into  the  flit  at  the  top  to  keep  it  a  little  open.  Then 
with  a  knife  made  for  that  purpofe  only,  open  the  flit 
about  1^  inch  long,  half  an  inch  wide  on  the  rind, 
bringing  it  to  a  feather-edge  near  the  heart,  and  to 
a  point  at  the  bottom  of  the  flit.  You  mult  now  have 
your  graft  or  fcion  ready,  which  muft  be  cut  with 
a  keen  knife  very  fmooth  to  fit,  and  place  it  in  the 
cleft,  fo  that  the  rind  of  the  graft  may  exactly  meet 
the  rind  of  the  flock.  If  the  ftock  be  large  enough, 
you  may  put  another  graft  on  the  other  fide  -y  when 
rightly  placed,  draw  out  the  wedge  at  top,  taking 
care  not  to  difplace  the  grafts,  and  the  ftock  will  clofe 
in  and  hold  faft  the  grafts,  when  you  muft  have  fome 
fmooth  clay,  mixed  with  fine  hay,  made  into  pledgets, 
and  wind  round  the  graft  and  ftock,  making  it 
fmooth  on  the  outfide  ;  this  will  keep  the  wet  and 
air  out  of  the  crown  of  the  ftock,  and  the  fun  from 
exhaufting  the  lap.     See  Grafting. 

CLOVER. 

1.  Common  Clover.     (Trifolium  Praienje.) 

2.  Red  Perennial   Clover,  or  Cow-grafs.     (Trifolium 
Alpefire.  Medium  ?) 

Cow-grafs  appears  to  be  longer  in  the  ftalk,  more 
branching   and   crooked   than   the  comrnqn    Clover; 


CLO.  79 

it    is    later    in  arriving   at    its    full   growth,    and    tl.c 
bloflum  is  larger,   and  of  a  deeper  pvirple  ;  the  leaves 
are  longer,  darker,  and  narrower ;  and  the  whole  plant 
i ,  larger  and  heavier  :  the  root  is  perennial. 
j.  Hop  Clover.     (Trifblium  sJgrariv.w.) 

4.  Dutch  Clover.     (Tri  folium  Hybridum,} 

This  is  fuppoled  to  have  been  rirft  produced  by  the 
dull  01  tiie  comm  >n  Clover,  fertilizing  the  feed-bud 
of  the  white  Clover. 

5.  White  Clover.      (Trifolium  Repens.) 

0.  Ruffian  Clover — Flowers   white,  calix  red  j  leaves 
oval,  purple,  with  a  green  edge, 
scarlet  flowered  Clover. 

Culture,  o  t.  of  Common  Clover. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Thrives  bed  on  a  firm  weighty  foil. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  alone  from  February  till  May,  in  Scotland  as 
late  as  July,   iolb.  to  141b.  per  acre. 

If  often  luwn  on  the  fame  land,  it  becomes  tired  of 
it,  and  the  crop  fails ;  mould  therefore  be  changed 
for  trefoil  or  lucerne. 

b.  Sown  with  wheat  in    the  fpring,  at  the  fame  time, 
and  in  the  ufual  quantities  as  with  fpring  corn. 

The  reafon  affigned  for  this  practice  is,  that  in  a 
dry  leafon  the  clover  is  very  apt  to  overpower  the 
oats  or  barley  -,  and  on  the  other  hand,  when  to  pre- 
vent the  evil,  the  clover  is  fawn  late  in  the  feafon, 
it  frequently  mifTes  plant,  and  the  clover  crop  is  lolt 
for  that  feafon. 

c.  Sown  and  harrowed  in  with  barley. 

Sown  when  the  barley  is  three  inches  high,  and 
rolled  well  in. 

Sown  with  barley  along  with  other  feeds,  in  the 
following  proportion,  viz.  1 2lb.  of  common  clover, 
4lb.  of  white  clover,  :1b.  of  rib-grafs,  and  1  bulhel 
of  ray  r  acre. 

d.  Sown  with   oats  from   7 lb.    to   i61b.  pe  the 
fame  with  bar! 

flferent  foils  require  a  gre  I 
feed,  a  poor  one  the  molt. 


80  CLO. 

e.  Mixed  with  ray-grais. 

Thus  mixed  they  are  frequently  mown,  when  the 
ray-grafs  begins  to  flower,  which  not  only  increafes 
the  bottom  grafs,  but  a  great  quantity  of  excellent 
hay  is  obtained.  The  ray-grafs  prevents  the  froft 
hurting  the  clover. 

/.If  intended  to  continue  only  one  year,  it  is  fown 
alone  ;  but  if  three  or  more  in  grafs,  it  is  mixed 
with  other  grafs  feed,  in  the  following  proportion,  viz. 
81b.  of  common  clover,  4-lb.  of  white  clover,  i 
bufhel  of  ray-grafs,  to  which  is  added,  2lb.  or  31b. 
of  rib-grafs,  or  yellow  clover,  per  acre,  as  belt  fuits 
the  foil. 

It  is  objected  to  lowing  clover  on  land  laid  down 
for  pafture,  that  it  only  lafts  two  years,  and  when  it 
wears  out,  it  leaves  bear  fpaces  on  which  grows 
weeds. 

g.  The  feed  is  ripe,  when  the  (talks  and  heads  change 
brown  ;  the  bed  feed  got  by  not  feeding. 

Winlaw's  mill,  on  a  fmall  fcale,  can  be  ufed  to 
clean  out  the  feed  of  clover ;  the  flowers  being  firfh 
threfhed  off"  from  the  items ;  will  clean  as  much  in 
three  hours,  as  a  man  can  perform  in  a  week.  It 
anfwers  alio  for  flax-feed,  canary,  or  any  other  fmall 
feed. 

In  America  they  make  ufe  of  two  very  fimple  im- 
plements to  collect  the  head — fee  the  plate  fig.  11 — 
the  dimenfions  are  as  follow,  1,  2,  the  fhafts,  4  feet 
4  long  and  3  feet  afunder — 3,  4,  the  hands,  3  feet 
long  and  20  inches  apart — 5,  the  teeth,  13  inches 
long — the  wheels  are  16  inches  in  diameter.  This 
machine  is  drawn  by  one  horfe,  and  guided  by  a  man 
or  a  boy :  it  (imply  confifts  of  an  open  box,  about  4 
feet  fquare  at  the  bottom,  and  about  3  in  height,  on 
3  fides ;  to  the  fore  parr,  which  is  open,  teeth  are  fix- 
ed, fimilar  to  thofe  of  a  cradle,  about  3  feet  in  length, 
and  fo  near  as  to  break  off  the  heads  from  the  clover- 
ftocks  between  them,  which  are  thrown  back  into  the 
box  as  the  horfe  advances  :  the  box  is  fixed  on  an 
axle  tree,  fupported  by  two  fmall  wheels,  2  feet  in 
diameter  -,  two  handles  are  afnxed  to  the  hinder  parr, 


{  1,0.  3! 

by  means  of  which  the  driver,  while  lie  manages  the 
horfes,  raifes  or  lowers  the  teeth  of  the  machine,  io  as 
to  take  off  the  heads  of  the  grift;  and,  as  often  as  the 
box  is  filled  with  them,  they  are  thrown  out,  and  the 
horfe  goes  on  as  before.  Fig.  i  2,  is  called  a  cradle^ 
and  is  made  of  an  oak  board  about  1 8  inches  in  length 
and  10  in  breadth;  the  fore-part  of  it,  to  the  length 
of  9  inches,  is  fawed  into  teeth;  a  handle  is  inferted 
behind,  inclining  towards  them,  and  a  clorh  put  round 
the  back-part  of  the  board,  which  is  cut  fomewhat 
circular,  and  railed  on  the  handle ;  this  collects  the 
heads  or  tops,  and  prevents  them  from  fcattering,  ag 
they  are  (truck  off  from  the  cradle,  which  may  be 
made  of  different  fizes ;  being  fmaller  in  proportion 
for  women  and  children. 

i>.    Plant. 
Put  up  for  hay  or  feed  in  May  or  June. 

/'.  Clover  and  Lucerne  hay  is  faved  in  wet  Jeajons  in  the 
north  of  England,  by  a  practice  called  Tippling'. 
which  is  to  roll  the  grafs  up  immediately  after  the 
fcythe,  into  bundles  or  Tipples,  of  the  fize  of  a  final  I 
barley  fheaf;  then  draw  out  a  band  from  one  fide 
(leaving  it  united),  twill  as  drawn  out,  and  tie  it  firm 
round :  The  tippler  being  placed  betwixt  the  knees,  that 
part  above  the  band  is  drawn  through  the  hands  with 
a  twill,  and  the  longed  graffes  drawn  out  io  far  as  to 
tie  in  a  knot,  which  tinjfhes  the  point  of  the  cone, 
and  forms  the  Tipple.  The  advantages  are  evident,  as 
the  rain  is  carried  off  fimilar  to  the  thatch  of  a  houfe, 
and  the  fun  and  wind  have  Juch  accefs  as  to  prevent 
fermentation.  (See  plate,  fig.  2.) 
.  In  Scotland,  when  clover  is  made  into  hay,  it  is  put 
into  ricks,  containing  from  40  to  60  Hone  weight,*  in 
two  or  three  days  after  it  is  cut;  in  about  two  or  three 
weeks  afcer,  it  is  collected  into  long  (lacks, f  containing 
fometimes  ic,coo  (lone.  Thcfe  arc  very  rarely  hurt 
by  heating,  and  there  is  no  example  ot  their  takinefirc. 
4.    Use. 

<i.  For  feeding  cattle,  (hecp,  and  pigs. 

«  ^onc  14  lb  •     " 

[  " 


82    '  CLO. 

If  care  is  not  taken,  cattle  will  eat  fo  greedily  as  to 
be  choaked,  or  hoved  as  it  is  called — To  prevent  it, 
keep  them  when  turned  in,  conftantly  moving,  that 
the  firft  ball  may  (ink  into  their  maw  before  the  next 
follows.  It  is  faid,  that  cattle  turned  into  it  belly-deep 
are  not  injured  by  it,  and  that  it  is  only  injurious  in  a 
younger  (tate. 

b.  Clover  hay  preferred  to  white  hay  for  draught  horfes 
in  towns  ;  and  as  foil,  acts  both  as  food  and  phyfic,  and 
enables  them  to  (land  their  work. 

c.  Cut  into  chaff. 

d.  The  flowering  heads  are  ufed  to  dye  woollen  cloths 
green;  with  ailum  they  give  a  light,  with  copperas  a 
dark  green. 

The  firft  clover  feed  was  brought  by  Sir  R.  Wefton 
from  Brabant  or  Flanders,  about  1645,  and  fown  in 
Surry;  and  clover  hay  fome  years  after,  reduced  the 
price  of  meadow  hay,  from  =£3.  to  £1.  per  load. 

Culture,  fcfr.  of  Red  Perennial  Clover,  or  Marie  Grafs. 

1.  Soil. 
'.  A  loamy  foil  fuits  it  bed. 

b.  Gjows  fpontaneoully  en  marie  land. 

c.  Delights  in  a  clayey  foil. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Common  clover  frequently  fold  in  the  iced  fliops  for 

it. 
h.  Ten,  by  fome  12'ibs.  of  feed  per  acre,  with  Ipring 

corn. 

The  feeds  were  firft  collected  about  50  or  60  years 

ago,  by  a  Mr.  James,  who  lived  in  the  parifh  of  Chjl- 

compton,  Somerfetihire.* 

3.  Use. 

a.  Is  coniiuered  a  valuable  fubftitute  for  Common  Clo- 
ver, as  it  continues  much  longer  in  the  land,  and  bears 
ory  weather  better. 

Sheep  prefer  the  common  clover  to  it. 

•  "  It  may  be  well  for  the  hufcandman  to  attend  to  the  plants  of  Red 
Cover  in  the  courfe  of  its  pro-,  in  :  •  Some  confiderabje  variety  appe;  rs  in 
the  charafter  of  the  plants  :  He  mould  note  them,  and  low  the  leeds  of  a 
head  ot  each  variety,  obfervihs  the  progrefs  of  the  growth,  hirdirefj,  &c. 
Itisthe  wrr-  of  d-.lcr.venng  the  good  forts,— the  Beft :  The  wo;  ft  the 
neld  had  better  be  cleared  ct.£t 


CLO.  83 

Culture,  &JV.  of  Hop  Clover. 

1.  Sitts. 

a.  Sown  in  drills  1  foot  apart. 

J  he  feed  bell  Town  i.i  ics  black  hull. 

2.  1 1 

a.  Mixed  with  common  clover  it  makes  incomparable 
good  fodder,  on  light  land. 

b.  Cut  green  for  hoiies;  fowr<.  for  feeding  fheep — Does 
not  grow  high  enough  for  hay. 

This  plant  is  called,    in  lbme  places,  Black  (. 
and  in  others,  Nonfuch. 
Lafts  four  or  five  years.    "  Little  known  in  A 

Culture,  &?.  of  Dutch  Clover,  or  I  Ioncy-fu  JJc  Grafs. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Loves  a  moift  foil,  rather  ftrong  than  very  In 

2.  Seed. 
n.  About  8  lbs.  ibwn  per  acre  in  March  or  April. 
Much  of  the  feed  was  imported  from  Flanders,  be- 
fore it  was  much  cultivated  here  by  farmers;   though  it 
is  a  native  of  Britain  and  Ireland. 
3.   Plan  r. 
r  wears  out  by  being  clofc  fa], 
4.  Use. 
a.  Makes  an  extraordinary  fweet  pafture,  agreeable  to 
all  forts  of  cattle;  and  will  maintain,  fummer  and  win- 
ter, more  fheep,  than  five  tirrn  .cof  the 
bed  fheep  downs. — Swine  will  fatten  on  it. 

The  Leaves  are  a  good  ruftic  hydrometer,  as  they  are 
always  relaxed  and  flaccid  in  dry  weather,  but  erect  in 
moift  or  rainy. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  White  Clov 

1.  Soil. 
.    I  ight  land. 

quenc  rolling  rr\akes  it  flourifh  abundantly. 

1.    S.  BD, 
a.  Sown  with  red  clover,  rib-grafs,J  nonfuch,  ray-grafs, 
and  barley. 

Uotli  native  and  mipr.  if»  appears  to  be  a  ical  wr 

was   it   (  .  .,m  other  pljnt*.       1  \x  pJaatl  ot   l lie 

iilly  uotoucbed  as  the  native  by  cattle." 


84  COL. 

3.  Use. 

a.  Yields  the  fweeteft  hay  on  dry  land  mixed  with  non~ 
fuch  and  ray-grafs. 

b.  The  dried  powdered  flowers  of  this  clover  were  eaten 
by  the  Irifh  (being  made  into  bread)  before  the  intro- 
duction of  potatoes,  and  were  reckoned  very  nourifh- 
ing.  Thev  call  it  Shamrock.  They  alfo  ufed  for  the 
fame  purpofe,  the  flowers  of  the  Common  Clover.f 

Bears  being  over-flowed,  which  the  common  clover 
will  not. 

This  clover  appears  to  be  often  confounded  with 
the  Dutch  Clover. 

In  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  in  a  garden  of  John 
Blackburne,  Efq.  at  Orford,  in  Lancafhire;  we  have 
a  variety  of  the  White  Clover,  called  Purple-grafs; 
probably  the  fame  with  the  Ruffian  Clover,  which  is  a 
creeping  plant;  it  alfo  does  not  grow  high,  but  will 
fpread  near  3  feet  fquare,  and  when  the  leaves  are 
green,  as  is  fometimes  the  cafe,  a  white  mark  is  vifible 
in  them.  "  The  white  Clover  of  America  is  a  rich 
grafs ;  grows  clofe,  though  rather  too  fhort  for  cutting 
intohav." 

COLEWORT. 

A  name  given  by  gardeners  to  a  cabbage  plant,  to  be 
cut  for  ufe  from  the  time  the  leaves  are  as  broad  as  a 
mans  hand,  till  it  begins  to  form  a  clofe  head.  They 
are  generally  raifed  from  feeds  of  any  of  the  bejl  kinds 
of  heading  white  cabbage ;  but  thofe  of  the  fugar-loaf 
are  preferable  to  all  others  for  eating. 

Culture,  6?r. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  early  in  July  for  autumn  and  winter  ufe. 

b.  Sown  the  beginning  of  Auguft  for  fpring  ufe. 

Such  of  thefe  as  are  not  wanted,  if  they  do  not  fhew 
a  tendency  to  run  up  to  feed,  will  cabbage  at  a  very 
early  time. 

f  "  Yields  the  finefr  hcr.ey  in  grreat  quant-ties.  The  red  or  Dutch 
clover  you  will  fcarcely  ever  fee  a  Be*  amortgft.  vrhilft  the  ivtite  clever 
fields  are  alive  with  rhem  in  America." 


COL.     COR.  85 

1.    Plant. 
When  fix  or  feveii  weeks  old,  to  be  planted  in  rows 
1  foot  afunder;   and  6  or  8  inches  between  the  plants. 
3.   Use. 
a.  The  fame  as  the  cabbage. 

SEA  COLEWORT.      (Crambe  Maritima.) 

Culture,   &V. 

1.    Soil. 
a.  A  fandy  or  gravelly  foil. 

1.   Seed. 
a.  To  be  fown  foon  after  it  is  ripe. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  At  Michaelmas  mould  be  covered  with  fand  or  gra- 
vel, about  4  or  5  inches  thick,  which  fhould  be  repeat- 
ed every  autumn,  in  the  manner  praclifed  in  earthing 
of  afparagus  beds. 
L.  Not  fit  to  cut  for  ufe  till  it  has  had  one  year's  growth. 

c.  The  young  (Loots  before  they  break  the  ground,  are 
the  part  eatable;  the  green  above  ground  being  tough, 
bitter,  and  occafions  giddinefs. 

Tins  plant  grows  naturally  on  the  fea  fhore,  below 
high-water  mark  ;  when  it  is  obferved  to  thruft  up  the 
gravel,  the  people  cut  it. 

d.  The  gardeners  trim  it  for  fale  like  Celc-ry. 

4.    Use. 
a.  Is  eaten  boiled  as  a  great  delicacy. 

Was  rirft  introduced  into  the  London  markets  by 
the  late  Mr.  Curtis,  in  1795.* 

CORIANDER.      (Coriandrum  Sativum.) 

Culture,  &V. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Sown  in  March  141b.  to  an  acre. 
if.  Sown  with  Carraway. 

It   requires  great  care  in  hoeing  to  diftinguifli  the 

•   "  It  mult  be  a  very  recent  plant  in  iti  introduction  into  the  London 
market,  fcems  a  girat  cuiiolity,  and  a  good  plant  lor  the  tabic,  prod* 
plentifully.      It  is  not  nccciTjiy  that  the  Iced  lliuuld  be  luwn  and  cultivated 
•  n  the  fea-flio^r,  at  might  feem  I  npoit  if  it>  nunc." 


36  COR. 

plants.     The  Carraway  is  not  regularly  fet  out  for  a 
crop  till  the  Coriander  is  harvefted,   at  which  time  it 
mud  be  hoed. 
c .  Sown  with  C  arrow  ay  and  Tea/el. 

As  neither  the  Carraway  or  Teafel  come  completely 
and  regularly  the  fecond  year,  both  crops  are  ufually 
allowed  to  ftand  for  the  third  fummer. 
2.  Plant. 
a.  When  /own  alone,  the  plants  are  fet  out  to  4  inches. 

3.    Use. 

a.  The  feeds  are  ufed  in  medicine,  and  by  the  confec- 
tioner. 

b.  Formerly  it  was  cultivated  in  gardens  as  a  fallet  herb. 

CORK-TREE.     (Quercus  Suber.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.   Increased. 
a.  By  acorns,  fown  in  beds—The  plants  to  remain  in 
a  nurfery  three  or  four  years,  and  then  planted  where 
they  are  to  remain. 

2.    Tree. 

a.  Grows  to  nearly  the  fize  of  an  oak  in  Devcnfiire. 
"  So  will  it  then  grow  in  the  United  States." 

b.  The  trees  muft  be  barked  at  ten  and  at  twenty  years 
old,  though  the  bark  is  then  porous  and  good  for  little; 
at  the  third  peeling  the  bark  will  be  in  perfection,  and 
will  continue  fo  for  many  years,  for  the  beft  cork  is 
taken  from  old  trees. 

c.  The  number  of  years  between  the  {tripping  of  old 
trees,  depends  on  the  climate  in  which  they  grow;  in 
the  north  of  Spain  they  peel  them  but  about  once  in 
feven  or  eight  years ;  but  in  the  fouthern  parts  every 
fifth  year. 

d.  The  time  of  the  year  July;  and  it  is  performed  with 
an  inftrument,  like  that  ufed  for  difbarking  oaks. 

3.  Use. 
a.  The  ufe  of  the  bark  is  too  well  known,  to  be  men- 
tioned here — Burnt,  it  makes  that  kind  of  light  colour 
called  Spaniih  black. 


COR,  87 

1.  The  acorns  arc  in  greater  dlimation  than  thole  of  the 
common  oak,  for  fattening  fwine.* 

CORNEL. 

i.  Male  Cornel  or  Cornelian  Cherry.     (Cornus  Maf- 

CuLl.) 

2.  Female  Cornel  or  Dogberry-tree.     (Cornus  Sangui- 
nea.) 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Male  Cornel. 
I.    Increased. 

a.  By  feed:  which  fliouhl  be  fown  in  autumn ;  other 
wife  they  will  lie  a  year  in  the  ground. 

b.  By  fuckers,  and  by  laying  down  of  the  branches. 

The  Female  Cornel  may  be  increafed  by  the  fame 
methods. 

2.  Tree. 
a.  Is  a  foreign  tree,  that  bears  our  climate,  flowering 
the  beginning  of  February;    (in  England. ) 
3.   Use. 
he  fruit  preferved  to  make  tarts. 
There  are  two  varieties,  which  differ  in  the  colour 
of  their  fruit ;  the  red  is  the  mod  common. 

Culture j  &c.  of  the  Female  Cornel. 
1.    Tree. 

c.  Grows  wild  in  our  woods  and  hedges. 

:.    Use. 
a.   The  wood  being  hard  and  fmooth,  is  fit  for  the  tur- 
ner, and  is  ufed  in  wheel-works. 

The  berries  dye  purple j   and  are  alfo  preferved  as  a 
1  kic — From  one  bujhel  of  the  kernels ,   16  lbs.  of  lamp 
oil  were  obtained  by  exprclfion. 

il  lias  been  extracted  from  this  tree,  which  it  ap- 
pears may  be  of  ufe  to  the  arrs,  and  perhaps  to  medi 
tin.-.      "  Why  lias  it  not  continued  to  yield  o:Uil 


:c  which  gi»e«  cork  from  its  bark,  is  a  perfcel  real  oak,  pof- 
Amcrica  claims  lo  tuurih  and  perfect 
■ 
alfo  feeds  o: 

f'ul   brand 


88  COR.     COW. 

CORN-SALLET.     (Valeriana  Lccujla.) 

Culture,  cirV. 

i.  Plant. 
a.  The  cultivation  of  this  plant  is  fimply  fowing  the 
feed,  the  latter  end  of  Auguftj  thinning  t'ie  plants 
where  too  clofe;  and  keeping  them  clear  of  weeds. — 
Grows  wild  in  corn-fields.  "  In  gardens  it  fpreads,  and 
fows  itfelf." 

2.  Use. 
a.  As  an  early  Jallet  plant. 

COW. 

i.  A  good  cow  for  milk  is  defcribed  as  having  a  thin 
head  and  neck ;  clean  chaps,  and  free  from  leather ; 
deep  and  rather  flat  carcafe,  wide  hips,  the  bones,  per- 
haps, inclining  to  be  pointed;  capacious  udder,  and 
large  plain  milk-veins :  the  two  laft  figns  worth  all  the 
reft. 

1.  A  cow  is  in  her  prime  for  milk,  at  five  years  old; 
but  none  fhould  be  turned  from  the  dairy,  whilft  they 
milk  largely. 

The  cow-keepers  near  London,  buy  cows  when  three 
years  old,  and  with  calf;  and  keep  them  from  four  to 
ieven  years,  according  to  their  goodnefs.  InWiltmire 
they  keep  them  till  they  are  fourteen  or  fifteen  years 
old. 

3.    Quantity  of  milk,  and  times  of  milking: 

a.  Near  London,  where  the  Holdernefs  breed  is  moftly 
kept,  being  efteemed  the  befl  milkers;*  "  (they  give 
moft  of  a  thin  milk;  or  water-milk)"  the  quantity 
varies,  according  to  the  feafon  and  kind  of  food :  as 
(i.)  Nine  quarts  a  day  from  October  to  May — fed 
on  turneps,  grains,  hay,  or  rowen.J 
(2.)  Ten  quarts  from  May  to  September — food,  grafs 
and  occafionally  grains. f 

*  "  So  e  deemed  by  thofe  who  can  fcarcely  be  called  Farmers  and  Dairy- 
people;  but  are  cow-feeders  or  milk-fellers  ; — the  quality  of  the  milk 
being  nothing  to  them  as  to  making  butter  and  cheef; ;  being  ufed  at 
the  table  or  in  the  kitchen." 

X  "All  roots  and  juicy  food,  as  wafli  and  drank;  and  of  drank  any 
quantity  can  be  made." 

f    '  Or  drink  ;  which  can  be  made  to  abound  on  a  farm  or  dairy-farm." 


COW.  c9 

(j.)  Eight  quarts — fed  on  grains  and  hay. 

.'.  In  ilhire,  the  long-horned  breed,  give  from 

eight  to  twelve  quarts  (in  forne  inftances  more)  a  meal, 
1  two  meals  a  day. 

This  is  to  be  underftood  of  the  prime  feafon,  viz. 
May  and  June  ;  for  they  decline  afterwards  to  three- 
fourths,  one-half,  and  one-fourth  of  that  quantity. 

€.  Alderney  cows  are  great  milkers,  in  proportion  to 
their  weight ;   "  and  the  milk,  is  rich." 

d.  Norfolk  cows,  which  are  of  the  polled  or  hornlefs 
kind,  are  extraordinary  milkers  ;  there  is  hardly  a 
large  dairy  that  does  not  contain  cows  which  give, 
in  the  height  of  the  feafon,  ;'.  e.  the  beginning  of  Ju- 
ly, eight  gallons  of  milk  in  the  day  ;  and  fix  are  com- 
mon among  many,  for  a  large  part  of  the  feafon. 

It  is  obferved,  that  when  the  quantity  of  milk  in 
any  breed  is  very  great,  that  of  butter  is  rarely  equal. 
"  the  quantity  great — the  quality  thin/' 

c.  The  time  of  milking  varies  indifferent  places — Near 
I>ondon,  for  the  convenience  of  milk-dealers,  from 
four  to  half-paft  fix  o'clock  in  the  morning,  zn&from 
half  p aft  cue  in  the  afternoon  till  near  three — In 
Chefhire  during  fummery  at  fix  o'clock,  both  night  and 
morning — In  lbme  parts  of  Scotland,  three  times  a 
day. 

It  is  faid,  that  if  a  cow  be  milked  three  times  a  day, 
me  will  yield  a  greater  quantity,  and  as  good,  if  not 
better  milk,  than  by  drawing  her  teats  only  twice, 
namely,  in  the  morning  and  evening. 

4.  Quantity  of  cheefe  made  from  one  cow. 

a.  In  North  Wiltlhirc,  from  the  long  horned  breed, 
fometimes  as  high  as  4'  cwt.  or  near  500 cwt. 

b.  In  Chefhire  (where  they  have  no  particular  breed) 
the  quantity  it  is  fuppofed,  may  be  ftated  at  ^oolbs. 

i  each  cow,  the  dairy   through  ;  including  fuch  as 
their  calves,  and  bad  milkers — The  quanti; 

ries  from  5olbs.   to    500IDS.  and  upwards,  from  each 

cow  on  the  fame  farm. 

nantity  of  butter  from  one  cow's  milk  per  week. 
a.   In  F.fiVx,  61bs.  in  the  prime  feafon,  4lbs.  at  other 

times — No  parcicular  h\ 


90  COW, 

"  A  Chinefe  ccw,  now  in  England  gives  milk  fo 
very  rich,  that  one  pint  of  it  gives  as  much  butter,  4 
ounces,  as  7  pints  of  a  Sujfex  cow's  milk,  both  churn- 
ed immediately  from  the  cows  without  being  fet  for 
cream.  The  Chinefe  cow  is  fmall,  and  fays  Mr. 
Young-,  the  beef  is  fuperior  in  fatnefs,  and  in  butter  the 
fuperiority  is  as  1400  lbs.  to  acolbs.  from  a  very  good 
country  cow.  This  is  fuch  a  fuperiority  in  milk  and 
beef,  as  might  make  it  an  object  to  the  owners  of  Ame- 
rican mips  to  China,  to  import  fome  breeding  cows 
from  thence  with  calf." 

6.  It  is  generally  admitted,  that  cows  bred  upon  the 
land,  anfwer  belt;  for  when  a  purchafed  cow  hap- 
pens to  have  been  bred  upon  poorer  land  than  what 
fhe  is  brought  to,  it  is  generally  not  till  the  fe- 
cond  year,  at  the  earlieft,  that  me  comes  to  her  full 
milk. 

7.  In  Effex,  two  acres  of  prime  pafiure  are  ufually  al- 
lowed, for  the  confumption  cf  a  milch  cow. 

8.  A  cow  goes  with  young  nine  months,  and  from  a 
few  days  to  a  fortnight  over  :  generally  producer  on- 
ly one  calf ;  at  mod  two,  in  which  cafe  the  females 
(called  free-martins)  are  barren,  and  ufually  are  work- 
ed with  oxen. 

9  Young  (lock,  unlefs  almoft  ftarved  by  fhort  paf- 
turage,  run  fat,  and  never  ftand  the  bull. 

30.  Cows  are  liable  to  (lip  calf,  which  is  generally  af- 
cribed  to  infectious  effluvia,  proceeding  from  the 
falfe  birth  ;  the  ill  effects  of  which,  is  fuppofed  to  be 
in  a  great  meafure  prevented  from  fpreading,  by  im- 
mediately burying  the  abortion,  burning  ftraw  di- 
rectly over  the  place,  and  fmearing  the  hind  part  of 
the  cow  with  tar*  but  above  all,  keeping  her  feparate, 
and  as  far  apart  as  poflible  from  other  cows,  ought  ne- 
ver to  be  neglected  ;  various  reafons  are  affigned  as  the 
caufe  of  this  accident,  but  none  that  appear  conclu- 
five,  or  fatisfactory,  explained. 

The  fmelt  of  carrion,  or  any  fiefh  in  a  putrefcent 
ftate,  will  occafion  it. 

11.  The  udders  of  cows  are  fubject  to  two  difeafes. 

a.  The  yellows ;  this  brings  on  a  falfe  quarter,  that  is 
a  deprivation  of  milk  in  one  teat,  accompanied  with 


CRA.     CRE.  <ji 

and  inflammation.  For  this,  the  follow- 
ing remedv  is  laid  feldom  to  fail,  viz.  flour  of  muf- 
Ctrd,  mixed  with  any  liquid  ;  i  oz.  a  dole,  and  repeat- 
ing the  fame  two  or  three  times  in  the  courfe  of  twenty- 
four  hours. 

)w-pox,  this  well  known  d  ilea  ft  is  fuppofed  to  be 
owing,  to  the  milkers  having  been  'accultomcd,  to 
drefa  horfes  which  had  the  Greafe.  A  cow  never  has 
ir  twice. 

CRAB. 

difeale  which  attacks  the  bark  of  fruit  trees  ;  it 
delttoys  particularly  the  inner  bark,  by  reducing  it  to 
a  blackifli  powder.  It  is  fuppofed  to  arife  when 
tranfplanting  trees,  by  changing  them  to  a  differ- 
ent point  of  the  compafs  ;  for  inflance,  by  placing  the 
north  fide  of  the  trunk  towards  the  fouth  ;  where  the 
power  of  the  fun  parches,  and  in  a  manner  burn,,  the 
tender  bark — The  cure,  is  cutting  out  the  whole 
difeafed  part,  and  coating  it  with  a  plaifler  made 
of  equal  parts  of  frelh  clay,  garden  mould,  and  cow- 
dung. 

CREAM. 

i.  In  mod  places  the  milk  \sftimwed  with  a  difli ;  but 
in  Yorkfhire,  the  milk  is  hi  o/T  through  a  hole  in  the 
centre,  leaving   the  cream    in   the   lead.     The    pipe, 
through  which  the  milk   eicapes,   is   fitted  with  a  tall 
wooden  Hopper  :  previous  to  drawing  the   Hopper,  a 
loofe  wide   leaden    pipe,  7   or  S   inches  long,    is  put 
over  it  -,  the  bale  of  this  is  notched,  or  otherwife  made 
uneven,  fo  as  to  admit  the  milk  to  Heal  away  beneath 
it,    without    endangering   the  cfcape    of    the    cream, 
which  (the  pipe  being  removed)  is  afterwards  let  down 
through  the  lame  aperture. 
2.   In  EflcXj  the  milk,  after  Handing  24  hours,  is  fleet- 
and  the   fkim  milk  is  drawn   off  from  the  l< 
into  veHels  (not  lined  with  lead,  bu;)  of  an  increafod 
h;  this   is  called  doubling:    here  it  remains  for 
if  24  hours,  during  which  time,  as  the  cream  ri- 
fe is   fleeted   two  or   three  times.     It  is  then  tre- 
bled or  put  into  tubs,  or  Hill  deeper  veflels,  where  it 


92  CRE. 

is  occafionally  fkimmed,  and  kept  fo  long  as  any  ap- 
pearance of  cream  or  richer  milk  is  found  to  form 
upon  the  furface — The  butter  made  from  the  after- 
fleeting  of  the  milk,  is  of  a  paler  colour,  and  of  an 
inferior  quality  to  that  made  from  cream,  which 
the  nrft  24  hours :  it  is  generally  churned  apart,  and 
fold  at  a  lower  price. 
3.  To  pre/itrve  cream  fweet  for  a  length  of  time — Take 
1 2  oz.  of  white  fugar,  and  difiblve  them  in  the  fmal- 
left  poflible  quantity  of  water,  over  a  moderate  fire  : 
after  the  folution  has  taken  place,  the  fugar  ought  to 
be  boiled  for  about  two  minutes  in  an  earthen  veiTel ; 
when  12  oz.  of  new  cream  mould  be  immediately  ad- 
ded, and  the  whole  uniformly  mixed,  while  hot :  let 
it  then  gradually  cool,  and  pour  it  into  a  bottle, 
which  muft  be  carefully  corked.  If  kept  in  a  cool 
place,  and  not  expofed  to  the  air,  it  may  be  pre- 
served in  a  fweet  itate  for  fcveral  weeks,  and  even 
months. 

CRESSES. 

1.  Garden  Crels.     (Lepidium  Sativum.) 

2.  American  Crefs.     Grows  high,  the  leaves  gad 

3.  Broad-leafed  Crefs. 

4.  Curled  Crefs.     A  variety  of  the  Garden  Cre. 

5.  Indian  Crefs.     See  Nalturtium. 

Culture,  13 c.  of  Garden  Crels. 
1.  Plant. 

a.  This  is  railed  according  to  the  feafon  cf  the 
either  on  a  hot-bed,  under  glaiTes,  or  in  the  open 
ground  ;  and  the  feed  fown  very  thick,  either  in  drills, 
or  broad-cail  and  fine  mould  fifted  over  it;  in  hot 
weather  mull  be  fhaded  and  watered :  requires  to  be 
fown  every  week. 

b.  Either  Muftard,  Rape,  Turr.ep,  or  Radifh,  is  fown 
near  it,  to  be  cut  at  the  fame  time. 

c.  If  they  raife  the  earth  into  a  kind  of  cake  upon 
their  tops,  it  fliould  be  broke,  by  whiflcing  the  earth 
lightly  with  the  hand,  or  the  end  of  a  fmall  fiender 
birch  broom. 

d.  The  hoar-fro(l  mud  be  warned  off  before  the  fun 
rifes  i  or  the  plants  will  change  black,  and  go  ( 


CK  93 

:.   Use 
fallets. 

n  CROFT. 

"  A  fmall  inclofure." 

CROPS. 

f  crops  is  j  i,  it  is  gene 

r.illy  a  rule,  sr  or  impoverijling  crops, 

(hould   not   be   taken    immediately   following;  but   a 

rating  crcp,  ft.culd  immediately  Jucceed  an  impo- 

— All  crops  of  corn,  or  fuch  as  ftand  for 

,   arc  in  general,  reckoned  to  be  impovcriJJjers  of 

land;  and  fucculent  or  juicy  plants,  that  make  pade 

and  cover  the  ground,  are  found  to  be  enricbers  of  land; 

as  turneps,  pejU,  vetches,  and  feveraj  others. 

CROWFOOT. 

I.  Noxious. 

a.  Upright  Meadow  Crowfoot.  (Ranunculus  Jcris.) 
This  is  called,  by  the  common  people,  Butter-cups 
and  Buct-r-fiowcrs,  and  this  name  originated  from  a 
iuppofition,  that  the  yellow  colour  of  butter  is  owing 
to  thefe  plants  ;  that  this  mould  be  the  cafe,  feems 
fcarce  probable,  certainly  it  receives  no  good  tafte 
from  it — Cattle  in  general  will  not  eat  it;  yet  fome- 
times  when  turned  hungry  into  a  new  field  of  grafs, 
or  have  but  a  fmall  fpot  to  range  in,  they  will  feed 
on  it,  and  hence  their  mouths  have  become  fore  and 
bliftered.  When  made  into  hay  it  lofcs  itb  acrid  pro- 
ty,  but  is  too  ftalky  and  hard  to  afford  good  nou- 
riPnment.  It  fhould  feem,  therefore,  to  be  the  inter- 
eft  of  the  farmer,  as  much  as  pollible,  to  root  out 
this  plant  from  his  meadows,  that  its  place  may  be 
fupplied  with  good  fweet  graf;.  Many  continental 
bute  the  fudden  death  of  cattle,  which  is 
often  inexplicable,  to  their  feeding  on  this  plant;  and 
fully  extirpate  it  from  <icld>  and  mea- 
». — Our  peafants  ufe  the  frefh  roots  as  an  excellent 
cautery  for  rheir  cattle; 


94  CRO. 

b.  The  Celery-leaved  Crowfoot  (Ranunculus  See- 
leratus)  is  fufpected  to  have  proved  poifonous  to 
(heep. 

2.  Useful. 

a.  Various  leaved  Water  Crowfoot  (Ranunculus  Aqua- 
tilis.)  It  is  the  practice  at  Ringwood  in  Hampshire, 
to  feed  their  cattle  almoft  intirely  with  this  plant ;  (or 
a  variety  of  the  Ranunculus  Fluviatilis  of  John  Bau- 
hin).  The  cattle  relifh  it  fo  highly,  that  it  is  thought 
unfafe,  to  allow  them  more  than  a  certain  quantity, 
and  they  give  with  this  food  a  fufBcient  quantity  of 
good  milk.  Hogs  are  alfo  fed  with  the  fame  plant  j 
and  they  improve  fo  well,  that  it  is  not  neceffary  to 
allow  them  other  fuftenance,  till  it  is  proper  to  put 
them  up  to  fatten. 

b.  Spear-leaved  Crowfoot.  (Ranunculus  Flammula.') 
Is  ufed  in  many  parts  of  Scotland  to  prevent  rennet 
from  corrupting  or  fmelling — A  handful  of  the  (talks 
and  leaves  is  cut  into  fmall  bits,  and  boiled  for  about 
the  fpace  of  half  an  hour  in  water;  not  unfrequently 
a  fmall  quantity  of  nettles  is  likewife  added  :  they  are 
alfo  thought  to  make  it  itronger,  and  to  be  very  fer- 
viceable  in  preventing  the  unctuous  part  of  the  milk 
from  being  carried  off  with  the  whey. 

c.  Creeping  Crowfoot.  (Ranunculus  Repens.)  Cows 
are  very  fond  of  this  plant. 

d.  Bulbous  Crowfoot.  (Ranunculus  Pulbofus.)  The 
frefh  flowers,  boiled  with  allum,  dye  both  filk  and 
worfted  of  a  deep  lemon  colour.  The  dry  flowers 
dye  ferge,  previoully  boiled  with  with  allum  and  wrung 
out,  of  an  orange  colour,  by  long  boiling ;  of  a  le- 
mon colour,  by  fhort  boiling  ;  and  filk  of  a  beautiful 
brimftone  colour,  without  allum.  Hogs  are  fond  of 
the  roots. 

CROWN-GRAFTING. 

Is  performed  upon  (locks  which  are  two  large  for 
cleft-grafting :  the  head  being  fawed  or  cut  off  ho- 
rizontally, feveral  grafts  are  inferted  around  the  crown 
or  top,  betwixt  the  rind  and  wood ;  the  grafting 
firffc  floped  off  on  one  fide,  forming  a  kind  of  fhoul- 
der  at  top,  (lit  the  rind,  ajid  feparate  it  from  the  wood 


CRO.     CUC.  05 

with  a  wedge,  and  introduce  the  grafts  between;  then 
tie  and  clay  them. 

CROWS,  (lee  vermin.) 

CUCUMBKR. 

i.  Common   Cucumber.      (Cucumis    Sativus.)     Vai. 

i.  Common   (ireen;   i.  Long  white  Dutch — this  is 

better  than  the   firft,  being   firmer  and  having   few 

feeds. 
2    Long  Turkey  C.     (C.  Flexuofus.)     This  is  greatly 

preferred  to  the  former,  but  is  railed  with  difficulty. 
3.  Sanfpareil  C.     Early,    prolific,  fine  flavoured;  the 

fruit  from  15  to  20  inches  long. 

Culture,  &c,  of  the  Common  Cucumber. 
1.  Increased  by  Seed. 

a.  Should  be  three  or  four  years  old,  but  if  more,  pro- 
vided it  will  grow  the  better,  as  it  will  produce  lei's 
vigorous  plants  indeed,  but  more  fruitful. 

b.  In  dry  hot  weather  foak  the  feeds  for  the  third  crop 
the  night  before  they  are  fown,  in  water  or  milk — In 
cold  unfavourable  weather  feme  raife  this  crop  upon 
a  hot-bed ;  and  afterwards  tranfplant  them  with  a  ball 
of  earth  into  the  open  ground. 

c.  Seed  fhould  be  got  from  fruit  growing  near  the  root, 
which  mult  remain  on  the  vines  till  ripe,  then  hung 
againft  a  wall  till  the  rind  begins  to  decay,  when  the 
feed  and  pulp  is  to  be  fcraped  into  a  vefiel,  to  remain 
there  for  eight  or  ten  days  to  rot  the  pulp  ;  after  which, 
pour  feveral  waters  on  them  (ftirring  it  well  at  bottom) 
till  the  feeds  are  clean  ■,  and  laftly,  dry  them  upon  a 
mat. 

2.    INCREASED     BY     LAYERS. 

;on  as  feveral  flower-buds  appear  on  a  plant, 
bend  the  fecond  or  third  joint  of  a  branch  below  the 
bloflbm,  fatten  it  firmly  into  the  ground,  and  cut  off 
the  capillary  point  of  the  plant  ;  lr  ljxedilv  takes  root, 
and  mufl  be  leparated  from  the  parent  flock  :  as  each 
root  has  only  to  fapply  a  lev.  fruits  with  nourifhment, 
•ves  room,  labour,  and  time,  and  affords  a  con- 
usant fupply   for  eight,    twelve,    and    more    month';, 


96  CCC. 

which  is  not  h  liable  to  degenerate,  as  if  they  were 
raifed  from  a  variety  of  feeds. 

3.  First  crop;  from  seed. 

a.  The  plants  are  raifed  at  or  before  Chriftmas,  in  pots, 
plunged  either  in  a  ftove  or  hot-bed,  and  tranfplant- 
ed  under  frames,  two  healthy  plants  ferving  for. each 
light. 

b.  The  glaffes  mould  be  frequently  wiped,  to  prevent 
moifture  falling  on  the  plant. 

c.  Should   be   watered,    and    frtfli   air    admitted  v. 
caution. 

d.  When  they  begin  to  pufli  the  firft  runner,  flop  or 
prune  at  the  firft  joint,  to  promote  ftrength. 

e.  The  male  flower  fhould  be  placed  upon  the  female, 
and  gendy  preffed  down,  to  impregnate  the 

/.  The  water  fhould  be  fet  in  the  frames,  till  as  wa 
as  the  air  in  the  frames. 

4.  Second  crop. 

r.  Is  raifed  on  a  hot-bed  under  bell  or  hand  gla 
from  feed  (own  about  the  middle  of  March  or  a  little 
later,  according  to  the  weather,  and  pricked  out  on  a 
more  moderate  hot-bed,  2  inches  diftant  from  each 
other,  and  fhaded  till  they  take  root.  In  April  they 
will  be  fit  to  be  planted  on  the  ridges,  the  glaffes  to  be 
firft  placed  24  hours  on  hiils,  3-  feet  or  4  feet  afun- 
der,  the  middle  of  the  hill  is  to  be  hollowed  with  the 
hand,  and  4  plants  fet  in  each;  at  firft  the  glaffes  are 
to  be  raifed  opponte  the  wind,  as  the  feafon  advances, 
on  he  foucfa  ;  when  the  plants  are  too  large  for  the 
gla  s,  they  are  to  be  raifed  on  bricks  or  forked 
flic.  »j  and  wholly  removed  the  latter  end  of  June 
or  beginning  of  July. 

b.  The  time  for  watering  is  at  eight  or  nine  o'clock  in 
the  forenoon,  and  at  four  or  eight  in  the  evening. 
5.  Third  crop. 

a.  This  crop  is  railed  in  the  open  ground,  holes  being 
dug  and  filled  with  fine  earth,  hollowed  in  the  middle 
in  form  of  a  bafon,  and  eight  or  nine  feeds  iown  in  the 
middle  of  each  ;  when  the  rough  leaf  begins  to  appear, 
only  four  of  the  moil  promifing  and  beft  fituated  is 
to  be  left  in  each  hole,  ftirring  the  earth,  and  adding 


CUL.  07 

a  little  more  round  the   (hanks,  and  giving  a  little 

.rcr. 

I'ill  the  feed  leaves  expand,  they  muft  be  well  guard- 
ed againil  fparrows,  which  are  very  fond  of  the  young 
tender  heads. 

c  The  fruit  of  fuch  as  are  trained  up  a  wall,  is  freer 
from  fpots  than  fuch  as  lay  on  the  ground. 

d.  The  fruit  from  this  crop  is  tit  for  pickling  the  latter 
end  of  July  or  beginning  of  Augult — 50  holes  will 
furnilh  about  200  twice  a  week ;  fome  may  be  left  to 
grow  large  for  the  table. 

e.  The  London  gardeners  generally  raife  this  crop  be- 
tween rows  of  cauliflowers,  planted  4  [  feet  afunder  ; 
or  on  beds  3  or  4  feet  wide,  with  a  foot  alley  between 
each. 

6.  Fourth  crop. 
a.  Seed  fown  from  the  middle  of  Augufl:  till  the  mid- 
dle of  September,  under  glalTcs  in  a  hot-bed,  to  pro- 
duce fruit  in  October,  November,  dec. 

7.   Use. 
a.  When  frefh,  for  the  table;  and   alio  pickled  ;    the 
Ultfcwhen  young,  called  Gerkins,  and  when  old  Man- 

CULTIVATOR. 

An  implement  in  hufbandry  which  anlwers  the  pur- 

pofe  not  only   of  ploughing,   but   harrowing   likewife, 

without  cutting  the  quick  grafs  (blue  grafs  by  fome  in 

nerica)  roots  in  two;    which  is  an  advantage  that 

ploughing  has  not. 

1.  Nottinghamfhire  C.  This  has,  in  common  with  a 
plough,  abeam,  wheels,  and  handles;  inftead  of  a 
ire,  there  are  two  bulls,  the  firil  4  feet  6  inche9 
long,  with  four  teeth  ;  the  fecond  3  feet  9  inches,  with 
five  teeth — the  teeth  are  2  feet  loncc,  a»d  bent  near 
■  c  bottom,  for  the  (hare  part  to  be  flat  on  the  earth; 
the  teeth  ate  1  2  inches  apart,  and  by  interfering  the 
di:  reduced  to  6,  and  the  breadth  of  the  ihare 

being   3,    reduces    the   intermediate    fpaee  to   a   I 

:nfion. — Four  horfes  and    one   man,    will 
1  from  fix  to  feven  acres  per  day,  in  land  land. 
[    I 


9S  CUL.     CUR, 

2.  Cooke's  C.  Called  alfo  a  Shuffler. — It  confifts  of  a 
diagonal  beam,  with  from  three  to  feven  (hares,  of 
different  fizes,  for  various  ufes,  applied  to  two  han- 
dles, by  which  it  is  guided  laterally,  and  may  alfo  be 
forced  into  the  ground  to  any  given  depth  at  pleafure. 
It  is  ufed  as  a  fubititute  for  ploughing  and  harrowing, 
by  tearing  or  lacerating  the  foil  internally,  without 
tearing  a  furrow.  The  narrow  ihaves  or  fcarifiers  are, 
in  fome  cafes,  ufed  for  obtaining  a  tilth  in  light  foils 
without  ploughing  at  alii  and  the  broad  fhares  for  cut- 
ting up  a  fleece  of  weeds,  and  afterwards  leaving  them 
to  perifh  on  the  furface  of  the  land.  In  ftrong  corn- 
pad:  land  one  previous  ploughing  is  neceffary. 

"  CULVER. 
"  Pigeon  or  Dove:  a  Culver-houfe.cc 

CURRANTS. 

i.   Common  Currant  tree.     (Ribes  Ruhr  urn),    Var. 

a.  With  dark  or  pale  red  fruit;  the  laft  called  Cham- 
paign Currants.  '  The  old  darker  red  and  imaller 
currant  is  a  much  richer  fruit;  but  is  nearly  lolj  by 
a  preference  given  to  fixe,  in  the  paler  and  red  cur- 
rant." 

b.  With  white  fruit, 

i.  Black  Currant-tree.     (R.  Nigru!):.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  The  fruit  is  always  beft  tailed  when  they  grow  in  it 
dry  foil,  and  an  open  fpot  of  ground. 
i.  Increased. 

a.  By  the  fame  methods  as  the  goofeberry-tree;  which 
fee. 

b.  By  grafting. 

CYPRESS. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Levant  Cyprefs. 

i.    Soil. 
a.  A  warm  fandy,  gravelly  foil. 

2.    Increased. 

a.  By  feed — Which  muft  be  procured  in  the  cones  from 

abroad,  and  expofed  to  a  gentle  heat  to  make  them  open. 


O  9f 

3.    Tree. 
Grows  to  a  large  fize;    and  Millar  thinks  it  would 
produce  in  England,  planks  rit  for  life,  in  as  fhort  a 
time  as  the  oak. 

,  4.    Use. 
a.  The  timber  of  this  tree  is  very  valuable,  and  is  faid 
to  refift  the  worm,  moth,  and  all  putre  fad  ion,  and  to 
latt  many  years. 

Culture,  <5c.  of  the  Virginian  Cyprefs. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  in  fwamps,  or  where  the  water  co- 
the  ground  3  or  4  feet, 
ts  a  boggy  foil. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  procured  in  the  cones  from  America. 

b.  By  cuttings,  planted  in  the  fpring,  before  the  trees 
begin  ro  (hoot. 

3.  Tree. 
a.  In  America  grows  to  fuch  an  amazing  fize,  that  boats 
or  pettiaugres,  capable  of  carrying  a  confiderable  bur- 
den, are  formed  from  the  trunk  of  a  fingle  tree. 
4.   Use. 

a.  Makes  choice  mingles,    poles  and  boards,   of  long 
duration. 

b.  From  the  cones  iflfue  a  moll  fragrant  balfam,    like 
ball  am  of  Tclu. 

Culture,   &e.  of  Maryland  Cyprefs. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  A  moid  ftrong  foil. 

:.   Tree. 
a.  According  to  Millar  it  is  a  tree  extremely  worth  cul- 
-.  gland,    as  it  grows  in  a  much   colder 
country,  to  a  confiderable  height. 
3.   Use. 
in  ufeful  timber. 
As  the  above  trees  have  been  many  years  planted  in 
t  is  to  be  wifhed,  that  the  public  were  ac- 
cd  with  the  fize  they  have  attained  to,  and  the 
rhe  wood. 


ioo  CYT.     DAI.     DIB. 

ROMJN  CYTISUS.     (Colutea  Arborefcens.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Increased. 
a.  By  fuckers;  planted  in  weak  (Kibble  land,  at  3  feet 
diftance. 

1.    Plant. 
a.  In  a  little  time  over-runs  the  ground  to  that  thick- 
nefs,  that  it  may  be  mowed  three  times  a  year,  not  fuf- 
fering  it  to  grow  above  a  foot  high  before  mowing. 
3.  Use. 
a.  The  leaves  and  flowers,  which  are  to  the  tafte  as  fvveet 
as  the  richeft  Dutch  Clover,  fpeedily  fatten  cattle. 

DAIRY. 

1.  Should  be  roomy,  airy,  and  fiaded  from  the  fun,  and 
the  windows  to  face  the  north ;  wherever  a  ftream  of 
water  can  be  brought  through  it,  the  opportunity 
fhould  always  be  embraced. 

1.  Wooden  vejfels  fuppofed  to  be  the  beft  for  holding 
milk,  but  unlefs  kept  clean,  communicates  a  difagree- 
able  tafte  to  the  milk. 

One  of  the  beft  methods  of  cleaning  and  feafoning 
wooden  veffels  for  milk,  is,  after  being  well  rinfed  in 
cold  water,  to  put  them  into  boiling  water  for  the  fpace 
of  about  three  minutes:  then  to  be  kept  dry  till  wanted. 

DIBBLING. 

It  is  objected  to  dibbling  of  feeds,  and  to  tranfplant- 
mg  of  any  plants  with  the  dibbk,  particularly  in  ftrong 
land;  that  in  thrufting  it  down,  the  earth  is  fo  much 
comprefTed  all  around  the  fide  of  the  hole,  that  in  wet 
weather  the  hole  ftands  filled  with  water,  and  in  dry 
weather  the  fides  of  the  hole  become  fo  hard,  that  the 
young  tender  fibres  cannot  fpread  to  collect  nourishment 
for  the  plant. 

1.  Dibbling  of  Wheat.  This  is  principally  practifed  in 
Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and  Lincolnfhire. — The  method  is, 
after  rolling  with  a  light  roller,  a  man  walking  back- 
wards on  the  fiag,  with  a  dibble  of  iron,  the  handle 
about  3  feet  long,  in  each  hand,  ftrikes  two  rows  of 
holes,  about  4  inches  from  one  row  to  the  other,  on 
each  flag;  and  he  is  followed  by  three  or  four  childr. 


DIB.  101 

to  drop  the  grains,  three,  four,  or  five  in  each  hole. 
In  this  way,  from  fix  to  (even  pecks  ot  feeds  are  depo- 
sited, at  very  equal  depths,  in  the  centre  ot  the  flag. 
A  brufli  harrow  follows  to  cover  it;  the  expencc  eight 
or  nine  (hillings  an  acre.  There  are  leveral  circum- 
ftances  which  render  this  method  fuperior  to  the  broad- 
caft — the  treading  lb  equally  i  very  beneficial  upon 
light  foil;  and  in  dry  weather  hurtful  to  none.  The 
feed  is  laid  in  at  an  equal  and  good  depth;  and  it  is  all 
in  the  flag  itfelf,  and  not  dropt  in  the  (earns,  where 
weeds,  if  any,  will  arife:  and  there  is  fome  faviog  in 
feed.  The  fact  is,  the  crops  are  fuperior  to  the  com- 
mon, and  the  famples  more  equal.  It  is  not  common 
to  hoe,  except  only  when  one  row  is  put  in  inltead  of 
two— -Some  ufe  a  frame,  which  ftrik.es  many  holes  at  a 
time ;  but  the  work  is  not  fo  well  done. 

Beans,  Nuts,  and  Potatoes  are  frequently  planted 
with  the  dibble,  a  line  being  generally  drawn  acrofs 
the  ridges  to  guide  the  people. 

The  implements  for  Beans,  Nuts,  and  Potatoes, 
are — 

a.  The  common  dibble,  about  18  inches  long,  with  a 
handle  like  a  fpade,  and  the  point  fhod  with  iron. 

b.  Long  dibble:   this  is  about  3^  lung,  and  is  ufed  foi 
Potatoes. 

c.  The  following  method  of  making  holes  for  beans, 

i  been  recommended,  viz.  Take  a  plank  of  oak, 
of  fuch  a  fize  as  a  man  can  eafily  manage,  by  a  handle 
fixed  upright  in  the  middle  of  it,  and  of  fuch  thick- 
nefs  as  not  to  give  way  in  working;  in  the  under  part 
of  this  plank,  let  there  be  fixed  wooden  peg:;,  of  fuch 
length,  and  at  fuch  dillancc  from  each  other,  as  may 
form  proper  holes  in  the  ground  for  the  beans:  when 
1  has  been  pro;>erlv  prepared,  the  workman  mull 
thrult  the  peg^  of  tins  inilrument  into  the  ground,  and 
proceed  fide- ways,  managing  it  fo,  that  there  may  be 
'  the  fame  diftance  between  the  Iaft  row  of  holes  made 
by  the  firft  imprellion,  and  the  fir  ft  row  made  by  the 
next,  as  there  is  between  the  rows  of  any  one  impref- 
fion.  The  youngeft  children  may  be  taught  to  follow 
the  inftrumtnt,  and  drop  a  bean  into  every  hole  that 
it  makes. 


io2  DIE.     DOG.     DOV. 

"  DIET. 

"  Ought  to  be  attended  to ;  and  in  the  country  be 
fimple,  plain,  and  neatly  dreffed,  unpoifoned  with  fo- 
reign, harfh  ingredients.  Spices,  fair,  condiments,  &c. 
to  be  moderately  admitted.  In  FrTays  and  Notes  on 
Hufbandry  are  good  general  rules  to  the  purpoie." 

DOGBANE.     (Apocynum  Cannabium.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.   Plant. 

a.  This  plant  is  a  native  of  North  America,  but  grows 
very  freely  in  England,  and  is  propagated  by  parting 
of  the  roots;  which  are  apt  to  fpread  fo  much  in  gar- 
dens, as  to  be  troublefome. 

i.  Use. 

a.  In  America  the  people  prepare  the  ftalks  in  the  fame 
manner  as  we  prepare  thoie  of  Hemp:  It  is  fpun,  and 
feveral  kinds  of  fluff  woven  from  it. 

DOVES. 

i.  Ring  Dove,  Wood  Pigeon,  or  Queeft  (Columba 
Palumbus) — Brown,  author  of  the  Compieat  Farmer, 
hatched  the  eggs  of  this  bird  under  a  tame  pigeon;  and 
they  kept  to  the  dove-cot,  and  bred  much  better  than 
the  common  pigeons,  which  they  exceeded  in  fize  and 
hardinefs;  in  Winter  they  lived  upon  ivy-berries,  tur- 
neps,  and  a  great  many  other  things  that  pigeons  will 
not— As  in  fimilar  attempts,  made  by  others  to  do- 
mefticate  them,  they  always  took  to  their  native  haunts; 
it  would  be  advifeable  to  redr  them  under  fancy  pige- 
ons, which  do  not  wander  far  from  home. 

2.  Collared  Dove.  (C.  Rijcrid).  This  bird  is  frequent- 
ly kept  with  us  in  aviaries,  and  cages,  in  both  of  which 
they  readily  breed;  and  doubtlefs  would  in  any  pigeon 
houfe;  being  a  very  hardy  bird. 

The  ground  Dove  (C.  P  offer  in  a.)  which  is  a  na- 
tive of  the  Weft  India  Iflands,  and  excellent  eating, 
will  propagate  in  a  ftate  of  domefticity,  the  circum- 
ftance  having  been  tried  at  Vienna;  and  probably 
would  in  England^  if  introduced.     (See  Pigeons.) 


DRA.  k>3 

DRAINS. 

lade  with  a  plough. 

a.  For  open  drains — ( i  )  Arbuthnot's  draining  plough ; 
im  by  Rack  and  Pinion,  to  vsoik  to  any  width 
— fee  Sharp's  figures.  (2.)  Two  draining  ploughs, 
different  from  the  above,  are  given  US  in  the  General 
Vic  v.  oi  the  Agriculture  of  Leicefterfhire,  plate  3,  fig. 
6. — And  in  that  of  the  county  of  Durham,  plate  1, 
fig.  2.    (3.)  Di .  Darwin's. 

b.  For  nude*  drains — Scott's  Mole  plough ;  (fee  plate 
fig.  10)  this  breaks  the  furface  no  more  than  a  thin 
coulter  would,  drawn  along,  which  mark  difappears  in 
a  few  days:  the  drain  ic  makes  is  from  1  toot  to  iS 
inc  pj  and  the  bore  2^  inches  diameter.  Price 
about  two  guin 

2.  Made  with  a  Roller,  or  Wheel. 

a.  The  draining  wheel  is  make  of  caft  iron,  four  hun- 
i  weight,  4  feet  in  diameter;  the  cutting  edge,  or 
reme  circumference  of  the  wheel,  is  half  an  inch 
thick,  which  increafing  in  thicknefs  towards  the  nave 
or  centre,  will,  at  15  inches  deep,  fcore  out  or  cut  a 
drain  half  an  inch  wide  at  bottom,  and  4  inches  wide 
at  the  top.  This  wheel  is  lb  placed  in  a  frame,  that 
it  may  be  loaded  at  pleafure,  to  be  made  to  operate  to 
a  greater  or  lejs  depth,  according  to  the  refinance  made 
by  the  ground,  which  thus  fcored  out  in  the  winter, 
the  wheel-trafls  are  either  then  Jilted  with  jl raw  ropes  y 
and  lightly  covered  over;  or  left  to  crack  wider  and 
deeper,  during  the  enfuing  fummer.  The  fifiures  are 
then  filled  with  twifted  ftfaw  and  bufl:esy  and  covered 
lightly  with  fome  of  the  molt  porous  earth  that  may  be 
moft  conveniently  at  hand  ;  and  thus  Upon  the  grafsor 
ley  land,  arc  hollow  drains,  formed  at  little  or  no  ex- 
pense, and  which,  upon  trial,  have  been  found  to  an- 
extremely  well. 

3.  Brick  Drains. 

Mate,  fig.  6,  reprefents  to:  a  fmall  drain,   a  hollow 
brick,  two  ot  which,  placed  one  upon  the  other,  form 
pipe. 

,  li_'.  7,   reprefents  bricks  for  ::  'rain — 

D  D  two  bricks —    ith  £  a  (lone  on  1 


i_4  DRA. 

The  mould  prefiing  on  the  fides  of  the  bricks,  keeps 
m  firm  in  their  place:  turf  is  laid  upon  the  ftone, 
th  the  grafs  C  ..ds. 

4.  Stone  Drains. 

a.  The  drains  cut  10  or  12  inches  wide,  with  perpen- 

-3,  and  fiat  ftones,  fo  placed,  as  to  leave  a 
.:er-courfe  at  bottom,  by  fettingtwo  fiat  ftones  trian- 
gularly, to  meet  a:  the  points — Or  by  covering  the 
bottoir.  le,  and  then  putting  three  other 

it  ftones  upright,  leaving  the  water  to  find  its  own 
way  between  them — in  bo: b  Ailing  up  the  refidue 

of  the  drain  to  the  top,   or  near  the  top,  with  loofe 
ftones. 

.ere  gravel  is  more  plentiful  than  ftones,  fcreened 
c  r  warned  gravel  has  been  found  to  anfwer  the  purpofe 
:ones  from  the  fea-fide  are  particularly 
d  for  filling  drains,  being  fmocrh,  and  general- 
round,  the  water  paffes  more  freely  between  them. 

b.  I  — 3  feet  deep  and  1 8  inches  wide  ;  the 
bottom  laid  with  flag-ftones,  and  the  fides  built  up  to 
a  fufficient  height  with  ftones,  and  covered  with  fiag- 
ftones,  over  which  are  laid  fods  of  turf,  with  the  grafiy 
fides  undermoft:  thefe  are  covered  with  earth,  furfici- 
ent  to  admit  the  plough. 

drains  are  generally  directed,  at  an  a- 
cute  angle,  into  the  main  drains. 

5.  Sod  or  Earth  Drains. 

a.  Dug  1  fpade,  or  2  feet  deep,  then  with  another  in- 
ftrument  (fee  plate,  fig.  3.)  of  4  inches  wide,  take 
out  the  foil  of  the  drain  made  by  the  fpade  1 2  inches 
deeper i    cove:  1  the  fods  firft  dug  out,  if  the 

r  jund  was  found  ftrong  enough  to  admit  of  it,  other- 
it  in  fome  black  thorns,  fufficient  to  bear  the 

It  is  the  opinion,  that  thofe  drains  have  lafted  long- 
eft,  which  have  the  leait  wacer-way  left  at  bottom; 

.  in  tha:  te  force  of  the  water  has  been  fuffici- 
ent to  clea  ..ny  little  obftacles  that  might  chance 
to  get  in. 

-  or  three  fpits  deep  with  a  broad  fpade,  then 

:  bottom  Liken  out  with  a  narrow  one,  (fig.  3.)  and 


DRA.  io5 

c.  A  furrow  draw  with  a  plough,  and  cleared  by  a 
common  fpade;  then  the  draining  instrument  is  in- 
troduced to  the  depth  of  1 8  inches  from  the  furface ; 
and  after  the  loofe  mould  is  taken  out  with  the  fcoop, 
(fee  plate  fig.  4.)  black-thorn  buihes,  or  which  is  bet- 
ter, heath,  are  carefully  laid  along  the  bottom,  covered 
with  Strong  wheat-Straw,  and  the  whole  clofed  in. — 
Wheat-firaWy  twilled  to  the  thicknefs  of  a  man's  leg, 
has  been  found  to  be  an  eafy  and  cheap  way  of  Sup- 
plying the  want  of  other  materials — fig.  5.  is  an  en- 
gine ufed  to  twifi  it. 

If  land  lies  upon  a  declivity,  care  ftould  be  taken, 
that  the  drains  have  an  eafy,  gentle  defcent ;  for,  it 
they  have  too  quick  a  fall,  they  are  apt  to  burjl,  or 
to  excavate;  and  having  loft  their  protection  below, 
the  leaft  prefifure  from  above  will  deftroy  the  drain. 

d.  Two  and  a  half  or  3  feet  deep,  and  as  narrow  as 
pofilble;  a  fhatum  of  fmall  ftones  about  20  inches 
thick,  laid  in  the  bottom;  above  thefe,  a  Stratum  of 
heath  or  rufhes  6  inches  thick,  and  the  remaining 
vacuity  filled  up  to  the  furface  with  earth. — See  the 
plate,  fig.  8,  and  9,  for  the  order,  in  which  fome  place 
the  ftonts. 

e.  On  (tifFlands  hollow  drains  have  been  tried  without 
ftones — narrow  at  the  bottom,  and  covered  half  way 
up  with  lbds,  or  fquare  Spits  of  the  furface  fward, 
refting  on  ledges  cut  for  ihat  purpofe. 

/.  Sods  raifed  up  in  the  drain,  and  covered  with  others. 
Under-drains  are  fometimes  choaked  by  the  Angu- 
lar mode  of  under-ground  vegetation  of  the  marfh 
Horfe-tail  (Equifetum  ■paluftre)  :  the  only  effectual 
remedy,  is  the  fimple  expedient  of  calling  the  under 
into  open  drains. 

g.  Open  drains   are  of  two  kinds,  in  form  either  of  a 
ditch,  with   perpendicular   fides  ;  or   of  a  broad  fur- 
row, having  the  fides  of  fo  gentle  declivity,  as  to  ad- 
mit the  cart  and  the  plough  to  go  over  them. 

In  fome    places  the  earth  or   mud   thrown    out  of 

drains,  when    digging  or    cleaning  of  them,  is  lbwn 

with   oats,  or  planted    with    potatoes. — If  the    cloo-s 

dug  out  are  clay,  burnt,  the  allies  of  them  laid  abouf 

[    '4] 


io6  DRI. 

a  foot  deep,  bind,  and  form  an  excellent  bottom  for 
farm  yards. 

h.  To  keep  clay  tillage-ground  dry,  it  is  found  necef- 
fary  to  confult  nature,  and  make  the  direction  of  the 
ridges  follow  the  courfe  of  the  declivity ;  making 
drains  acrofs  whenever  the  water  does  not  follow  the 
furrow — Thefe  drains  mould  be  always  kept  free  and 
open  with  the  fpade,  the  earth  being  liable  to  fall  in, 
from  various  accidents. 

i.  Mr.  Elkingtons  -method  is  to  work  the  drains  up,  be- 
ginning at  the  fall,  and  working  upwards ;  he  makes 
ufe  of  a  borer  to  find  the  fpring. 

The  borer  is  of  the  fame  kind,  as  is  the  inftrument 
made  ufe  of  for  boring  in  fearch  of  pit-coal,  &c.  the 
lower  part  is  in  the  fhape  of  a  large  auger,  from  24 
to  3  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  made  in  different 
lengths,  and  fcrews  one  to  the  other,  to  any  length 
you  choofq  :  it  is  worked  by  two  men,  who,  after  they 
have  bored  one  piece  into  the  ground,  fcrew  on  ano- 
ther length,  and  lb  on  till  the  fpring  is  found,  or  as 
deep  as  they  think  proper.  The  borer  above  the  au- 
ger part  is  about  an  inch  fquare ;  and  the  men  have 
each  of  them  an  iron  bar,  one  end  of  which  is  fitted 
to  the  fquare  part  of  the  borer,  which  ferves  as  a  han- 
dle to  amir,  in  boring. 

DRILL-MACHINES. 

1 .  Barrow-drill ;  fows  a  lingle  row  at  a  time,  and  is 
adapted  to  all  grains  or  feeds 

2.  Horn's  ■,  this  alfo  fcatters  the  feed  in  the  broadcafr 
manner. 

3.  Wellward's;  drills  feven  rows  at  a  time,  each  7  in- 
ches apart,  and  any  required  quantity  per  acre,  of  any 
kind  of  feed  ;  is  drawn  by  two  horfes  abreaft,  in  a 
double  pair  of  fhafts,  is  very  fimple  in  conftrudtion, 
and  not  liable  to  get  out  of  order. 

4.  Cooke's  ;  drills  fix  rows  at  a  time,  and  thus  lows 
an  acre  of  land  in  an  hour,  and  is  drawn  by  a  fingle 
.horfe  ;  and  chc  quantity  of  feed  confumed,  is  about 
fix  or  feven  pecks  to  an  acre,  which  is  about  half  the 
quantity  ufed,  in  fowing  by  the  hand  in  the  broad- 
cast method. 


DUC.  107 

5.  Dr.  Darwin's — This  is  fimply  an  improvement  of 
that  defcribed  in  Mr.  Tull's  book,  by  enlarging  that 
part  of  the  axle-tree  which  delivers  the  grain  into  a 
cylinder  of  fome  inches  diameter,  with  excavations 
in  the  rim ;  which  rim  rifes  above  the  furface  of  the 
corn  in  the  feed-box,  and  lets  drop  again  into  the 
feed-box  whatever  grains  fill  the  holes  above  the  le- 
vel of  the  rim,  as  that  fide  of  the  cylinder  afcends. 
Whence  the  quantity  delivered  is  uniform,  and  no 
grains  are  in  the  way  to  be  bruifed  or  injured. 

6.  Ducket's — This  is  a  kind  of  plough  having  ten 
fmall  fhares,  9  inches  apart ;  thefe  cut  as  many  drills, 
and  the  (eed  is  fown  broad-caft  (but  not  quite  fo  much 
feed  as  in  the  common  method)  over  thefe  furrows  ; 
and  a  light  pair  of  harrows,  which  work  upon  a  kind 
of  hinges  in  the  middle,  follows  in  the  fame  direc- 
tion as  the  drills,  levels  the  furface,  ftrikes  the  feed 
into  the  furrows,  and  covers  it  with  the  greateft  accu- 
racy. Harfh  and  ftubborn  lands  are  inapplicable  to 
this  inftrument :  it  drills  wheat,  barley,  peas,  or  beans, 
&c. 

See  turneps,  for  a  method  of  drilling  its  feed  with 
a  plough. 

7.  Mure's — This  is  a  drill- plough,  with  two  mould- 
boards  at  once  going,  forms  the  ridge  with  the  dung 
in  the  centre  of  it,  makes  a  drill,  fows  the  feed,  and 
covers  it.  It  anfwers  for  turneps,  beans,  cabbages, 
and  potatoes.  The  plants  being  reduced  to  a  proper 
diftance,  with  the  fhort-hoe,  a  man  with  an  old  horfe 
with  the  fame  plough,  may  hoe  four  acres  a  day,  pare 
the  fides  and  bottoms  of  the  furrows,  mix  the  foil, 
lay  it  up  to  the  plants,  and  leave  not  a  weed  to  be 
feen.  Turneps  fo  grown,  exceed  in  weight  per  acre 
the  broad-caft  method  50  per  cent. 

The  beft  direction  for  drills  or  ridges>  is  N.  W. 
and  S.  E. 

DUCK. 

1.  Mufcovy  Duct.  (Anas  Mofchatus.)  Much  larger 
than  the  common  duck,  lays  more  eggs,  and  fits  often- 


ioS  EDI.     EGI.     EGL. 

er;  the  flefli  of  a  very  lint  favour — Will  breed  with 
the  common  duck. 

2.   Common  Duck.      (A  Bofchas.) 

r..  Like  the  wild  duck  in  fhape  and  fize,  but  often 
differing  in  colour:  a^  white,  black,  pied,  &c. — 
Some  have  a  downy  tuft  on  rlicir  head. 

b.  With  a  ihorter  neck,  larger  head,  and  broad  turned 
up  bill — Lays  many  eggs. 

o.  French  or  grey  D.  much  larger  than  the  common  ; 
but  the  flefh  not  fo  fine  flavoured. 

d.  With  a  hooked-bill.  It  ieems  only  to  be  kept  in 
England  out  of  curiofity ;  but  in  Germany,  it  19  faid, 
the  breed  is  encouraged,  almoft  to  the  exclufion  of 
the  common  fort. 

The  common  D.  begins  to  lay  in  February,  and 
muft  be  well  attended  to,  or  they  will  lay  their  eggs 
abroad;  fits  about  31  days;  the  ducklings  mould 
have  water  in  broad  difhes,  and  not  be  fuffered  to  go 
to  a  pond,  till  a  month  old;  they  alfo  fatten  lboner 
by  being  kept  from  it  when  full  grown  :  feed,  befides 
corn,  on  lettuce  and  cabbage  leaves,  and  alfo  on 
acorns,  which  makes  them  very  fat.  Hens  readily 
hatch  duck  eggs,  and  rear  the  young  ;  but  are  at  firft 
much  diltrefied  at  the  ducklings  going  into  the  water ; 
It  is  obferved,  that  ducks  hatched  after  Midfummer, 
ufually  get  cramps,  fprawl  about  in  an  odd  manner, 
and  throwing  themfelves  on  their  backs,  die  of  con- 
vulfions. 

"  EDISH. 

"  Grafs  after  mowing — latter  pafture." 

"  EGISTMENTS. 

"  Cattle  taken  in  and  fed  or  grazed  by  the  week  or 
month." 

EGLANTINE  or  SWEET-BRIAR. 

Culture >  &f. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed — The  hips  to  be  kept  during   winter  in  a 

tub,  when  the  feed  eafily  rubs  out,  and  being  fown  in 


ELD.  109 

March,  comes  up  the  next  year.     A  crop  of  peas  may 
be  fown  with  them. 
b.  By  dividing  the  roots  of  old  plants. 

2.  Use. 

a.  As  a  fence  to  fields — This  was  done  in  Scotland, 
by  laying  the  young  plants  18  inches  apart  on  the 
grafs  before  the  dike  was  made  up ;  in  four  or  five 
years  they  formed  a  fence  fo  fcrong,  that  neither  fheep, 
bl^ck  cattle,  or  horfes  could  pals  :  where  the  fence  is 
thin,  it  may  be  thickened,  by  laying  down  branches. 
This  fhrub  was  not  known  to  Limiaus — Light  - 
foot,  in  his  Flora  Scotica,   names  it  Rofa  Suavifolia. 

ELDER.     (Sambucus  Nigra.) 

1.  With  black  berries. 

1.  With  white  berries,  grows  in  feveral  parts  of  Staf- 
fordfhire. 

3.  With  green  berries. 

4.  With  variegated  leaves ;  and  with  Parfley  fhaped 
leaves. 

Culturey  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Will  grow  upon  any  foil,  or  in  any  fituation. 
2.   Increased. 

a.  By  fowing  the  feed  as  foon  as  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

b.  By  cuttings,  planted  at  any  time  from  September  to 
March. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Should  not  be  planted  near  habitations,  becaufe  at 
the  feafon  when  it  is  in  flower,  it  emits  fuch  a  ftrong 
fcent,  as  will  occafion  violent  pains  in  the  heads  of 
thofe  who  abide  long  near  them ;  and  often  caufes  fe- 
vers, efpecially  if  flept  under, 

b.  No  animal  will  eat  it. 

c.  The  berries  faid  to  be  poifonous  to  poultry. 

d.  The  wood  is  hard,  tough,  and  yellow,  and  where 
box-wood  is  fcarce,  is  ufed  to  the  fame  purpofe  as  that 
is  put  to. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  wood  is  made  into  toes  for  angling  rods,  nee- 
dies  for  weaving  nets,  &c.  It  is  the  principal  fuel  in 
the  N.  of  Riiffia. 


no  ELM. 

The  green  boughs  are  judged  to    be  extraordinary 
,fuel  for  making  of  pot-afti. 

b.  If  fheep,  that  have  the  rot,  are  placed  in  a  fituation 
where  they  can  get  at  the  bark  and  young  (hoots,  they 
will  foon  cure  themfelves. 

c.  The  bark,  with  copperas,  dyes  a  black  colour. 

d.  If  turneps,  cabbages,  fruit-trees,  or  corn  (which  are 
fubjec"fc  to  blights,  from  a  variety  of  infects)  are  whip- 
ped with  the  green  leaves  and  branches  of  elder,  the 
infects  will  not  attack  them. 

e.  Becaufe  of  its  quick  growth  it  is  planted  for  hedges, 
which  in  a  few  years  muft  be  plafhed,  as  it  becomes 
naked  at  bottom. 

/.  The  young  umbals  before  the  flowers  expand,  are, 
by  fome,  efteemed  for  pickling — the  full  flowers  are 
ufed  to  give  a  flavour  to  vinegar,  and  to  make  wine. 

g.  The  berries  dye  cloth  a  brown  colour;  fiik  a  peach 
colour,  and,  with  allum,  a  deep  purple  ■,  and  are  em- 
ployed to  give  a  red  colour  to  raifin  or  fugar  wines. 

Of  the  berries  alfo  is  made  a  wine  which  has 
fomething  of  the  flavour  of  Frontiniac  j  a  rob ;  and 
an  oil. 

ELM.     (Ulmus  Co.mpeftris.) 

i.  Common  Elm.  Leaves  rough,  bark  of  the  trunk 
cracked  and  wrinkled  :  common  in  the  N.  W.  coun- 
ties of  England. 

2-  Wych-hazel.  Leaves  broad  and  rough,  bark  of  the 
young  branches  fmooth :  common  in  the  N.  E.  coun- 
ties of  England  and  in  Scotland. 

3.  Britifti  Elm.  Leaves  oval ;  grows  in  the  northern 
counties.     The  wood  not  fo  good  as  the  firft  fort. 

4.  Dutch  Elm.  Leaves  oval,  acute  pointed,  and 
rough ;  a  fungus  bark :  brought  from  Holland  in 
King  William's  reign:  the  wood  of  no  value. 

5.  Small-leaved  Elm.  This  is  luppofed  to  have  been 
brought  from  Germany. 

6.  Smooch  nai row-leaved  Elm.  The  leaves  come  out 
later  in  the  fpring  and  continue  longer  than  thole  of 
the  En  lm :  this  has  been  called  by  fome  the 
Irifti  Elm. 


ELM.  in 

Culture,  &V.  of  the  Common  Elm. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Thrives  well,  and  produces  the  toughed  and  belt 
timber  in  a  hazely  loam ;  will  alfo  fucctred  on  gravel 
or  fand  j  but  will  not  grow  well  either  on  chalk  or  a 
morafs. 

b.  In  a  gravelly  foil  the  wood  is  faid  to  be  brittle,  and 
unfit  for  the  wheelwright. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  From  chips.  When  elm  timber  is  felled  in  the 
fpring,  fow  the  chips  made  in  trimming  or  hewing 
them  green,  on  a  piece  of  ground,  newly  ploughed, 
as  you  would  corn,  and  harrow  them  in.  Every  chip 
which  has  an  eye,  or  bud-knot,  and  fome  bark  on  it, 
will  immediately  fhoot  like  the  cuttings  of  potatoes  ; 
and  the  plants  thus  raifed,  having  no  tap-roots,  but 
(hooting  their  fibres  horizontally  in  the  richeft  part  of 
the  foil,  will  be  more  vigorous,  and  may  be  more  ea- 
fily  and  fafely  tranfplanted,  than  when  raifed  from 
feeds,  or  in  any  other  method. 

c.  From  fuckers — thefe  may  be  raifed  in  great  num- 
bers, only  by  protecting  from  cattle  the  ftool  of  a 
fallen  timber  tree  :  it  fhould  be  earthed  up  in  fpring, 
and,  by  the  autumn  following,  the  layers  or  fhoots 
will  have  taken  root,  when  they  may  be  feparated 
from  the  ftool. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Requires  an  open  fpace,  and  much  room  for  its 
roots  to  fpread  in. 

b.  May  be  planted  in  hedge-rows  with  lefs  injury  to 
the  quick  hedge  than  any  other  tree. 

c.  As  the  value  of  this  timber  confifts  more  in  the 
length  and  bulk  of  the  fhaft,  than  in  the  crooks  and 
contents  of  its  branches,  it  is  the  bufinefs  of  planters 
to  train  them  up  tall  and  ftra'ight,  to  keep  their  fhafts 
clean,  and  not  to  fuffer  them  to  branch  till  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  top. 

The  prefent  mode  of  lopping,  though  conducive 
to  the  lengthening  of  the  ihaft,  fills  it  full  of  rough 
protuberance,   which,    by  admitting  water,    are  very 


Hi  ELM. 

prejudicial  to  the  timber,  and  occafions  the  defects  fo 
generally  complained  of.  It  has  alfo  been  obferved, 
that  the  circles,  which  when  the  tree  is  feiied,  fhows 
its  annual  increafe,  are  fmaller  the  year  after  the  tree 
has  been  lopped. 

d.  Does  not  injure  the  grafs  that  grows  under  it. 

e.  This  tree  is  often  attacked  by  a  diieafe,  which  makes 
the  bark  bleed,  burrt,  and  the  tree  afterwards  decays 
and  becomes  hollow. 

4.    Use. 

a.  The  wood  being  hard  and  tough,  is  ufed  to  make 
axle-trees,  mill-wheels,  keels  of  boats,  chairs,  cof- 
fins, and  water  pipes: — If  boards,  cut  out  of  the  tree 
in  March,  are  laid  a  month  in  water  they  will  not 
Ihrink. 

b.  For  hedges — The  plants  raifed  from  chips  have 
greatly  the  advantage  of  others,  as  five  or  fix,  and 
frequently  a  greater  number  of  (terns  will  arife  from 
the  fame  chip;  and  fuch  plants,  when  cut  down  with- 
in 3  inches  of  the  ground,  will  multiply  their  fide 
fhoots  in  proportion,  and  make  a  hedge  thicker,  with- 
out running  to  naked  wood,  than  by  any  other  me- 
thod yet  practifed.  If  kept  dipt  for  three  or  four 
years,  they  will  be  almoit  impenetrable. 

c.  In  Norway  the  bark  is  dried,  ground,  and  mixed  by 
the  poor  among  their  meal :  the  powder  of  the  bark 
is  alfo  boiled  up  with  other  food  to  fatten  hogs,  who 
thrive  fo  much  upon  it,  that  the  virtues  of  the  bark, 
are  even  proverbial  there. 

d.  In  fome  parts  of  Hertfordfhire  they  gather  the 
leaves  in  lacks,  for  fwine  and  other  cattle. 

Culture,  izc.  of   \Vych-hazel  or  Wycivelm. 

1.   Increased. 
a.  By  feed,  gathered  in  fummer,  and  allowed  to  dry  a 
few  days   before   it  is  fown  ;    the  beds  covered    \ 
mats  till  September,   and  I  I  over  with  allies  in 

winter. 
By  layers,  produced  by  earthing  up  frools  in  fpring. 
1.    Tree. 
a.  Grows  very   fafl   and   to    a    lar  is    widely 

branched,  not  tapenng;  like  the  common   elm.      Is 


END.  113 

of  fo  rapid  a  growth,  that  a  tree  of  this  kind  has 
been  known  to  grow  in  thirty  years,  60  feet  of  tim- 
ber. 

b.  The  wood  is  hard  and  tough,  efpecially  on  a  gra- 
velly bottom. 

€.  When  planted  in  coppices,  furnifhes  fine  ftraight 
poles,  at  9,  12,  15,  or  20  years  growth,  according  to 
the  ufe  they  are  wanted  for,  as  hurdles,  gates,  &c. — 
May  not  the  bark  be  water  rotted,  and  ufed  as  a  fub- 
ftitute  for  hemp  for  ropes  ?  fingle  fibres  have  been  20 
feet  long. 

3.    Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  ufed  to  make  axles,  fcrews  for  prefTes, 
nave-flocks  for  wheels,  and  boards  for  numberlefs 
ufes. 

b.  In  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  good  ropes  are  made 
of  the  inner  bark — they  alfo  ufe  the  bark  in  powder, 
as  a  cure  for  burnings  j  both  which  leads  to  the  de- 
ftruction  of  the  trees.  Deer  prefer  the  bark  to  that 
of  any  other  tree,  and  it  is  given  to  them  as  winter 
food. 

From  the  bark  has  been  obtained  a  yellow  brownifh 
dye  ;  and  it  has  been  manufactured  into  a  ftrong  brown 
paper, 

ENDIVE. 

1.  Green  curled  E.  the  beft  for  the  main  crop. 

2.  White  curled  E. 

3.  Batavia  E. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  from  April  to  the  middle  of  Auguft. 

What  is  fown  before  June  fhould  be  in  fmall  quan- 
tities, as  it  foon  runs  up. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  To  be  planted  from  the  feed  bed  from  12  to  15  in- 
ches afunder. 

b.  When  full  grown  the  leaves  to  be  carefully  collected 
together,  and  tied  to  blanch. 

c.  Earlv  in  the  fpring  to  be  planted  for  feed. 

[  >5  ] 


EXO.     EXP. 

d.  At  Ifleworth,  near  London,  the  gardeners  adopt  the 
following  mode  of  preftrving  endive :  In  winter  time, 
a  bank  is  railed  3  feet  high,  and  laid  Hoping  to  the 
fun  ;  on  this  bank  the  endive  is  planted  out  in  the 
month  of  September  j  at  the  bottom  of  the  bank 
peas  are  ibwn — By  this  means  the  endive  is  prevent- 
ed from  rotting,  and  the  peas  are  ripened  as  earlv, 
as  if  each  iiad  been  planted  in  borders  under  a  wall. 
3.  Use. 

a.  The  green  and  white  as  lallet  plants ;  the  Batavia 
for  foups. 

EXOTICS. 

From  fo.ne  late  attempts  that  have  been  made  to 
raife  plants  natives  of  the  Eaft  and  Weft  Indies  in  the 
open  ground  ;  it  appears,  that  feveral  have  flowered 
and  ripened  their  feeds  ;  and  it  is  much  to  he  wifhed 
more  efforts  were  made  to  increafe  the  number  of  our 
ufeful  plants.  The  late  Dr.  Fothergill  cultivated, 
with  the  grcated  attention,  at  Upton,  near  London, 
every  plain  th.it  feemed  likely  to  be  of  ufe  in  phyfic 
or  manufactures,  and  which  he  could  procure  at  any 
expense ;  and  it  is  to  be  regretted,  that  the  public 
were  not  made  acquainted  with  the  fruits  of  his  la- 
bour. The  greateft  difficulty  is  over  after  the  plants 
have  once  ripened  their  feeds  ;  as  plants  raifed  from 
fuch  feeds,  grow  annually  hardier  and  quicker  of 
growth: 

With  refpect  to  fruit  trees,  it  would  be  better  to 
procure  fuch  as  have  been  introduced  from  the  Indies 
into  Italv,  Spain,  or  France,  than  direct  from  the 
Indies  into  England;  ;  as  for  example,  the  Quinquina, 
Balm-tree,  Sago,  Cocoa,  and  other  Palm-trees,  by 
being  firft  tranfplanted  from  their  native  foil  into  the 
Canary  IJlands,  and  thence  to  Andaiufia^  the  moil 
foutiiern  province  of  Spain,  at  length  have  been,  by 
fucceffivc  transplantation,  accuitomed  to  the  climate 
of  Madrid. 

"EXPERIMENTS. 
"  Advantageous  to  regijier  them  and  all  particulars/-' 


FAL.     FAR.     FEN.  115. 

"  FALLOWS  WITH  CROPS. 

"  Preferable  to  naked  fallows — thefe  laft,  expofed 
more  to  the  fun,  are  drier  and  more  exhaufted  by  ex- 
halation. " 

"  FARM. 

"  Divided  into  grain  hufbandry,  which  impoverifhes 
/oil ;  and  into  live  ftock  hufiandry,  which  reftores  and 
invigorates  the  ground." 

"  FARM-YARD. 

"  A  very  important  part  of  the  homeftead  of  a  farm  ; 
very  earneftly  recommended  to  the  better  attention  of 
American  Farmers,  of  which  fee  Mr.  Lawrence's  new 
Farmer's  Calendar,  and  EiTays  and  Notes  on  Husban- 
dry." 

"  FENCE. 

"  A  fubject  of  thefirft  and  of  continual  attention  ;  of 
which  Dr.  Anderfon  treats  well  in  his  Effays  on  Huf- 
bandry,  as  doth  Mr.  Lawrence  in  his  New  Farmer's 
Callendar." 

FENNEL.     (Anethum  Fcenicuhm.) 

1.  Common  Fennel. 

2.  Sweet  Fennel.  The  feeds  of  this  are  generally  im- 
ported from  Germany  and  Italy  j  and  the  plarTt  be- 
ing iweeter  than  the  former,  is  by  many  preferred 
to  it. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Plant. 
a.  The  cultivation  is  fimply  fowing  the  feeds  as  foon 
as  they  are  ripe  ;  and  keeping  the  plants  when  they 
come  up  in  the  fpring  clear  of  weeds.  It  may  alfo 
be  increafed  by  fuckers,  offsets,  and  partings  of  the 
roots. 

2.  Use. 

a.  The  young  J>uds  for  fallets ;  and  the  young  ftalks 
peeled,  and  fl'.t  lengthways,  .are  eaten  like  celery  5  as 
are  alfo  che  blanched  roots  of  the  fweet. 

b.  The  leaves,  feeds,  and  roots,  are  ufed  in  medicine. 


■  n6  FER. 

FERN.     (Pteris  Aquilina.) 

i.  Destroyed. 

#.  By  an  inftrument  of  the  following  defcription — At 
the  end  of  a  (tick  a  blade  is  fixec  with  dull  edges ; 
a  woman  ufes  this  to  ftrike  the  ftems  and  bruife 
them,  and  will  do  feveral  acres  in  a  day  ■>  this  is  re- 
peated two  or  three  times  in  a  fummer ;  the  next 
morning  a  gummy  confidence  is  found  to  exude,  and 
the  fern  gradually  difappears. 

h.  When  young  is  deftioyed   by  twitching  off  the  tops. 

c.  By  pouring  urine  upon  the  tops. 

d.  By  a  very  heavy  roller. 

2.  Use. 

a.  For  thatch  :  When  ufed  for  this  purpofe,  are  pulled 
up  by  the  roots  in  the  beginning  of  October  ■>  care 
muft  be  taken  that  they  are  not  brittle.  They  are  ge- 
nerally ufed  with  the  leaves,  when  dry,  but  not  wither- 
ed i  for  if  they  are  withered,  they  do  not  adhere  clofe- 
ly  together,  and  are  apt  to  fail  off.  They  are  placed 
with  the  root  downwards,  moftly  in  rows,  about  3  or 
4  inches  diftant,  fo  that  almoft  nothing  but  the  root  is 
expofed  to  the  weather.  This  thatch  on  the  fide  of 
the  houfe  expofed  to  the  fun,  lafts  about  fix  or  (even 
years ;  but  when  in  a  northern  cxpofure,  it  continues 
good  for  upwards  of  30  years. 

b.  Is  an  excellent  litter  for  horfes  and  cows — Cattle 
will  it  eat  when  dry.  Should  be  cut  between  the  mid- 
dle of  Auguil  and  the  middle  of  September. 

c.  Swine  are  fond  of  the  roots,  efpecially  if  boiled  in 
their  w.ifh.  In  ti.nee  of  fcarcity  bread  has  been  made 
of  them,  is  in  the  great  dearth  in  England  in  1437. 
And  in  Siberia,  and  fome  other  Northern  countries, 
the  inhabitants  brew  them  in  their  ale,  mixing  one- 
third  of  the  roots  to  two-thirds  of  malt. 

d.  Is  an  excellent  manure  for  potatoes,  for  if  buried 
beneath  their  roots,  it  never  fails  to  produce  a  good 
crop. 

e.  Makes  a  brifk  fire  when  dry  for  the  purpofes  of  brew- 
ing,  baking,   heating  ovens,  and  burning  of  lime. 

/.  The  afhes  are  ufed  by  the  makers  of  lbap  and  glafs. 


FIG.  117 

In  many  parts  of  England  the  common  people  mix 
the  afhes  with  water,  and  form  them  into  balls;  thefe 
balls  are  afterwards  made  hot  in  the  fire,  and  then  ufed 
to  make  lye  for  fcouring  linen. 
g.  Ferns,  when  in  flower,  have  been  ufed  to  tan  leather. 
Thr  Male  Fern  (Polypodium  Felix  mas)  has  near- 
ly the  fame  qualities,  and  is  ufed  for  mod  of  the  fame 
intentions  as  the  common  Fern.     In  Norway  the  dried 
leaves  are  infufed  in  hot  water,  and  is  then  no  con- 
temptible fodder  for  goats,    fheep,    and  other  cattle, 
which  will  greedily  eat,  and  fometimes  grow  fat  upon 
it. 

FIG.     (Ficus  Carica.) 

1.  Ripening  in  July.      1.   Early  white. 

2.  Ripening  in  Auguft.  1.  Early  long  blue  or  purple. 
1.  La^ge  brown  or  chefnut.  3.  Large  white  Genoa. 
4.  Large  blue.  5.  Black  Ifchia.  6.  Small  brown 
ditto.  7.  Green  ditto.  8  Brown  Malta.  9.  Black 
Genoa.      10.   Brown  Madonna  or  Brunjwick. 

3.  Ripening  in  September.  1.  Long  brown  Naples. 
1.  Several  of  the  Auguft  Figs  continue  through  part 
of  September  as  No.  4,  5,  7,  9. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Succeed  in  any  common  foil  of  a  garden,  but  re- 
quires a  funny  expofure. 

b.  A  fine  light  rich  earth. 

c.  If  gravelly  or  fandy,  the  cleaning  of  a  pond,  and  rot- 
ten wood  earth,  mould  be  added  to  make  it  light  and 
rich. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  feed — Linnasus  tells  us,  that  fig-trees  are  raifed 
every  year  in  Holland  from  the  feed,  provided  the  fruit 
is  brought  from  Italy.  But  if  the  fruit  grew  in  France, 
England,  Germany,  or  Sweden,  where  there  are  no 
wild  figs,    the  feeds  produce   nothing. 

"  Near  Cape  Henry,  Chefapeake,  are  wild  figs." 

b.  By  fuckers,  planted  in  autumn  or  fpring,  for  dwarfs, 
walls,  &c.  head  them  in  fpring  to  8  or  10  inches,  to 
obtain  lateral  branches;  for  ftandards,  train  them  with 


u8      -  FIG. 

ftem?,  3  to  6  feet  high,  top  them,  and  let  them  branch 
into  full  heads. 

c .  By  layers.  Lay  young  branches  and  {hoots  in  autumn 
or  fpring  5  or  6  inches  deep  with  the  tops  out,  they 
will  be  fit  to  plant  off  next  autumn — To  be  managed 
as  fuckers. 

d.  By  cuttings;  young  (hoots  to  be  planted  either  in  au- 
tumn or  fpring,  from  10  to  15  inches  long,  their  tops 
entire,  on  a  fhady  border,  and  in  rows  2  feet  afunder. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Succeed  bed  when  planted  young;  the  time  either 
autumn  or  fpring':  Wall  and  efpalier- trees  at  20  fret 
diftance,  ftandards  20  or  30 — Grows  15  or  20  feet 
hi^h. 

b.  Bears  fruit  on  the  former  year's  wood  ;  the  fame  (hoots 
never  bearing  but  once,  but  furnifh  others  for  the  en- 
fuing  year. 

As  the  fecorvl  crop  does  not  ripen  in  England,  they 
fhould  hi  rubbed  off  the  beginning:  of  winter. 

c.  Wounding  the  buds  with  a  draw  or  feather  dipped 
in  fwee:  oil,  is  faid  t)  haften  the  ripening  of  the  fruit, 
and  to  make  it  larger. 

This'is  clone  in  imitation  of  the  mode  praclifed  in 
the  Levant,  of  increafing  and  ripening  the  fruit  by 
means  of  infecls;  and  known  bv  the  name  of  capri/f- 
cation:  A  tree,  whofe  fruit  is  thus  pierced  by  infects, 
will  yield  nearly  5  do  lbs.  whereas  without  it,  it  would 
only  be  about  25  lbs. 

d.  Pruning. 

(1.)  Summer — either  in  June,  July,  or  Auguft,  cut 
cut  fore-right  /boots  cf  the  year,  andjuch  as  cannot  be 
trained)  tacking  in  regular  fide  (hoots  ftrait  and  clofe. 
(2.)  Spring — Ihould  be  performed  either  in  February 
or  March,  when  old  naked  wood  muft  be  retrenched, 
and  a  full  fupply  of  young  jhoots  retained,  which  ihould 
be  trained  horizontally,  6  or  7  inches  afunder. 

Some  gardeners  prune  in  October,    and  cut  off  at 
fame  time  the  leaves. 
(3.)    Standards  —  only    cut    in    fpring    any    irregular 

f:hs,  and  the  ends  of  dead  Jb ot  pro- 

rruit  without  being  ever  pri 


FIG.     FIR.  119 

d.  In  Germany  they  untie  the  fig-trees  at  the  approach 
of  winter  from  the  efpalier,  and  lay  them  down,  cover- 
ing them  with  ftraw  or  litter,  which  prevents  their 
ihoots  being  injured  by  the  froft:;  and  this  covering  is 
taken  away  gradually  in  the  fpring,  but  not  wholly 
removed  until  all  the  danger  of  froft  is  over,  by  which 
they  generally  have  a  great  crop. 
5.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit. 

b.  The  bark  of  the  branches  and  the  buds  are  mixed 
with  hay  for  cattle  in  countries  where  this  tree  abounds. 

c.  The  green  branches  and  leaves  dye  a  deep  gold  co* 
lour  of  a  brown  reddilh  ihade. 

"  It  is  a  valuable  fruit  when  full  ripe;  but  the  Ame- 
rican rnuft  be  accuftomed  to  the  ufe  of  them  for  fome 
time  before  he  will  admire  them." 

FIR. 

1.  Scotch  Fir.     (Pinus  Sylvejiris.)      Cones  about  two 
inches  long,   upright. 
1.  Weymouth  Fir.     (Pinus  Strobus.) 

3.  Spruce  Fir.     (Pinus  Abies.) 

4.  Yew  leaved  or  Silver  Fir.     (Pinus  Picea.) 

Culture,  fcff.  of  the  Scotch  Fir. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Flourifhes  bed  in  a  poor  fandy  foil;  on  rocks  or  bogs 
it  feldom  attains  a  large  fize;  in  a  black  foil  it  becomes 
difeafed,  and  in  a  chalky  foil  it  dies. 

Firs  fucceed  bed  on  the  north  and  call  fides  of  hills-, 
growing  there  fafter  and  taller;   the  grain  of  the  wood 
is  alfo  more  compact  and  the  trees  fuller  of  fap. 
2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed — May  be  planted  by  two  cuts  of  a  fpade 
made  thus  >  ,  the  ingle  raifed  to  put  the  feed  under  it, 
and  the  fod  then  preffed  down.  If  the  ground  is  ftony 
a  dibble  may  be  ufed  ;  and  if  it  is  mofs,  or  clay,  which 
is  apt  to  fhrink  with  drought,  an  inftrument  like  a 
gouge,  or  borer,  is  ufed  to  cut  a  round  hole — the  feed 
to  be  planted  from  one  to  two  inches  deep. — To  pro- 
cure the  feed,  expofe  the  cone  to  a  gentle  heat,  or  foak 
it  for  twelve  hours  in  warm  water. 


no  FIR. 

b.  By  flips  twitted. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  In  a  grove  the  trunk  becomes  tall  and  naked;  in 
funny  open  places,  branched;  which  makes  the  wood 
knotty.  They  fhould,  therefore,  be  clofe  pruned  to  a 
reabnable  height  while  the  branches  are  lmall,  not  all 
at  once*  but  from  time  to  time. 

b.  Should  not  exceed  four  years  old  before  they  are 
planted,  having  been  before  tranfplanted;  if  the  tap 
root  is  broken  off  the  item  ceaft-s  to  fhoot  upwards, 
and  the  tree  for  ever  remains  a  dwarf. 

c.  The  wood  of  this  tree,  naturally  fown,  is  greatly  fu- 
perior  to  that  of  tranfplanted  trees :  Some  of"  the  former, 
after  it  had  been  above  300  years  in  the  roof  of  an  old 
caftle  (Cattle  Kilchurn,  in  Glenarchy)  was  as  trefh, 
and  full  of  fap,  as  newly  imported  Memel;  and  part 
of  it  was  actually  wrought  up  into  new  furniture. 

d.  Are  liable  to  be  deftroyed  by  Squirrels,  who  bark 
the  tree  all  round;  all  above  it  dies,  and  generally  is 
broken  off  by  the  firft  high  wind  :  And  by  Hares, 
(thofe  great  deftroyers  of  all  young  plantations).  They 
may  be  drawn  from  them  by  fowing  Liburnum,  the 
young  moots  of  which  they  prefer  to  the  firs. 

€.  Grows  fometimes  to  twelve  feet  in  circumference,  and 
near  60  feet  high. 

4.    Use. 

a.  This  tree  furnifhes  us  with  the  belt  red  or  yellow 
deal,  which  is  applicable  to  numberlef  purpofes,  as 
for  mafts,  flooring,  wainfcot,  tables,  boxes,  &c.  It 
is  ftained  to  imitate  mahogany  with  a  red  clay,  found 
at  Apefdown,  near  Newport,  in  the  Ifle  of  Wight. 

b  From  the  trunk  and  branches  of  this,  as  well  as  moft 
others  of  the  pine  tribe,  tar  and  pitch  is  obtained. — 
By  incifion,  barras,  Burgundy  pitch,  and  turpentine, 
are  acquired  and  prepared. 

c.  The  roots  divided  into  fmall  fplinters,  are  ufed  in 
many  parts  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  to  burn  in- 
ftead  of  candles;  the  Laplanders  make  ropes  of  them, 
and  alfo  few  with  them  the  thin  planks  of  fir,  of  which 
their  portable  boats  are  made. 


FIR.  i2i 

d.  The  bark  will  tan  leather ;  and  ropes  are  made  of  the 
inner  bark,  by  fifhermen,  at  Lock-Broom,  in  Rofs-fhire. 
In  times  of  fcarcity  the  Norwegians  grind  the  bark, 
and  mixing  it  with  a  little  oatmeal,  make  bread  of  it. 

e.  The  tender  moots  are  an  excellent  fubftkute  for  fod- 
der for  cattle  in  hard  winters. 

/.  From  the  cones  is  prepared  a  diuretic  oil,  like  the  oil 
of  turpentine,  and  a  rcfinous  extract,  which  has  fimi- 
lar  virtues  with  the  balfam  of  Peru. 

g.  An  infufion  or  tea  of  the  buds  is  highly  commended 
as  an  antifcorbutic. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Spruce  Fir. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Succeeds  on  the  hard  dry  rock;  but  frequently  decays 
at  the  end  of  18  or  20  years  on  ftiff  wet  clay,  and  on 
fandy  heathy  ground;  its  mod  favourite  foil  is  that 
which  is  dry  and  gravelly. 

b.  Succeeds  on  a  loamy  foil. 

1.    Tree. 

a.  Should  be  planted  as  it  flood  before,  i.  e.  the  fide 
which  formerly  faced  the  fouth,  to  be  placed  again  in 
the  fame  direction.  The  leading  fhoot  in  fummer  has 
meafured  3  feet  in  height. 

b.  The  wood  is  very  light,  white,  and  rots  in  tlie  air. 

c.  There  are  two  forts  of  this  tree,  viz.  the  wnite  and 
the  black  fpruce. 

3.  Use. 

a.  Mufical  inftruments,  packing  boxes,  &c.  are  made 
of  the  wood. 

b.  The  branches  are  ufed  in  making  fpruce-beer. 

c.  A  fine  clear  turpentine,  of  a  ftrong  fcent,  oozes  from 
this  tree,  with  which  the  Indians  of  North  America  are 
faid  to  cure  green  wounds,  and  fome  internal  diforders 
— that  particularly  of  the  white,  is  affirmed  to  be  a  fo- 
vereign  remedy  in  fevers,  and  pains  of  the  breaft  and 
ftomach. 

Culture,  csV.  of  the  Yew-leaved  or  Silver  Fir. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Reo^ires  a  dry  deepifh  foil  and  protection  from  the 
north  wind. 

[   '6  ] 


112  FIR.     FIS. 

2.  Tree. 

a.  The  wood  is  white  and  foft,  and  therefore  not  great- 
ly efteemed. 

b.  Has  grown,  in  between  70  and  80  years  after  plant- 
ing, to  more  than  1  2  feet  in  circumference. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  Strafburgh  turpentine  is  drawn  from  this  tree. 

b.  In  a  trial  of  feveral  forrs  of  firs  to  make  htciges  with 
on  the  Pyrenees,  none  anfwtred  fo  well  as  this,  forming 
rather  a  living  wall,  than  a  common  fence. — It  would 
probably  anlwer  for  the  fame  purpoi'e  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  and  in  North  Wales. 

c.  In  Finmark  they  cut  the  tops  of  the  branches,  mix 
them  with  oats,  and  give  them  to  their  horfes  in  time 
of  fcarcity. 

Fir  wood  found  buried  in  bogs  in  Ireland,  is  fome- 
times  beaten  into  firings,  combed  and  fpun,  and  feve- 
ral ftrings  are  twitted  together  to  make  ropes;  which 
have  this  particular  excellence,  that  being  ufed  for 
cording  of  beds  on  damp  floors,  they  are  not  fubjec^ 
to  rot,  as  the  hempen  cords  are,  by  moifture. 

POND   FISH. 

1.  Carp  (Cyprius  Carpid)  will  not  thrive  in  a  cold 
hungry  water,  but  requires  a  pond  with  a  fat  rich  foil 
at  bottom  j  the  beft  fize  for  the  table  is  about  1 8  in- 
ches, but  will  grow  to  2  feet  6 ;  fpawns  throughout 
the  fummer,  and  are  fuch  prodigious  breeders,  that 
203,109  roe  have  been  found  in  one'  fifh;  frequently 
mixes  its  fpawn  and  roe  with  thole  of  the  Tench  and 
Bream,  and  produces  a  mongrel  breed — Its  food  is 
worms,   grubs,  infects,  berries,  and  grafs. 

2.  Tench  (C.  Trinca).  The  pond  fhould  have  a  mud- 
dy bottom  with  weeds  j  fuccced  alfo  in  clay  pits;  fel- 
dom  exceeds  4  or  5  lbs.  Spawns  about  the  beginning 
of  July,  and  are  in  feafon  from  early  in  September  to 
the  end  of  May.  Their  food  the  fame  as  that  of  the 
Carp,  and  are  frequently  kept  in  the  lame  pond. 

3  Perch  (Perca  Fluviatilis)  like  a  clear  and  moderate- 
ly deep  water,  with  a  pebbly,  gravelly,  or  a  fandy  clay- 


FIS.  123 

ey  bottom;  fpawns  the  beginning  of  March;  is  a  deli- 
cace  and  firm  fifh ;  feeds  on  frogs,  worms,  and  fmall 
fifh  (even  thofe  of  its  own  fpecies),  and  is  often  put 
into  carp  ponds,  when  too  full  of  fry,  to  thin  them. 

4.  Crucian  (C.  Caraffius.)  This  fifh  was  brought  from 
Germany  by  miftake  inftead  of  a  better,  which  goes  by 
the  fame  name;  it  is  not  uncommon  in  ponds  near  Lon- 
don, and  in  the  fouth  of  England;  the  meat  is  coarfe 
and  little  efteemed. 

The  Pike  and  Carp  are  alfo  both  fuppofed  to  be  na- 
turalized fifh;  the  tint  being  faid  to  have  been  brought 
from  Spain,  the  latter  from  Germany. 

5.  Gold  and  Silver  Fifli-—  As  this  fifh  thrives  and  pro- 
pagates in  ponds,  it  is  propofed  to  rear  them  in  prefer- 
ence to  carp;  on  account  of  their  pofTefling  a  finer  fla- 
vour, and  being  much  better  calculated  for  the  table, 
than  the  common  carp. 

This  is  a  native  of  China,  where  it  is  called  Kamni- 
ko}  is  there  kept  in  glafs  bowls,  and  fed  with  a  fpecies 
of  plant. 

6.  Pike.  (Efox  Lucius).  The  pond  for  this  fifh  fhould 
be  of  a  good  depth,  with  weeds  growing  in  it;  fpawns 
in  March  or  April :  When  in  high  feafon  their  colours 
are  very  fine,  being  green  fpotted  with  bright  yellow, 
and  the  gills  of  a  mofl  vivid  and  full  red;  feeds  on 
frogs,  young  ducks,  and  water  rats,  and  alfo  on  fifh, 
even  of  their  own  fpecies — To  prevent  their  deftroying 
each  other,  they  fhould  be  put  into  the  pond  all  of  the 
fame  fize. 

7.  Eels  (Mursena  Anguilla)  never  breed  in  perfect 
{landing  water ;  thrive  in  moats  which  have  the  fink 
of  a  houfe  draining  into  them. 

8.  Bream  (C.  Brema).  Roach  (C.  Rutilus).  Dace 
(C.  Lencifcus);  and  Minnows  (C.  Phoxinus);  being 
great  breeders,  are  kept  in  ponds  with  Pike  and  Perch, 
as  food  for  them. 

We  have  two  other  kinds  of  frefh  water  fifh  that 
would  be  worth  trying  to  breed  in  ponds,  viz.  (1.) 
The  Ruff*  or  Pope  (P.  Cernua),  which  is  much  like 
the  Perch,  but  efteemed  better  eating ;  and  (2.)  The 
Gudgeon  (C.  Gobio),  which  is  reputed  almoft  equal  in 


124  FLA. 

goodnefs  to  the  delicate  Smelt.    (Salmo  Eperlanus,)— 
The  Gudgeon  delights  in  a  gravelly  bottom. 

FLAX.     (Linum  Uftatijfimum.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  New  broke  up  ground  reckoned  the  beft — If  not  fown 
more  than  once  in  fix  years  it  is  fuppofed  not  to  exhauft 
the  land. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  The  bed  imported  from  Riga — Of  late  much  has 
been  imported  from  Ne*-  York  and  Philadelphia. — 
The  Dutch  feed  is  obferved  to  produce  the  fined  flax. 

Should  not  be  fown  more  than  three  years  without 
changing;  fome  change  every  year. 

b.  Sown  in  April  and  beginning  of  May. 

c.  From  two  bufhels,  to  two  bufhels  and  a  half  j  fown 
broad -cad  per  acre. 

d.  Clover  often  fown  with  it. 

3.  Plant. 
:.   When  weeded  fhould  be  trod  as  little  as  pofiible. 
b.  Ripe  when  in  full  bloflbm. 

But  if  intended  for  feed,  not  till  the  leaf  drops,  and 

the  milky  iuice  of  it  is  dried  up.    The  flax  from  plants 

tc  have  fceded,  is  very  inferior  to  that  pulled  up  when 

in  bloffomj  and  is  diftinguilhed  by  the  name  of.  Jeed- 

4.     HOW    PREPARED    FOR    THE    MANUFACTURER. 

a.  By  Ratings    i.  e.  fteeping   it  in   water,  in   order  to 
loofen  the  rind,  and  feparaie  it  from  the  (talk. 

T  :e  early  flax  is  moftly  watered,  which  is  done  by 
laying  the  bundles  in  a  pond  or  reftrvoir  offoft  water, 
and  keeping  them  down  by  (tones,  or  any  other  heavy 
bodies;  in  the  courfe  of  feven  or  eight  days  the  rind 
will  be  fufficiently  loofened,  and  they  mult  be  taken 
out  of  the  water,  fpread  abroad,  and  dried.  In  this 
part  of  the  operation  great  (kill  and  attention  are  ne- 
ceffary ;  for  if  it  be  left  in  the  wan-r  too  long,  the  threads 
become  rotten,  and  ufciefs  to  the  manufacturer;  it  is 
therefore  more  adviftble  to  take  it  out  tcojooit,  than  to 
leave  it  too  long  in  the  pits;  which  has  the  lame  effect 


FLA.  125 

in  drawing  the  oil  from  the  Flax,  as  ripening  the  feed 
has. 

h.  By  Dew  ripening,  which  is  fpreading  it  on  grafs  land, 
and  by  rain  and  dew  producing  the  iarne  effect  as  ra- 
ting. 

c.  Thofe  who  raife  flax  for  the  feed  and  {talk  both  go 
through  an  operation  called  Rifling;  tnis  is  feparating 
the  feed  from  the  ftalk,  by  pacing  the  flax  through  a 
kind  of  comb  before  it  is  watered.  Thefe  combs  are 
made  of  iron,  and  the  teeth  are  fo  clofe,  that  the  heads 
cannot  pafs  through,  and  are  confequently  pulkd  off. 
Others  beat  the  feed  out  in  the  Held  where  it  grew, 
by  a  piece  of  wood  on  a  ftick,  (more  heavy  than  the 
common  flail)  and  the  feed  is  fitted  clean  into  a  large 
fheet. 

4.    Use. 

a.  For  making  linen. 

The  coarfe  tow  is  ufed  for  making  wicks  of  candles, 

b.  From  the  inferior  feed,  not  good  enough  to  be  fown, 
an  oil  is  extracted,  by  its  being  firft  bruifed  in  a  mill, 
and  then  put  into  hair  cloths,  and  preffed  by  a  heavy 
weight.  This  oil  is  ufed  by  painters — an  inferior  oil 
is  afterwards  got  by  heating  and  prefling  again. 

c.  The  hulks  of  the  feed  (called  oil  cakes)  after  the  oil 
is  drawn  out,  is  much  efteemed  for  feeding  cattle. 

d.  The  feed  is  ufed  for  feeding  cattle,  by  boiling  it,  or 
firft  bruifing  it  and  fteeping  it  in  hot  water,  which 
makes  a  fort  of  faloop;  and  where  malt  grains  can  be 
had  to  mix  with  it,  the  food  is  of  a  very  nourifhing 
quality- — Given  dry  or  fteeped  anfwers  exceeding  well. 

e.  In  its  green  ftate,  immediately  after  the  feed  has  been 
taken  from  it,  it  forms  an  excellent  covering  for  houfes, 
to  be  furpaffed  by  few  others.  It  mould  be  put  on  in 
a  new  ftate,  and  fewed  together  with  a  cord  well  im- 
pregnated with  tar.  In  a  Ihort  time  it  will  throw  out 
a  glutinous  matter,  make  the  contiguous  (talks  adhere 
to  each  other,  and  form  a  folid  body,  impervious  to 
the  elements;  neither  fun,  wind,  nor  rain  having  any 
power  to  affect  it. 

/.  It  is  obfervable,  that  the  land  on  which  rated  flax  is 
fpread  to  prepare  it  for  houfing,  is  greatly  improved 


126       FLA.    FLO.    FOA.     FOG.    FUE. 

thereby ;  and  if  it  be  fpread  on  a  coarfe  four  pafture, 
the  herbage  will  be  totally  changed,  and  the  bed  fort 
of  graffes  will  make  their  appearance — Nay,  the  water 
in  which  the  flax  is  immerfed,  will,  if  fprinkled  on 
land  by  means  of  watering  carts,  produce  an  aftonifh- 
ing  effect;  and  advance  the  land  in  value  ten  (hillings 
or  fifteen  fhillings  per  acre.     If  fuffcred   to  run   into 

jlets,  it  becomes  a  nuifance,  poifoning  the  fifh. 

Potato?  haulms  fpread  on  grafs  will  produce  nearly 
the  fame  effect. 

This  valuable  plant  came  originally  from  Egypt — 
The  Egyptian  1  nen  is  not  fo  thick  as  ours,  is  loft- 
er,  and  of  a  loofer  texture;  for  which  reafon  it  does 
not  wear  out  fo  foon  as  ours,  which  frequently  wears 
out  the  falter  on  account  of  its  ttiffnefs. 

"  FLAXSEED-JELLY. 

*'  Is  introduced  in  fattening  cattle,  in  lieu  of  oil- cake , 
now  become  fcarce  and  dear.  The  hufbandman  fhould 
look  into  the  valuable  properties  of  this  article  as  food 
in  fattening,  and  attend  to  its  effects." 

"  FLOORS. 

"  Cement  on  ftrong,  narrow  boards,  3  or  4  inches 
thick,  or  on  the  folid  ground,  makes  the  wholefomeft 
and  beft  floors  in  country  habitations." 

FOAL. 

Should  be  weaned  before  November;  fed  all  winter 
with  a  little  corn  twice  a  day,  or  carrots,  with  hay,  oat- 
ftraw,  &c.  and  allowed  a  well-littered  fhed,  or  warm 
ftraw  yard. 

FOGGING. 

The  (hutting  up  of  paftures  from  cattle  from  May  to 
December;  or  from  June  to  March. — See  Pafture  (4.) 

FRUIT.     (See,  poft,  Orchard.) 

FUEL. 

Prepared  by  the  farmer  and  cottager,  as  a  fubftitute  for 
coals  and  wood. 


FU£.    FUR.  127 

1.  Peat. — There  is  no  great  difficulty  in  the  mode  of 
preparing  it:  In  the  month  of  May  or  June  it  is  cut 
out  with  a  keen  inflrument  into  the  fhape  of  bricks, 
left  fingle  on  the  ground  for  a  few  days  to  dry,  by 
which  time  they  lofe  part  of  their  moifture,  and  become 
firm  enough  for  piling  in  pyramidal  heaps,  of  about  a 
waggon  load,  each  •,  in  this  flate  they  are  compleatly 
dried.— -Though  the  ou  cr  covering  or  fward  of  this 
boggy  land  will  burn,  yet  it  is  not  much  eftcemed  as 

fuel,  being  foon  confumed Peat  makes  a  clean  and 

pleafant  fire,  particularly  well  adapted  to  the  purpofes 
of  the  dairy. 

a.  A  mixture  of  loamy  clay,  and  fuch  fmall  coal  as  will 
pafs  through  a  pretty  wide  riddle  or  fieve,  tempered 
together  like  mortar,  and  formed  either  into  balls, 
dried  in  the  fun,  or  under  a  fhedj  thefe  balls  are  either 
burnt  in  a  grate,  or  piled  on  a  hearth,  in  form  of  a 
cone,  with  a  cylinder  fhape  hollow  within,  and  a  fmall 
hole  like  that  of  a  bee-hive  at  bottom ;  a  kindling  of 
coals  is  to  be  thrown  into  the  hollow,  and  the  kettle 
flung  over  the  top. — Some,  inftead  of  balls,  build  the 
cone  with  the  mortar  6  or  7  inches  thick  at  bottom, 
and  about  5  at  top,  a  few  flicks  are  put  into  the  hollow, 
and  lighted  through  the  hole  at  bottom.  One  of  thefe 
will  lafl  a  fortnight,  if  only  ufed  for  the  occafional  pur- 
pofe  of  dreffing  victuals — The  expenfe  will  not  exceed 
fix-pence. 

In  Holland  they  add  mofs  (a  friable  kind  of  peat) 
to  the  clay  and  coal,  and  mould  it  into  the  fhape  of 
bricks  j  of  thefe  they  put  on  a  great  quantity  at  a  time, 
built  with  air-holes  pafTing  through  them  ;  and  they 
make  a  powerful  and  lading  heat — They  only  ufe  the 
refufe  of  the  coals  they  import  from  England  for  the 
purpofe,  and  apply  the  coals  themfelves  to  the  ufe  of 
manufactures. 

FURROW. 

"  The  hollow  or  drain  in  land  left  by  the  plough." 
The  breadth  of  each  furrow  /hould  not  be  lefs  than 
7  inches,  nor  more  than  9,    in  any  cafe,   except  fowin» 
under  furrow;  in  that  cafe  5  inches  will  be  a  fufficient 


123  FUR. 

breadth  j  and  the  proper  rule  or  proportion  for  the  thick- 
nefs  or  depth  of  the  furrow  is  never  to  exceed  two-thirds 
of  its  breadth  ;  therefore,  if  the  furrow  is  too  narrow, 
the  depth  will  be  but  trifling.  The  fin  of  the  fhare 
outfit  to  cut  under  nearly  the  breadth  of  the  furrow, 
particularly  in  ftrong  rufhy  ground,  otherwife  the  re- 
(iitance  of  the  uncut  part  will  require  a  ftrong  purchafe 
to  wreft  it  to  its  place. 

FURZE.      (Ulex  Europaa.) 

Culture,  csV.   of  Common  Furze. 

i.   Soil. 
a.  Will  grow  in  a  light  dry  foil;  but  the  better  the  land 
the  longer  the  fhoot  will  be. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  February,  March,  April,  or  early  in  May. 

b.  Six  pound  to  an  acre;  the  land  to  be  managed  the 
fame  way  as  for  fowing  grafs — to  be  (own  either  alone 
or  with  barley,  oats,  or  buck-wheat. 

c.  Drilled  fo  that  each  plant  may  {land  about  a  foot  or 
1 3  inches  afunder. 

d.  In  order  to  fave  Furze  (atd  when  it  is  ripe,  the  plants 
mud  be  (beared,  and  the  part  cut  off  miift  be  dried  in 
the  fhade,  and  afterwards  threfhed  and  dreiTed.  In 
fome  places  women  are  employed  to  gather  the  feeds. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Mowed  the  year  after  fowing,  beginning  in  October 
or  fooner,  will  continue  to  grow  till  Chriftmas,  and  be 
fit  for  ufe  till  March. 

b.  Will  laft  feveral  years;  only  what  is  the  growth  of  a 
year  is  to  be  cut,  and  at  a  time  no  more  than  will  laft 
one  or  two  days  at  moft  after  being  bruifed. 

c.  One  acre  will  produce  from  ten  to  fifteen  tons,  which 
will  go  as  far  as  the  fame  quantity  of  hay.  In  fome 
places  it  is  ftacked. 

d.  Should  be  cut  for  fuel  only  once  in  four  or  five  years. 

e.  Young  plants,  or  even  flips,  planted  in  fpring  or 
Oclober,  will  readily  grow — For  hedges  they  fhould 
be  planted  in  rows  10  or  20  inches  above  one  another, 
on  the  flope  of  the  bank — Banks  for  Furze  fhould  be 
about  4  feet  high,  and  4  or  6  broad. 


FUR.  129 

4.    HOW    BRUISED. 

a.  With  a  machine  of  the  following  conftruction — It 
confifts  of  a  large  circular  (lone,  fet  on  its  edge  (the 
weightier  and  bigger  the  better)  with  a  wooden  axis 
palling  through  its  centre.  One  end  of  this  axis  is 
fixed  upon  a  pivot,  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  circular 
area,  and  to  the  other  end  of  it  is  tixed  a  yoke,  to 
which  the  horfe  who  is  to  move  it  is  attached.  The 
(lone  being  placed  on  irs  edge,  when  the  horfe  moves, 
it  revolves  round  ics  axis  in  a  circular  grove,  or  ftone 
trough,  (this  trough  mould  be  made  of  hewn  ftone) 
exactly  in  the  fam-  manner  as  a  fugar- baker's  or  tan- 
ner's mill.  The  whins  being  placed  in  this  trough,  are 
bruifed  by  the  weight  of  the  ftone  as  it  pafles  over 
them,  and  being  raifed  up  by  a  three-pronged  fork  by 
the  attendant,  after  they  have  been  well  flatted  down, 
they  rife  in  a  furt  of  matted  cake,  which,  being  fet  in 
lbme  meafure  upon  its  edge,  is  again  Imafhed  down 
by  the  wheel  as  it  revolves  round.  In  this  way  the 
operation  is  continued,  by  fuccelfively  prefenting  new 
furfaces  to  the  aftion  of  the  wheel,  till  the  whole  is 
reduced  to  a  foft  pulpy  mats,  that  can  eafily  be  eaten 
by  the  animals.  During  the  continuance  of  this  pro- 
cefs  it  is  neceflary  to  pour  plenty  of  water  upon  the 
furze  at  different  times,  without  the  help  of  which, 
they  can  fcarcely  be  reduced  to  a  pulp  foft  enough. 
Mills  for  grinding  apples.,  or  exprefling  oil,  will  alfo 
do  to  bruife  furze. 

S  >-ne  people  all  chopped  ftrawj   100  of  ftraw  will 
ferve  for  a  ton  of  furze. 

b.  Poor  cottagers  only  break  the  prickles,  by  beat- 
ing them  with  large  mallets,  on  blocks  of  wood  \  in 
this  ftate  they  give  it  to  the  cattle,  which  eat  it  hear- 
tily. 

c.  An  inftrument  ufed  in  Wales  for  this  purpofe  is  of 
the  fmpleft  conduction,  confifting  or  a  fquare  log 
of  wood  with  a  handle,  in  which  are  inferted  two  fharp 
blades,  interfecting  at  right  angles.  It  is  made  to 
work  by  either  man,  horfe,  or  water — A  man  will  cut 
as  much  in  two  hours  as  will  feed  ieven  hories  for  ^ 
dav. 

[  >7  ] 


130  GO  A. 

It  has  been   improved  in  Dublin  by  making  the 
wheels  of  caft  metal  inftead  of  wood. 
5.    Use. 

a.  Bruifed  it  affords  food  for  horfes,  who  eat  it  as  rea- 
dily as  hay  ;  cows  alfo  that  are  fed  upon  it,  yield  near- 
ly as  much  milk  as  while  upon  grafs,  which  is  free 
from  any  bad  tafte. 

b.  Goats  and  fheep  alfo  feed  upon  the  tender  tops. 

The  tops  gathered  free  from  rain  or  dew  are  faid  to 
have  a  moft  grateful  fmell,  fuperior  to  any  green  tea, 
and  ufed  like  tea,  are  ic arcely  lefs  grateful,  and  pro- 
bably more  wholefome. 

c.  Often  employed  as  a  fence  when  (own  upon  the  top 
of  a  bank. — WjII  thus  form  a  fence  upon  the  bleakeft 
mountains,  and  clofe  to  the  fea  fide. 

d.  On  Lord  Afliburnham's  Carmarthen  eftate,  an  em- 
bankment was  effected  by  the  fimpie  procefs  of  a 
furze  hedge,  7 4-  feet  high  ;  which  ferved,  like  the 
groins  on  other  parts  of  the  coaft,  to  collect  a  bo- 
dy of  fand  equal  to  ks  height,  and  Co  to  break  the 
force  of  the  fea,  and  prevent  its  depredations  on  the 
more. 

e.  Ufed  for  heating  ovens,  which  it  does  very  foon, 
burning  rapidly  and  with  a  great  degree  of  heat.  The 
afhes  are  ufed  to  make  lye. 

Culture,  &c.  of  French  Furze. 

1.    Soil. 
a.  Will  thrive  on  a  poor  fandv  foil. 
2.    Plant. 

a.  Cut  every  third  year  in  the  month  of  February. 
The   instruments  mould  be  good,  and  applied   as 

clofe  to  the  ground  as  pofiible,  and  the  ftem  of  the 
furze  cut  clean  oft,  with  the  edge  of  the  tool  turning 
upwards. 

b.  An  acre  will  give  4840  faggots. 

French  Furze  appears  to  differ  only  from  the  com- 
mon Furze,  in  being  of  a  taller  growth,  rifmg  with 
room  and  a  good  foil,  to  10  feet  high. 

GOATS. 
I.  Marmall,  in   his  work  entitled  the  Rural  Economy 
of  Gloucefterfhire,    mentions  a   Mr.  W.   Peacey  of 


GOL.     GOO.  131 

Northleach,  who,  having  loft  feveral  horfes  in  the 
ftaggers,  was  advifed  by  a  friend,  whole  experience 
had  led  him  to  believe,  that  he'  had  benefited  much 
by  what  he  recommended — to  keep  a  he-goat  in  his 
ftables.  He  got  one,  and  had  not  for  many  years 
another  inftance  of  the  diforder;  but  the  goat  dying, 
his  horfes  again  became  arflided  with  this  alarming 
diforder.  He  procured  another  goat  (which  is  ftill 
living)  and  has  not  fince  had  an  inftance  of  the  ftag- 
gers. He  has  feldom  lefs  than  2.0  horfes  in  his  ftables. 
The  influence  of  the  goat  is  not  merely  that  of  a 
charm  ;  the  ftaggers  appear,  evidently,  to  be  a  ner- 
vous diforder.  Odours  are  found  in  many  cafes,  I 
believe,  to  act  beneficially  on  the  human  nerves  -,  and 
probably  the  ftrong  fcent  of  the  goat  may  have  a  fimi- 
lar  effect  on  thofe  of  the  horfe. 

2.  In  Northumberland  they  have  generally  a  few  goats 
mixed  with  fheep,  for  the  health  of  the  flock  j  as  it  is 
known  they  eat,  with  fafety,  plants  which  to  other 
animals  would  be  poifon. 

3.  Large  flocks  of  goats  are  kept  on  Snowden  for  the 
dairy,  and  regularly  milked. 

GOLD  OF  PLEASURE.     (Myagrum  Sativum. 

This  plant  is  frequently  found  as  a  weed  among 
Flax:  In  Germany  it  is  cultivated  for  the  fake  of  the 
exprefTed  oil  of  the  feeds,  which  the  inhabitants  ufe 
for  medicinal,  culinary,  and  oeconomical  purpofes. — 
The  feeds  are  favourite  food  with  Geefe. 

GOOSE. 

1.  Chinefe  G.  (Anas  Cynoides.)  This  is  eafily  dif- 
tinguifhed  from  other  geefe,  by  a  large  knob  on  the 
forehead,  and  a  wattle  beneath  the  throat. 

It  is  frequently  kept  in  England,  and  readily  breeds 
with  the  common  geefe — Is  called  by  many  the  Swan 
Goofe. 

2.  Canada  G.  (A.  Canadexjis.)  This  is  bigger  than 
the  common  G.  from  which  it  may  readily  be  known, 
by  the  head  and  neck  being  black,  with  a  broad  white 
band  like  a  crefcent  under  the  throat. 


132  GOO. 

This  is  frequently  kept  as  an  ornament  to  pieces  of 
water,  where  it  breeds  fieely  j  the  young  birds  are  ac- 
counted good,  and  the  feathers  are  equal  in  goodnefs 
to  thofe  of  other  geefe. 

3.  Egyptian  G.  (A.  j£gyptiaca.)  Size  of  the  com- 
mon G.  On  each  fide  of  the  head  a  large  rufous  fpot, 
in  the  middle  of  which  the  eyes  are  placed. 

Not  uncommon  on  Gentlemens'  ponds  in  many 
parts  of  this  kingdom,  being  an  admired  and  beauti- 
ful fpecies. 

4.  Cape  of  Good  Hope  G.  Lefs  than  the  common  G. 
neck  proportionably  longer ;  on  the  forehead  of  the 
gander  a  fmall  knob  j  plumage  white ;  grows  very 
fat — This  is  fometimes  to  be  met  with  near  London  in 
poultry  yards  j  and  are  brought  from  the  Cape  by 
homeward  bound  Eaft  India  mips. 

5.  Brent  G.  (A.  Bernicle.)  This  is  one  kind  of  our 
wild  G.  but  is  eafily  tarried,  and,  being  fattened,  are 
thought  to  be  a  delicate  food — Feeds  on  plants,  as  the 
fmall  Biftort  (Polygonum  viviparum),  black-berried 
Heath  (Empetrum  nigrum),  &c. 

6.  Common  G.  (A.  sinjer.')  Breeds  in  general  only 
once  in  a  year,  I  ut  will  frequently  have  two  hatches 
in  a  feafon,  i  well  kept ;  the  time  of  fitting  is  about 
30  days.  They  will  produce  eggs  fufficient  for  three 
broods,  if  they  are  taken  away  in  fucceffion.  One 
gander  to  five  geefe — The  goofe  crying  draw  in  her 
bill,  is  a  fign  fhe  is  about  to  lav — the  goflings  not  to 
be  lent  out  to  graze  too  early,  and  always  fed  before 
turning  out,  left  they  wander  beyond  their  ftrength. 
Belides  corn,  feeds  on  grafs,  cabbage  and  lettuce 
leaves,  and  chopped  Civts  (Gallium  sparine.) — For 
the  fake  or  their  quills  and  feathers,  they  are  ftripped 

ile  alive,  once  in  a  year  for  the  firft,  and  no  lefs 
than  five  times  for  the  laft  :  the  firft  plucking  is  about 
Lady- Day,  for  both  quills  and  feathers;  the  other  four 
between  that  and  Michaelmas,  for  feathers  only;  in 
general  the  birds  are  not  confiderable  fuffcrers,  though 
fometimes,  if  the  cold  weather  fhould  come  on,  num- 
bers die  in  confequence. 


GOO.  133 

GOOSEBERRY.     (Ribes  Grcffularia.) 

Far.  In  the  fize  and  colour  of  the  fruit,  as  red,  deep 
red  or  nearly  black,  yellow,  white  and  green;  of  thefe 
fome  forts  are  fmooth,  others  hairy. 

We  are  indebted  to  a  fociety  in  Lancafhire  for  the 
great  varieties  we  have  of  this  fruit,  in  haying  given  a 
premium  for  feveral  years,  for  raifing  of  curious  new 
forts,  remarkable  for  fize  and  flavour.  Their  cata- 
logue contained  83  kinds. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Thrive  beft  in  a  light  dry  foil ;  and  free  from  the 
(hade  of  trees. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  fcedy  for  new  varieties. 

b.  By  fuckers  j  or,  which  form  better  roof,  cuttings  j 
thefe  fhould  be  6  inches  long,  planted  3  inches  deep 
and  6  inches  apart,  the  time  either  January,  Febru- 
ary, or  Autumn.  In  the  year  following  they  are  to 
be  planted  in  rows  3  feet  diftant,  and  1  too:  afunder, 
the  roots  to  be  trimmed,  and  during  their  growth 
(from  firft  planting)  all  buds  and  fhoots  below  the 
head  "are  to  be  taken  off. 

c.  When  feveral  ftems  arife  from  the  fame  root  they  may 
be  divided  into  fingle  plants. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Tranfplanted  in  February  will  bear  the  fame  year. 

b.  Three  years  old  the  beft  age  for  laft  tranfplanting. 
The  diftance  of  the  rows  8  feet,  and  the  trees  6  feet 
afunder. 

It  is  the  practice  of  gardeners  near  London  to  ma- 
nure and  dig  between  the  rows,  planting  it  with  cole- 
worts  for  winter  and  fpring  ufe ;  in  hard  winters  thefe 
often  efcape,  when  thofe  which  are  planted  in  an  open 
enclofure  are  deftroyed  ;  in  fpring  and  fu miner  fpi- 
nage,  beans  or  potatoes  are  raifed  between  them. 

c.  In  November  cut  any  crofs-placed  or  crowded  bran- 
ches, and  dead  wood ;  and  the  fuperfluous  lateral 
fhoots,  except  in  vacancies,  leaving  a  leader  to  each 
mother  branch,  fliortened  moderately  or  not  at  all. 


J34  GOU. 

d.  To  free  from  infects :  Take  a  Scot's  pint  of  tobac- 
co liquor,  which  the  manufacturers  of  tobacco  gene- 
rally fell  for  deftroying  bugs,  and  mix  therewith  about 
i  oz.  of  allum ;  and  when  the  allum  is  fufficiently 
diflblved,  put  this  mixture  into  a  plate  or  velTcl,  wide 
and  long  enough  to  admit  of  a  brufh,  and  by  draw- 
ing your  hand  gently  over  the  hairs  of  the  brufh, 
fprinkle  the  above  liquor  on  the  under  fides  of  the 
leaves. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit ;  either  green,  ripe,  preferved,  or  made 
into  wine. 

h.  It  has  been  propofed  to  plant  it  for  hedges — Garden- 
ers near  London  frequently  make  up  dead  hedges, 
with  the  old  trees. 

GOURD. 

1.  Long  Gourd.     (Cucurbita  Lagenaria.) 

2.  Warted  Gourd.     (C.  Melopepo.) 

3.  Chinefe  Gourd — Fruit  fmooth,  roundifh,  yellow. 

Culture }  &c. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  The  culture  of  the  Gourds  is  the  fame  as  that  of 

the  Pumkin  ;  except  that  the  leffer  varieties  require 

being    trained   up  fouth  walls,    palings,    arbours    or 

poles. 

2.  Use. 

a.  The  long  Gourds  if  gathered  young,  while  the  fkins 
are  tender,  and  boiled  have  an  agreeable  flavour :  In 
the  eaftern  countries  they  boil  it,  and  feafon  it  with 
vinegar;  or  fill  the  (hell  with  rice,  and  meat,  and 
thus  make  a  pudding ;  the  rind  of  the  ripe  fruit,  when 
the  feeds  and  pulp  are  taken  out,  is  ufed  to  hold 
water. 

b.  The  warted  Gourd  is  commonly  gathered  when  they 
are  half  grown,  and  boiled  by  the  inhabitants  of  Ame- 
rica, to  eat  as  fauce  with  their  meat.  "  They  are  the 
Cimbline  of  Maryland,  the  Squajh  of  Pennfylvania." 

c.  The  Chinefe  Gourd,  which  appears  to  be  equally 
hardy  as  the  long  Gourd;  is  brought  from  China  by 
the  Eaft  India  Company  Ihips  ;  the  pulp  is  eaten  either 


GRA.  135 

drefled  like  maflied  turneps,  or  made  into  a  pie  with 
the  juice  of  a  lemon,  and  is  then  compared  to  apples 
for  tafte. 

GRAFTING. 

Is  the  taking  a  moot  from  one  tree  and  inferting  it 
into  another,  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  that  both  may  unite 
clofely,  and  become  one  tree  :  Its  ufe  is  to  propagate 
any  curious  forts  of  fruit  fo  as  to  be  certain  of  the 
kinds,  which  cannot  be  done  by  any  other  method;  it 
alfo  renders  exotic  trees  hardy  enough  to  endure  the 
cold  of  our  climate  in  the  open  air. 

1.  Grafts  or  Cions,  and  Stocks. 

a.  Grafts  fhould  be  ihoots  of  the  former  year  ;  of  heal- 
thy fruit  trees;  and  from  lateral  or  horizontal  bran- 
ches. 

h.  As  the  grafts  mould  be  cut  off  from  the  trees  be- 
fore their  buds  begin  to  fwell,  which  is  generally  three 
weeks  or  a  month  before  the  feafon  for  grafting ;  they 
muft  be  buried  in  the  ground  half  their  length,  and 
their  tops  covered  with  dry  litter ;  if  a  fmall  joint  of 
the  former  year's  wood  is  cut  off  with  the  cion  it  will 
preferve  it  the  better. 

If  the  cions  are  to  be  carried  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance it  will  be  proper  to  put  their  cut-ends  into  a 
lump  of  clay,  and  to  wrap  them  up  in  mofs ;  which 
will  preferve  them  frefh  for  a  month  or  longer. 

c .  The  beft  grafts  are  from  trees  raifed  from  leed ;  next 
thofe  raifed  from  cuttings  j  but  thofe  of  trees  raifed 
from  fuckers  fhould  be  rejected. 

d.  The  beft  flocks  are  fuch  as  have  been  allowed  much 
room  in  the  nurfery  ;  thofe  planted  very  ciofe  have  the 
wood  foft ;  and  the  grafts  on  them,  though  they  fhoot 
ftrong,  are  not  fruitful. 

2.  NecefTary  tools  for  grafcing. 

a.  A  neat  fmall  hand  faw,  to  cut  off  the  heads  of  large 
flocks. 

b.  A  good  ftrong  knife  with  a  thick  back,  to  make 
clefts  in  the  flocks. 

c  A  fharp  penknife  to  cut  the  grafts. 
d.  A  grafting  chifTel  and  a  fmall  mallet. 


136  GRA. 

e.  Bafs  firings,  or  woollen  yarn,  to  tic  the  grafts  with. 
/.  A  quantity  of  cLy  or  mummy — See  Grafting-Clay 
for  the  method  of  preparing  its  and  alfo  Mummy. 

3.  Kinds  of  Gri'.rtinj. 

a.  Crown-grafting,    Shoulder -grafting,    or  grafting  in 
the  rind. 

b.  Cleft-grafting,    called   alfo   Stock  or   Slit-grafting. 
(See  page  78.) 

The  Chir.efe  when  they  ingraft  do  not  flit  the  (lock 
as  we  do,  but  cut  a  fmall  flice  off  the  ou  fide  of  the 
fto^k,  to  which  they  apply  the  graft,  (being  cut  Ho- 
ping on  one  fide,  agreeable  to  the  flice  cut  from  the 
flock),  and  bringing  up  the  bark  of  the  flice  upon  the 
outfide  of  the  grafr,  they  tie  all  together,  covering 
with  ftraw  and  muJ  as  we  do. 
€.  Whip-grafting,  which  is  called  alfo  Tongue-grafting. 

d.  Grafting   by  approach,  or  ablactation;    this  is  alio 
called  Inarching,  which  fee. 

e.  Root-grafting. 

/.  Budding  or  Inoculation. 

g.  L'.fcutchen-grafting. 

b.  Terebration,  or  boring  of  trees. 

See  the  different  articles,  for  the  method  of  perform- 
ing them. 

4.  What  trees  will  take,  and  thrive  upon  each  other. 

a.  Nut-bearing  trees  may  be  grafted  upon  each  other. 

b.  Plumb- bearing  trees;  under  this  head  is  to  be  reckon- 
ed the  Almond,  Peach,  Neclarine,  Apricot,  &c. 

As  thefe  trees  are  very  fubject  to  emit  large  quanti- 
ties of  gum  from  thofe  parts  where  they  a;  e  deeply  cut 
and  wounded;  in  the  tender  trees  of  this  kind,  viz. 
Peaches  and  Nedlarir.es,  (which  are  moft  fubje<5t  to  it) 
it  is  found  to  be  the  fureft  method,  to  bud  or  inocu- 
late. 

c.  Cone-bearing,  as  the  Fir,  Larch,  Cedar,  &c. 

Thefe  muft  be  grafted  by  approach,  for  they  abound 
with  a  great  quantity  of  refin,  which  is  apt  to  evapo- 
rate from  the  graft,  if  feparated  from  the  trees  before 
it  is  joined  with  the  (lock,  whereby  they  are  often  de- 
flroyed. 

d.  Maft-bearing  trees. 


GRA,     GIN, 


t37 


f  hole  with  a  tender  foft  wood  Will  take  upon  each 
other;  but  thofe  of  a  firm  texture,  and  flow  of  growth, 
fhould  be  grafted  by  approach. 

The  curious  furnifh  us  with  feveral  extraordinary  in- 
ftances  of  engrafting;  as  of  apples  on  the  plane,  elder, 
thorn,  cabbage-ftalk,  &c.  and  the  like  of  pears,  &c. 
pears  on  apple  trees,  elms,  &c.  cherries  oh  the  laurel, 
coral-berries  on  the  plumb;  beach  on  the  chefnut,  oak 
on  the  elm,  goofeberry  on  the  currant,  the  vine  on  the 
cherry-tree,   &c. 

GIN-SENG.     (Panax  ghtinquefolium.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Seed. 
a.  Though  the  flowers  are  hermaphrodites  and  ripen  to 
appearance  their  feeds,  no  effort  made  either  in  China 
or  England,  could  make  them  grow  in  a  garden.  The 
Chinefe  fay  the  feeds  pafs  through  a  bird,  like  mifieltoe 
berries  through  a  Thrufh. 

2.    Plant. 

a.  This  is  a  native  of  China  and  North  America,  but 
has  been  introduced  into  Englifh  gardens,  and  in  a 
lhady  fituation  and  light  foil,  the  plants  have  thriven, 
produced  flowers,  and  ripened  their  feeds. 

b.  Grows  naturally  on  rocky  mountains,  and  hear  the 
roots  of  trees. 

3-  Use, 

a.  The  root  is  fo  valued  in  China  as  to  fell  for  its  weight 
in  filver:  The  phyficians  there  have  written  whole  vo- 
lumes on  its  virtues;  which  appear  principally  to  be, 
thinning  the  blood,  making  it  circulate,  and  warming 
it;  and  that  it  fenfibly  ftrengthens. 

b.  The  leaves  ufed  inftead  of  Tea — The  colour  of  it  is 
no  lefs  agreeable;  and  when  taken  two  or  three  times, 
it  has  a  tafte  and  flavour  which  are  very  pleafant. 

The  leaves  poflefs  the  virtues  of  the  root. 

Our  phyficians  depreciate  the  virtues  of  this  plant  fo 
much,  that  notwithstanding  it  has  found  a  place  in  our 
difpenfatory,  yet,  it  is  not  mentioned  in  the  Pharma- 
copoeia of  the  London  College, 
[   '8  ] 


138  GIN.     GRA. 

"  Daniel  Prefton  of  Maryland,  well  known  on  Do- 
ver creek,  Harford  county,  had  an  afihma  from  his 
childhood  :  Being  a  land  furveyor  it  become  a  habit  to 
chew  of  this  plant  in  the  woods,  till,  unexpectedly,  he 
was  considerably  better  of  the  difeafe;  and  he  then  made 
it  a  practice  to  drink  of  the  leaves  and  roots  in  a  tea. 
At  about  60  he  had  been  from  15  to  10  years  perfectly 
cured  of  all  complaints." 

GRAM. 

1.  Eaft  India  Gram.  Grows  about  15  inches  high,  but 
fpreads  without  trailing  near  3  feet;  has  a  red  pea 
flower,  which  is  fucceeded  by  a  pod  containing  only  a 
fingle  feed ;  but  the  produce  is  great,  as  there  are  as 
many  pods  as  leaves,  which  are  like  thofe  of  Burnet: 
Being  a  very  hardy  plant  the  feed  mould  be  fown  ear- 
ly in  March,  or  even  fooner. 

The  feeds  which  are  of  a  deep  red  colour,  and  of 
the  fize  of  a  pea,  are  ufed  to  feed  pigs  and  poultry — 
Our  Eaft  India  fhips  bring  home  long  (lender  poles  of 
very  hard  wood,  which  they  call  Gram  flicks. 

2.  Spanifh  Gram  or  Caravanfe  Pea.  This  was  fown 
late  in  the  fpring,  and  grew  very  well  till  dry  hot  wea- 
ther fet  in,  when  it  withered  and  died;  but  not  before 
it  had  ripened  a  few  feeds.  It  differs  principally  from 
the  above  in  the  feed,  which  is  of  the  colour  and  fize 
of  a  marrowfat  pea. 

The  feeds  are  reckoned  more  wholefome  in  foups 
than  thofe  of  the  common  pea. — The  plant  is  eaten  by 
cows. 

"  It  is  a  defirable  plant  for  America." 

GRASSES. 

Cultivated  Grasses. 
I.  Ray-Graf;.     (Lolium  Perenne.) 
1.  York  mire-Grafs.     (Holcus  Lanatus.) 

3.  Sweet-icented  Vernal  Grafs.  (Anthoxanthum  Odo- 
r  at  urn.) 

4.  Meadow  Fox-tail  Grafs.     (Alopecurus  Pratenfu.) 

5.  Smooth-ftalked  Meadow  Grafs.     (Poa  Pratevfis.) 

6.  Rough-ftalked  Meadow  Grafs.     (Poa  Trivialis.) 

7.  Meadow  Fefcue-Grafs.     (Feftuca  Pratenfis.) 


GRA.  139 

8.  Crefted  Dog's-tail-Grafs.     (Cynofurus  Criftatus.) 

The  feeds  of  the  laft  fix  graffes  were  firft  colle&ed 
by  the  late  Mr.  Curtis;  and  are  (till  to  be  bought  at 
the  Botanic  Nurfery,  Brompton;  and  at  No.  3,  St. 
George's-Crefcent,   Black -Friar's-Road. 

9.  Timothy-Grafs.     (Phelum  Pratenje.) 

10.  Oat  Grafs.    (Bromus  Mollis.)     Cultivated  in  Staf- 
ford fhi  re. 

Culture,  &c,  of  Ray-grafs. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Suits  a  ftony  foil. 

b.  Attains  amazing  perfection  upon  bogs  properly  pre- 
pared; where  it  has  grown  6  feet  in  length. 

If  fown  repeatedly  on  the  fame  land  it  degenerates. 
The  original  kind  produces  a  white  (talk  and  feed,  and 
is  a  perennial  grafs;  the  degenerate  kind  has  a  purple 
ftalk  and  a  blackifh  feed,  and  almoft  becomes  an  an- 
nual. 

2,  Seed. 

a.  Mixed  with  clover  feed  and  fown  with  barley  or  oats. 

b.  Sown  with  clover  and  narrow-leaved  plantain. 

One  reafon  for  fowing  it  with  clover  is,  to  preferve 
the  fheep  and  cows  from  hoving. 
3.  Plant. 
a.  Is  a  very  indifferent  grafs  for  pafture,  on  account  of 
the  tendency  it  has  to  fend  out  numerous  feed-ftalks 
very  early  in  the  feafon,  after  which  no  animal  will 
tafte  it :  moreover  it  dies  out  entirely,  in  five  or  fix 
years. 

4.    Use. 
a.  For  pafture  and  hay. 

The  hay  does  not  effect  horfes  wind  like  the  hay  of 
other  graffes. 

Culture,  &V.  of  Torkjhire-Grafs,  or  White  Hay  Seed. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  This  grafs  is  excellently  adapted  for  moffy  foils;    it 
fpreads  quickly  and  keeps  the  ground  warm. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  with  oats  inftead  of  ray -grafs. 

3.  Use. 

a.  Is  good  fodder  for  cattle,  but  not  fo  good  for  horfes. 


I4Q  GRA. 

Culture  y  tffV.  of  Sweet-fcented  Vernal-Grafs. 

i.    Soil. 
a.  Grows  readily  in  all  kinds  of  foils  and  fituations. 

2.  Seed. 
a.  Not  very  producYive  in  feed  which  ripens  in  ApriL 

3.  Plant. 
a.  In  certain  fituations,  and  more  efpecially  in  dry  fea- 
fons,    the  leaves  of  this  grafs  are  apt  to  be  blighted, 
from  a  difeafe  which  changes  them  to  an  orange  hue, 
and  which  proves  highly  injurious  to  them. 
b    The  agreeable  fcent  of  new-made  hay  arifes  entirely 
from  this  grafs.     The  green  leaves,  when  bruifed,  rea- 
dily impart  this  perfume  to  the  fingers,  by  which  means 
this  grafs  may  at  all  times  be  known. 
4.   Use. 
a.  Cattle  are  fond  of  it. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Meadow  Fox-tail  Grafs. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Grows  naturally  in  a  moid  foil  only. 

b.  The  beft  grafs  to  low  on  boggy  places  that  have  been 
drained. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Ripens  early  and  is  eafily  collected. 

In  certain  feafons  the  feeds  are  deftroyed  by  a  very 
minute  orange  coloured  larva  or  maggot. 
3.  Plant. 

a.  Is  of  quick  growth  and  flioots  very  rapidly  after  mow- 
ing, producing  a  very  plentiful  aftertftathy  and  where 
the  land  is  rich  and  two  crops  are  not  thought  too  much 
for  it  to  bear;  of  all  our  Englifli  graffes  this  appears  to 
be  the  beft  adapted  for  fuch  a  purpofe,  and  ought  to 
form  a  principal  part  of  the  crop. 

b.  Is  the  earlieft  of  the  common  meadow  grafles,  and 
furnifhes  the  greater!  quantity  of  hay. 

4.  Use. 
a.  It  is  efteemed  a  good  grafs  for  hay;  and  is  one  of  the 
firft  dairy  grades. 

Culture,  Z£c.  of  Smcotb-ftalked  Meadow  Grafs. 

1.  Son.. 
a.  This  grafs  rather  affects  a  dry  than  a  moift  fituation, 
and  hence  it  keeps  its  verdure  in  long  continued  dry_ 


GRA.  141 

weather  better  than  moll  others,  but  will  thrive  in  ei- 
ther. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Throws  up  its  flowering  Items  but  once  in  a  feafon, 
viz,  in  May. 

From  this  peculiarity,  joined  to  its  hardinefs  and  ver- 
dure, it  would  appear  to  be  a  good  grafs  for  lawns  or 
grafs  plats. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  The  root  creeps  like  the  couch-grafs,  and  is  almoft 
as  difficult  to  extirpate ;  it  ought,  therefore,  to  be  cau- 
tioufly  introduced  where  the  pafturage  is  not  intended 
to  be  permanent. 

b.  Where  early  grafs  pafturage  is  a  defideratum,  it  is  fup- 
pofed  it  cannot  be  better  obtained,  than  by  a  combina- 
tion of  this  and  the  two  former  grafTes;  if  a  crop  beat 
the  fame  time  an  object,  the  Meadow  Fox-tail  Grafs 
ihould  predominate. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Is  efteemed  among  our  beft  grafTes  for  hay. 

In  dry  foils  the  crop  from  this  grafs  has  been  found 
yearly  to  diminifh  in  quantity,  and  to  be  at  laft  very 
trifling,  when  its  roots  are  matted  together  and  have 
exhaufted  the  ground,  which  they  feem  very  apt  to  do; 
in  moift  meadows  this  effect  has  not  been  fo  obferva- 
ble.     This  circumftance  lefTens  the  value  of  this  grafs. 

Culture^  &c.  of  the  Rough-ftalked  Meadow -Grafs. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  a  moift  foil,  and  a  fituation  that  is  fhelter- 
ed.  Hence,  though  there  are  few  grafTes  more  pro- 
ductive, or  better  adapted  for  hay  or  pafturage,  it  is  a 
tender  grafs,  and  liable  to  be  injured  by  fevere  cold, 
or  excefiive  drought. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Is  apt  to  be  entangled,  as  if  cobwebs  had  been  inter- 
mixed with  them,  which  makes  it  difficult  to  difperfe 
them  evenly  in   fowing;  the  fame  happens  with   the 
Smooth-ftalked  Meadow-Grafs. 
3.    Plant. 

a.  This  is  a  principal  grafs  in  that  uncommonly  pro- 
ductive meadow  at  Madington,  in  Wiltfhire;    befides 


H2  GRA. 

which,  are  found  growing  there,  equally  luxuriantly, 
Couch-Grafs,    (Triticum  Repens.)    Agroftis  Palujiris, 
Alba?     Meadow  Fox-tail  Grafs,    (Alopecurus  Pra- 
tenjis.)     Tall  Oat,     (Avena  Elatior.)     Flote  Fefcue- 
Grafs,    (Fefcuca  Fluitans.)  Meadow  Saxifrage,    (Peu- 
cedanum  Silaus.)    Upright  Meadow  Crowfoot,     (Ra- 
nunculus Acris.)  &c.     The  foil  of  this  meadow  owes 
its  fertility  to  being  over-run  by  dreams  of  water  from 
the  ftreets  of  Tilfhead  (about  three  miles  diftant)  and 
the  farm  yard;    it  gives  four  crops  in  the  year;    and 
fattens  hogs,  which  is  imputed  to  the  Couch  Grafs. 
Some  of  the  above  gralTes  are  faid  to  grow  25  feet 
long,  throwing  out  roots  at  the  joints  of  the  ftalks,  about 
18  inches  high;  and  gives  about  five  tons  per  acre  the 
firft  mowing,  and  about  two  the  fccond;  though  fome- 
times  confiderably  more:    Two  crops   is  all  the  field 
gives  according  to  one  account,  where  the  place  is  called 
Orchefton  St.  Mary,    and  faid  to  be  about  nine  miles 
from  Salifbury — Tne  crops  of  late  years  have  not  by  any 
means  equalled  what  they  have  heretofore  been. 

Culture j  &c.   of  Meadow  FeJ 'cue-  Grafs. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Will  thrive  not  only  in  very  wet,    but  alfo  in  dry 
ground. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Produces  its  flowing  ftems  about  the  middle  of  June. 
One  quality  this  grafs  has  which  bids  fair  to  intro- 
duce it  quickly  into  more  general  ufe,  viz.  its  produ- 
cing much  feed,  which  is  eafily  gathered,  and  readily 
grows. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  Has  much  the  appearance  of  the  Ray-Grafs,  to  which, 
however,  it  feems  in  many  refpecls  greatly  fuperior,  at 
lead  for  the  purpofes  of  forming  or  improving  mea- 
dows; it  is  larger  and  more  productive  of  foliage;  it  is 
ftridlly  perennial,  and  very  hardy. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Crejled  Dogs-tail  Grafs. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  in  dry  fituations  and  will  not  thrive 
in  meadows  that  are  wet. 


GRA.  143 

2.  Seed. 
a.  Flowers  about  the  middle  of  June. — As  the  flowering 
items  and  heads  are  always  lefc  untouched   by   cattle, 
its  feeds  may  eafily  be  collected  where  the  pafture  is 
fed. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  Produces  but  little  foliage  •,  its  Hems  are  wiry,  and 
conftantly  refufed  by  cattle :  this,  with  its  root  being 
fibrous,  and  penetrating  to  no  great  depth,  and  its 
becoming  in  dry  fummers  little  better  than  an  annual, 
makes  its  intrinfic  merit  inferior  to  the  five  former 
gralTes. 

4.  Use. 
a.  Is  recommended  from  being  a  favourite  and  whole- 
fome  food  for  fheep  and  deer  j  and  being  found  in  our 
founded  and  beft  paftures. 
Mr.  Curtis  points  out  the  latter  end  of  Auguft,  or 
beginning  of  September,  for  fowing  grafs  feed  :  and 
the  following  compofition,  fown  broad-caft,  to  form  a 
meadow  or  pafture. 

Meadow  Fox-tail,  one  pint ;  Meadow  Fejcue,  ditto ; 
Smooth-Talked  Meadow,  half  a  pint  ;  Rough-jlalked 
Meadow,  ditto  ;  Crejled  Dogs -tail,  a  quarter  of  a  pint; 
Sweet-Jcented  Vernal,  ditto ;  Dutch  Clover  (Trifolium 
Ripens)  half  a  pint ;  Wild  Red  Clover  (Trifolium  Pra- 
tenje),  or  in  its  (lead,  Broad  Clover  of  the  mops,  dit- 
to. For  wet  land,  the  Crejled  Dogs- tail  and  Smooth- 
Jlalked  Meadow  may  be  omitted,  efpecially  the  for- 
mer. 

Such  a  compofition  as  this,  fown  in  the  proportion 
of  about  three  bufhels  to  an  acre,  on  a  fuitable  foil,  in 
a  favourable  fituation,  will  form  in  two  years  a  mod 
excellent  meadow,  the  land  being  before  well  cleared 
of  all  other  plants. 

Useful  Uncultivated  Grasses. 
1.  Reed  Meadow-Grafs.  (Poa  Jquatica.)  Grows  in 
the  fens  of  Ely  6  feet  high,  ufually  cut  when  about  4 
feet,  when  dry,  is  bound  in  Iheaves  ;  it  generally  un- 
dergoes a  heat  in  the  rick,  which  improves  it.  It  is 
excellent  for  milch  cows  j  horfes  are  not  fond  of  it. 
Is  called  White-lead,  from  drying  of  a  white  colour. 
Said  to  be  cultivated  in  the  Ifle  of  Ely. 


144  GRA. 

2.  Water  Hair-Gr.  ra  Aquatica.)  Cannot  be 
cultivated,  as  it  mull  have  water  to  grow  in.  This 
grafs  contributes  greatly  to  the  fweetnefs  of  Cot- 
tenham  cheefe,  and  to  the  firmnefs  of  Cambridge 
butter. 

3.  Blue  Hair-Grafs.     (Aira   C<trula.)     Is  made  into 

ns. 

4.  Sheep  Fef cue-Grafs.  (Feftuca  Ovina.)  Is  the  fa- 
vourite food  of  fheep  j  they  prefer  it  before  all  other 
graffes,  and  fooneft  grow  fat  upon  it.  The  Tartars, 
who  lead  a  wandering  life,  tending  their  ftock  and 
herds,  always  choofe  thofe  fpots  where  this  grafs  a- 
bounds. — Is  not  the  fuperiority  of  the  Spanifti  and 
Englifh  wool  owing  to  the  abundance  of  this  grafs  in 
the   hilly   paftures  where  the  fheep  are  kept  r     V 

ing. 

5.  Hardl-1:  Fef  cue-Grafs.  (Feftuca  Luriufcula.)  Wor- 
thy of  all  cultivation  ;  it  afrbrds  rich  pafture,  and 
makes  the  fineft  hay — grows  3  or  4  feet  high. 

6.  Marjb  A  -Grafs.  (Poa  Palujiris.)  A  fine 
exuberant  grafs ;  perhaps  the  very  belt  dairy  grafs. 
Suppofed  to  be  an  excellent  grafs  for  laying  down 
fpongy  ground. 

7.  IVhite  Me  ado-jo -Grafs.  (Poa  Annua,  Alba  f)  will 
come  up,  bloom  and  ripen  its  feed  in  one  month.  Is 
a  fweet  grafs  and  generally  liked. 

8.  Flats  Fef cue-Grafs.  (Feftuca  Fluitans*  A  moft 
excellent  grafs,  and  what  cattle  are  lb  fond  of  as  to 
endanger  their  lives  in  getting  at  it ;  as  it  always  choo- 
les  water  with  a  miry  bottom  to  grow  in  it  cannot  be 
cultivated.  The  Cottenham  and  Chedder  cheeies  owe 
their  fame  in  great  meafure  to  this  grafs. 

Hogs  are  as  equally  fond  of  it  as  kine,  both  frefh 
and  dry. 

9.  Annual  Darnel.  (Lolium  Temulentum.)  The  feed 
is  almoft  of  the  fize  of  wheat,  and  in  times  of  fcarcity 
has  been  made  into  bread  ;  malted  and  made  into  beer 
it  foon  intoxicates. 

The  feed,  which   is  called  Seed,  affords  a 

very  pleafing  and  whole  fome  nourifhment  to  man  ; 
when  ground  into  meal  it  makes  bread  very  little  in- 
ferior to  that  in  common  1. 


GRA.  145 

This  is  not  the  only  grafs  whofe  feeds  affords  flour 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  wheat :  In  Iceland  is  a  kind  of 
wild  corn  or  grafs  of  which  the  inhabitants  make  bread, 
which  they  will  not  exchange  for  foreign  ;  the  ftraw, 
which  is  very  good,  is  ufed  to  thatch  houfes.  It  grows 
in  fand,  and  the  feed  that  drops  off  fows  itfelf,  and 
produces  new  corn  regularly  every  year — The  wild 
corn  of  Ireland  is  of  two  fores,  viz.  Arnndo  arenaira, 
and  Arundo  foliorum  lateribus  convolutis. 

10.  Sea  Meadow-Grafs.  (Poa  Maratima.)  One  of 
the  principal  graffes  in  our  fait  marines. 

11.  Rope-Grafs.  (Melica  Nutans.)  Ropes  are  made 
of  this  grafs  for  fifhing  nets,  which  are  remarkable  for 
lading  long  without  rotting. — The  Spaniards  make 
bafkets,  fhoes,  mats,  durable  ropes  which  need  not  be 
tarred,  and  cables,  of  a  grafs,  called  by  them,  Spar- 
to,  (Stipa  Tenaciffima)  which  would  probably  grow  in 
England — It  needs  no  preparation  for  working — Grows 
on  fand  hills. 

12.  Field  Broom-Grafs.  (Bromus  Secalinus.)  The 
pannacles  are  ufed  for  dying  green. 

13.  Purple  Melic-Grafs.  (Melica  Cceralea  of  Light- 
foot).  Flourifh.es  in  abundance  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  copper  mines  of  Anglejea  j  where  the  fumes  de- 
ftroy  nearly  every  thing  elfe  that  vegetates. 

14.  Marjh  Bent-Grafs.  (Agroftis  Palujlris.)  In 
Stillingfleet's  Obfervations  on  Graffes,  we  have  an  ac- 
count of  a  field  of  about  four  acres,  at  Rufcomb,  in 
Berkfhire,  which  always  lay  under  water,  and  on 
which  field  grew  this,  and  Flote  Fef cue-Grafs ;  and 
maintained  five  farm  horfes  in  good  heart  from  April 
to  the  end  of  harveft,  without  giving  them  any  other 
kind  of  food,  and  even  yielded  more  than  they  could 
eat. 

15.  Graffes  fuited  for  grafs-plats,  viz.  Sheeps  Fefcue- 
Grafs  j  fine  Bent-Grafs.      (Agroftis  Capillaris.) 

16.  Graffes  fuppofed  to  be  fuited  for  fheep-walks— 
Fine  Bent  Grafs ;  Yellow  Oat-Grafs.  (Avena  Fla- 
vefcens.)     Common  Quaking-Grafs.     (Briza  Media.) 

It  will  not  be  amifs,  to  inform  thole  who  may  be  in- 
clined to  fave  grafs-feed — that  the  feeds  of  moft  of  the 

[  19] 


146  GRA. 

grades  fall  from  the  hulks  within  a  fhort  time  after 
they  are  ripe,  and  many  of  them  before  (to  appearance) 
they  are  To  ;  fo  that  if  not  carefully  and  conftantly 
watched,  a  few  days  neglect  will  deprive  you  of  the 
opportunity  of  collecting  them.  The  feeds  of  Tall 
Fcicue-Grafs,  (Feftuca  Elatior,)  and  Darnel  Fefcue- 
Grafs,  (Feftuca  Loliacea,)  not  being  fertile,  thofe 
grafTes  can  only  be  cultivated  by  parting  their  roots 
and  planting  them  out :  It  has  been  thought,  that 
meadows  would  be  beft  formed,  by  planting  out  the 
roots  of  grafTes,  and  other  plants,  in  a  regular  manner  ; 
this  great  advantage  would  attend  it;  noxious  weeds 
might  be  more  eaftly  kept  down,  until  the  grafTes  and 
other  plants  had  eftablifhed  themfelves. 

Foreign  Grasses. 
i.   Bruffels  Quaking-Grafs  :   An  annual,  growing  about 

iS   inches  high — A    field    has    been   fown  with   it  in 

Kent. 

2.  Carolina  IVinter-Grafs.  This  is  probably  only  ano- 
ther name  for  one  of  the  following  grafTes. 

3.  American  Timothy -Grajs. 

Culture,   &rV. 

1.   Soil. 
a.  Thrives  beft  in  a  wet  foil. 

:.  Seed. 
Sown  in  September — In  December  the  plants  will 
appear  with   as   much  ftrength  as   if  it  had  grown  for 
feveral  years. 

3.  Use. 

a.  Horfes  and  black  cattle  are  extremely  fond  of  it ;  and 
in  many  refpecls  it  is  faid  to  be  far  fuperior  to  either 
Luccrn  or  Burnet. 

b.  Binds  boggy  ground  fo  clofe,  that  in  a  few  months 
a  waggon  may  be  drawn  over  it. 

4.  American  Black-Grafs. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Should  not  be  fown  before  Lady-day. 

5.  American  Ccck's-foct  Grafs.     (Dactylis  American  fit. 

Dr.  Anderfon.) 


GUI.  J47 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Plant. 
a.  Its  leaves  are  broad,  firm,  and  roundifb,  but  neither 

very  long,  nor  clofe  upon  one  another. 
6.  Chinefe  Feather-Grafs— -Cultivated  in  fome  gardens 

as  a  curious  plant ;  as  it  does  not  grow  above  a  foot 

high,  and  the  leaves  are  fmall  and  wiry,  it  is  probably 

of  no  ufe  to  cattle. 

In  Germany  is  a  grafs  called  Honey-gra/s,  which  is 

much  valued  for  milch  cows  ;  it  would  probably  thrive 

in  England,  at  leail  it  is  worth  a  trial, 

Gl7I/V£^-GRASS. 

From  the  mildnefs  of  the  winters  in  Cornwall  and 
Devonfhire,  and  Myrtles  growing  every  where  in  the 
open  air,  without  the  aid  of  green  houfes ;  the  Prefi- 
dent  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  has  very  properly  re- 
commended, from  thefe  circumftances,  the  trial  of  the 
Guinea-grafs,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Cornwall  and  De- 
vonfhire. 

Th^Guinea-grafs  is  confidered  in  Jamaica  next  the 
fugar-cane  in  point  of  importance  ■,  the  breeding  farms 
throughout  the  ifland  were  originally  created,  and  are 
Hill  fupported,  chiefly  by  means  of  this  invaluable  her- 
bage ;  which  beftows  verdure  and  fertility  on  lands,  that 
otherwife  would  not  be  worth  cultivation.  The  feed 
was  firft  brought  from  the  coaft  of  Guinea  to  Jamaica 
as  fo  )d  for  fome  curious  birds,  who  died  before  they  had 
confumed  the  whole;  the  remaining  feed  was  thrown 
into  a  pen  or  fold,  where  they  fprang  up  ;  and  the  ea- 
gernefs  with  which  the  cattle  were  obferved  to  eat  the 
grafs,  led  to  its  being  cultivated. 

They  have  in  Jamaica  another  grafs,  called  Scot's 
grafs ;  it  is  an  aquatic  plant,  rifes  to  5  or  6  feet  in  height, 
with  long  fucculant  joints,  and  is  of  a  very  quick  ve- 
getation— From  a  fingle  acre  of  this  plant,  five  horfes 
may  be  maintained  a  whole  year,  allowing  56  lb.  a  day 
to  each. 

It  has  been  fown  in  Maryland,  but  did  not  ftand 
the  winter,  and  fcarcely  feeded  perfectly." 


US  GRE.     GUI. 

"  GREEN-DRESSING.     (See  Top-drcfiing.)« 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Is  defigned  to  protect   during  fuch  exotic 

plants,  fhrub?,  and  trees,  as  will  bear  being  expofed 
to  the  open  air  during  fumrr 

i.  Alped  —  I A  ilar  recommends  a  green -houfe  to   con- 
lift  of  three  divisions  ;  the  middle  one  to  have  upr 
glaffes,  and  to  face  the  South  j    the  wings  to  have  low 

right   front   glanes,    and   doping   glafs    roofs  j  one 

ing  to  face  S.   S.   E.  the  other  S.  S.  W.     By  this 

plan,  from  the  time  of  the  fun's  firft  appearance  upon 

any  part  of  the  building  until  it  goes  off  at  night,  it 

is  cori.\  Jed  from  one  part  to  the  other. 

2.  According  to  Dr.  Hales,  plants  that  will  bear  being 
expofed  in  the  open  air  of  our  fummers,  flourifh  moft, 

d  make  :  progrefs   in  their  growth,  with 

a  heat  from  17  to  30  degr;  le  heat  of  a  green- 

house is  k  -eping  the  v. 

dov.s  and  Quitters  ciofe,    or   [  very  fevere 

weather. 

3.  P  I   their  leaves  require  lefs  water  in 

than  thofe  that  retain  tr 
*'  The  1  Mr.  I  \  inftead 

of*   a  grrtn-houfe,  would   fuit   various  good  purpoles 
in  the  cou  of  America. t: 

G:  :.      (Holcus  Sorghum  et  Sacu 

Culture,  ! 

I,  S:i~ 
a.  Sown  or.  April. 

:      : 
a.  V  be  thinned  to 

:n  the  rows,   and 

the  earth  drawn  up 
to  the  ftems. 
c.  D  >es  but  in  a  warm  feafon,  and 

in  Scp:r:iiber. 
naps  a  hardier  v; 
be  care  raifed  in   : 


GUI.      HAY.  149 

3.    Use. 

a.  The  grain  made  into  bread,  or  otherwife  ufed,  is  ef- 
teemed  very  wholefome — Is  ufed  for  feeding  poultry. 

b.  The  juice  of  the  {talks  is  fo  agreeably  lufcious,  that 
if  prepared  as  the  fugar-canes,  they  would  afford  an 
excellent  fugar. 

GUINEA-HEN.     (Numida  Meleagris.) 

Var.     1.  Pied,    2.  White. 

The  native  place  of  this  bird  is  Africa j  but  is  now 
common  in  England,  the  flefh  of  the  young  birds  being 
much  efteemed.  The  female  lays  many  eggs  in  a  fea- 
fon,  which  by  fome  are  fet  under  hens,  and  require  care 
in  the  bringing  up,  though  in  fome  feafoRS  may  be 
raifed  without  difficulty.  They  are  fond  of  having  a 
large  range;  but  if  there  is  much  fhelter  the  hen  will 
fecrete  a  nefl,  and  appear  on  a  fudden  with  more  than 
twenty  young  ones  at  her  heels,  nay  fometimes  with  as 
many  as  twenty-feven. 

"  HABITATIONS  IN  THE  COUNTRY. 

"  Should  be«adapted  to  country  affairs,  avoiding  the 
excefs,  loftinefs,  and  mew  of  city  habitations." 

HAY. 

1.  Hozv  made  in  Middle/ex. 

a.  Firft  day,  all  the  grafs  mowed  before  nine  o'clock  in 
the  morning  is  tedded,  broke  as  much  as  poflible,  and 
well  turned.  This  is  performed  before  1 2  o'clock ; 
and,  if  hands  are  plenty,  it  will  be  of  great  advantage 
to  turn  it  a  fecond  time.  It  is  then  rakvd  into  wind- 
rows, and  afterwards  made  into  fmall  cocks. 

b.  Second  day,  the  bufinefs  is  to  ted  all  the  grafs  which 
was  mowed  the  preceding  day  after  nine  o'clock,  and 
to  ted,  and  treat  as  above,  all  that  was  mowed  on  this 
day  before  nine  o'clock.  But  before  the  grafs  of  this 
day's  work  is  turned,  the  fmall  cocks  of  the  prflceding 
day,  mould  be  well  fhaken  out  into  fcraddle,  or  fepa- 
rate  plats,  of  five  or  fix  yards  fquare.  If  the  crop  is 
fo  thin  as  to  leave  the  fpaces  between  the  plats,  or 
ftraddles,  pretty  large,  the  fpace  muft  be  raked  clean. 
The  next  bufinefs  is  to  turn  the  plats  or  ftraddles,  then 


i5o  HAY. 

to  turn  the  grafs  of  the  fecond  day's  mowing,  as  before 
directed.  This  fhould  always  be  done,  if  there  are 
hands  furHcient,  before  one  o'clock,  that  the  people 
may,  as  the  cuftom  is,  take  one  hour  for  dinner,  whilft 
all  the  grafs  mowed  is  drying.  After  dinner  the  ftrad- 
dles  arc  raked  into  double  wind-rows ;  the  grafs  into 
(ingle  wind-rows ;  and  the  hay  cocked  inro  middling 
field-cock?,  called  baftard  cocks;  the  grafs  is  then 
cocked  as  before  on  the  preceding  t 
c.  Third  day,  the  grafs  mowed  on  the  preceding  cay, 
and  on  the  morning  of  this  day,  is  to  be  managed  as 
before  directed.  The  grafs  made  the  preceding  day, 
and  now  in  grafs-cocks,  is  to  be  managed  in  the  fame 
manner  as  on  the  firft  and  fecond  days.  The  hay  now 
in  baftard  cocks  is  fp::  n  into  ftraddles,  and  the 

whole  is  turned  before  the  people  go  to  dinner,  that  is, 
the  hay,  though  laft  fpread,  is  firft  turned;  next  that 
which  was  in  grafs-cocks,  and  then  the  grafs.  If  the 
weather  fhould  have  beer,  funny  and  fine,  the  hay  that 
was  laft  night  in  baftard  cocks,  will  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  third  day  be  fit  to  be  carried;  but  if  the  weather 
fhould  have  been  cool  and  cloudy,  no  part  of  it  proba- 
bly will  be  fit  to  carry;  and,  in  that  cafe,  the  firft  thing 
done  after  dinner  is  to  rake  the  fecond  day's  hay  into 
double  wind-rows;  the  grafs  into  (ingle  wind-rows ;  to 
make  the  firft  'Jay's  hay  into  cocks  with  a  fork,  putting 
only  one  cock  in  a  ftraddle;  to  rake  the  ground  clean, 
and  put  the  rakings  on  the  top  of  each  cock.  The  hay 
raked  into  double  wind-rows  is  now  put  into  baftard 
cocks;  and  the  grafs  which  is  in  fingle  wind-rows  is 
made  into  cocks  as  before.  Provided  there  be  no  rain, 
even  though  the  weather  fhould  have  been  cloudy,  the 
hay  now  in  great  cocks  ought  to  be  carried;  the  hay 
in  baftard  cocks  put  into  great  cocks;  the  cks 

made  into  baftard  cock;  and  that  tedded  this  morning 
in:o  grafs-cocks. 

In  the  courfc  of  hay-makir  afs  cannot  be  too 

much  protected  from  the  night  dews  or  rain  by  cock- 
C     c  alfo  fho'.ild  be  taken  to  proportion  the  num- 
ber of  hav-  makers  to  the  mowers,  fo  that  there  fhould 
be  no  more  hay  or  grafs  in  hand  at  one  time,  rhan  can 
.  d  according  to  :  n. 


HAY.  151 

d.  Fourth  day,  the  hay  is  put  into  ftacks. 

The  above  method  of  making  hay  has  been  found 
(if  the  weather  be  favourable)  by  a  long  courfe  of  prac- 
tice and  experience,  to  be  attended  with  almoft  inva- 
riable fuccefs. 

2.  The  right  time  of  mowing  grafs  of  all  kinds  for 
hay,  is  when  it  is  fairly  out  in  bloom  ;  if  deferred  much 
longer,  the  blade  withers  and  the  flower  items  grow 
hard  and  dry,  being  deprived  of  the  beft  part  of  its 
nutritive  juices;  befides,  if  cut  whilft  in  a  growing 
ftate,  and  there  mould  happen  rain,  it  would  take  ve- 
ry little  damage,  in  comparifon  with  the  damage  it 
would  fuftain  if  nearly  ripe. 

3  It  is  contended,  that  hay  made  from  old  grafs, 
though  not  fo  bulky,  yet  is  of  a  better  quality,  and 
will  keep  longer  in  a  good  condition,  than  hay  made 
from  artificial  grafTes,  particularly  from  a  mixture  of 
clover  and  rye-grafs. 

4.  Before  fields  are  put  up  for  hay  they  mould, — 

a.  Be  carefully  gone  over  in  the  fpring  of  the  year,  and 
all  thirties,  docks,  nettles,  and  other  large  weeds  cut  up. 

b.  After  the  dung  is  pretty  equally  fpread  over  the 
fields,  a  brum  harrow  mould  be  drawn  over  to  divide 
and  feparate  the  lumps,  that  they  may  the  more  rea- 
dily enter  the  earth  ;  and  laftly, 

c.  Cleaned  from  ftones  and  other  troublefome  matter 
that  may  be  carried  out  with  the  dung. 

5.  Dried  on  pins  in  barns  at  the  Duke  of  Argyll's,  in 
Scotland ;  the  hay  thus  dried  is  remarkably  green  and 
freih. 

6.  Salting  hay  in  the  rick  reckoned  very  healthful  for 
cattle,  and  preferred  by  them  to  hay  not  faked. 

7.  Hay  barns  have  been  of  late  erected  in  many  places 
in  Lancafhire  fUnding  upon  pillars,  and  covered  with 
flates  j  fometimes  with  a  bottom  boarded  with  planks, 
open  in  the  joints,  perforated  with  holes,  and  lying 
hollow  a  fpace  above  ground,  to  admit  a  free  circula- 
tion of  air  all  under  the  hay. 

Thefe  buildings  are  ufeful,  cheap,  and  by  their 
great  convenience  in  bad  weather,  and  great  prefer- 
vation  they  afford  the  hay,  will  foon  repay  the  fix  ft  ex- 
pcnfe. 


i5=  HAZ. 

8.  To  prevent  its  heating,  a  chimney  is  made  in  the 
ftack,  (by  a  bafket  being  placed  in  the  middle,  and 
drawing  it  up  by  a  cord  as  the  rick  is  made)  in  order 
to  furFcr  the  air,  generated  by  heat,  to  efcape,  and  to 
prevent  the  ftack  taking  fire ;  gutters  are  alio  cut  in 
the  ground  lengthways,  and  acrofs,  covered  with 
planks,  in  that  place  where  a  ftack  is  to  be  built  : 
through  rhefe  trenches,  in  different  directions,  the  out- 
ward air  may  enter,  pafs  through,  then  afcend  the 
aperture  left  in  the  ftack ;  and,  this  continual  circu- 
lation takes  away  the  general  heat  or  foul  air,  which, 
if  confined  together  without  any  vent,  might  produce 
damage  to  the  hay,  or  worfe  effecls  j  and,  by  thefe 
ufeful  precautions,  the  farmer  is  enabled  to  col  left  his 
hay  together  at  a  more  early  period,  and  in  a  more 
juicy  ftate ;  by  which  good  practice,  time  is  faved, 
and  the  quality  of  the  hay  improved. 

HAZLE.     (Corylus  Avellana.) 

i.  Common   Hazle-nut  Tree.       Var. — Large   clufter 

wood  nut. 
i.  Filbert  Tree.    Var. —  i.  With  red  kernels.     2.  With 

white  kernels. 

3.  Barcelona  Nut. 

4.  Cob  Nut  (very  large). 

5.  Long  Nut. 

6.  Byfanthian  Nut. 

Culture,  drV.  of  the  Common  Hazle. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Mofly  fteep  fide  of  downs. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  planting  the  nuts,  in  March. 

b.  By  dividing  the  roots  into  feveral  parts. 

c.  By  fuckers. 

d.  By  layers. 

e.  By  grafting — This  may  be  praclifed,  to  continue  and 
improve  any  particular  fine  variety  of  the  Filbert,  &c. 

3.    Tree. 

c.  Frequently  planted  in  hedges  and  in  coppices. 

b.  Cut  at  from  feven  to  twelve  years  growth  for  hur- 
dles, hoops,  Sec.  and  at  fixteen  for  charcoal  and  once 
in  three  or  four  vcars  for  corf-rods. 


HAZ. 


*53 


4.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  nfed  for  fifhing  rods,  crates,  hoops  for 
barrels,  dead  hedges,  &c. 

Fifhing  rods  fhould  be  cue  between  the  end  of  No- 
vember and  Chriftmas,  when  the  fap  is  gone  down 
into  the  roots,  tied  together  in  a  bundle,  and  let  lie 
on  a  dry  floor,  for  fifteen  months. 

b.  The  roots  for  inlaying  or  (laining. 

c.  Charcoal  for  forges, 

Painters  and  engravers  prepare  coals  for  delineating 
their  defigns  thus — They  take  pieces  of  hazle  about 
as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  and  4  or  5  inches  long,  dry 
and  then  cleave  them  in:o  pieces,  about  as  thick  as 
ones  ringer.  Thefe  they  put  into  a  large  pot  full  of 
fand,  and  then  cover  the  top  of  the  pot  with  clay. 
This  is  expofed  in  a  potter's  oven,  or  any  other  fuffi- 
cient  degree  of  heat,  and  when  cooled  again,  the  flicks 
are  found  converted  into  charcoal,  which  draws  freely 
and  eafily  rubs  out  again. 

d.  Of  the  nuts,  which  are  agreeable  to  molt  people,  a 
kind  of  chocolate  has  been  prepared,  and  there  are  in- 
ftances  of  their  being  formed  into  bread.  The  oil  ex- 
prefTed  from  them  is  little  inferior  to  the  oil  of  al- 
monds, and  is  ufed  by  painters  and  chernifts,  for  re- 
ceiving and  retaining  odors. 

f.  Where  yeaft  is  fcarce,  they  take  the  twigs  of  hazle, 
and  tv/ift  them  together,  fo  as  to  be  full  of  chinks? 
thefe  they  fteep  in  ale  during  its  fermentation  ;  then 
hang  them  up  to  dry,  and  when  they  brew  again  they 
put  them  into  the  wort  inftead  of  yeaft. — Ii  is  alfo  ufed 
for  making  bread,  but  fuch  bread  turns  four  the  fe- 
cond  day. 

/.  A  ftrong  ooze  in  water  of  the  buds,  leaves  and  bran- 
ches, and  boiling  a  frefh  quantity  of  the  fame  water, 
gives  wool  a  lively  olive. 

g.  The  yellow  powder  of  the  catkins  is  ufed  by  pain- 
ters among  their  colours — Itburns  in  the  flame  of  a 
candle  like  fulphur. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Filbert  Tree. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  The  beft  a  (tone  fhartery  iandy  loam 

[  *>] 


i54  HEI.     HEM, 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  planting  the  nuts  in  March. 

b.  By  cuttings  and  fuckers,  planted  from  January  to 
April — alio  by  layers. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  principally  cultivated  in  Kent,  to  fupply  the  Lon- 
don markets  with  the  nuts ;  and  are  planted  among 
hops.  In  other  parts  they  are  arranged  hedge  ways, 
5  feet  diftant  in  the  row,  afid  fuffered  to  take  their  na- 
tural growth— Or  planted  for  variety  in  efpaliers,   15 

feet  afunder. 

b.  It  is  a  difadvantage  for  the  trees  to  grow  with  great 
luxuriance,  as  they  bear  moft  nuts  when  but  moderately 
ftrong  :  great  fkill  is  neceflary  in  pruning,  to  make 
them  bear  well. 

In  Italy  Hazel-nut  Trees  are  planted  in  rows,  and 
by  drefllng,  formed  into  large  buflies  of  many  Items ; 
every  year"  the  roots  are  refrefned  with  new  earth,  and 
the  draggling  moots  pruned  off  with  great  attention. 
Tftofi  Tr?  the  neighbourhood  of  Aveliino,  in  good 
years,  bring  the  inhabitants  a  profit  of  £1 1,250. 

HEIFER. 
Some  let  them  take  the  bull  at  two  years  old,  others 
at  three— In  Wiltfhire  they  are  put  to  the  bull  about 
a  year  and  a  half  old,  it  being  the  prevailing  opinion, 
tha:  thofe  which  are  kept  a  year  longer,  do  not  turn 
out  good  milkers— The  time  of  the  year  July.— (See 
page  89). 

HEMP. 
I.  Common  Hemp.  (Cannabis  Sativa.) 
1.  Chinefe  Hemp.  (Crotolaria  Juncca.)  This  is  faid 
to  be  of  a  quality  fuperior  to  the  common  hemp.  In 
an  attempt  to  cultivate  it  in  England  it  grew  upwarcs 
of  1  2  feet  high,  and  nearly  7  inches  in  circumference; 
but  the  feeds  will  not  acquire  fufficient  maturity  to  ve- 
getate, unlefs  the  plants  are  forwarded  by  a  hot-bed  — 
The  Chineie  make  paper  with  it. 


HEI.     HEM.  155 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Common  Hemp* 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  Tandy  loam,  moift  and  putrid,  but  without  being 
ftiff  or  tenacious,  or  old  meadows  and  low  bottoms, 
near  rivers — in  one  word  the  bed  land. 
Has  been  Town  70  years  on  the  fame  land. 
2.  Seed. 

a.  Time  of  fowing  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the 
end,  but  will  bear  being  fown  all  May — The  early 
fown  yields  the  belt  hemp. 

b.  Eleven  pecks  per  acre  of  feed ;  in  fome  places  two 
bufhels. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Requires  no  weeding. 

b.  Seedling  hemp  not  fo  good  as  others. 

c.  In  fome  places  no  diftindtion  is  made  between  male 
or  female  j  or  fimble  and  feed  hemp ;  in  others  there 
is,  the  male  (/'.  e.  without  feeds  in  the  head)  being 
ripe  in  July,  about  nine  weeks  after  the  fowing,  is 
drawn  out  by  the  hand  -,  the  female  is  feldom  ripe  till 
the  beginning  of  September,  when  they  are  alfo 
drawn  out  and  tied  in  bundles,  and  fet  up  to  dry  ; 
about  10  days  afterwards,  thefe  bundles  are  untied, 
the  heads  held  upon  a  hurdle  by  one  perfon,  whilft 
another  beats  out  the  feed  with  a  fmall  threihing 
flail. 

4.    Is    PREPARED    FOR    THE    MANUFACTURER. 

a.  By  being  laid  upon  Hubble  or  pafture  ground,  to  be 
gradually  dew  ripened. 

b.  Water  rotted  ;  clay  pits,  preferred  for  this  purpofe 
to  running  water,  are  cleaned  out  once  in  feven  or 
eight  years  ;  fome  only  water  five  times  in  the  fame 
hole,  which  is  even  thought  too  much  by  others.  It 
is  generally  four  days  in  the  water  if  the  weather  is 
warm,  if  not,  five ;  but  they  examine  and  judge  by 
feeling  it.  The  grading  requires  about  five  weeks ; 
and  if  there  are  fhowers,  conftantly  turned  twice  a 
week,  if  not  thrice.  This  is  always  on  grafs  land  or 
layers  j  it  is  then  tied  up  in  bundles  of  eight  or  ten 
baits,  and  carted  home  to  a  barn  or  houfe  to  break 
directly. 


156  HOE. 

The  water  in  which  hemp  has  been  foaked,  drank 
Ml  large  quantities,  has  been  fatal  to  many. 
5.  Use. 
c.  Made  into  cloth,  twine,  cordage,  netting,  Sec. 

b.  The   offal,    which   is  called    hemp  feeaves,  makes 
good  fuel. 

c.  From  the  feeds  is  drawn,  by  expreflion,  an  oil,  which 
is  very  proper  for  burning. 

Poultry  and  fmall  birds  are  often  fed  with  the  feed, 
which  overloads  them  with  fat,  if  given  in  too  large 
quantities,  or  long  continued.  It  alio  changes  the 
plu:mge  of  Buinnches  and  Goldfinches  to  black. 

d.  lf  fown   round   ground  plamed  with  cabbages,  it  is 
faid  no  ca:terpiliars  will  infect  them. 

"  Karl-hemp,  the  latter  grain  hemp  bearing  feed — fe- 
male. " 

"  Every  farmer  ought  to  raife  as  much  hemp,  as  at 
lead,  will  provide   him  with   the   rope,  bagging,  &c. 

■z  may  be  required  for  his  farm  ;  alio  a  fimple  rough 

heel,  for  fbinning  his  hempen  rope,  fir arj)  rope,  &c. 
(landing  near  his  houfe,  always  at  hand — The  conve- 
nienc  :  is  very  confiderable.     .(See  tne  plate*  fig.  5.)" 

Gjlden-rod.  (Solidago  CantuUnfist)  Affords  ve- 
ry ilrong  fibres  if  treated  like  hemp.  This  plant  is 
perennial,  the  ilalks  numerous,  above  5  feet  high,  and 
not  branched — Single  fibres  of  the  Sun- flower  {Heli- 
hi'.s)  are  as  thick  as  fmail  pack-thread,  and  full  as 
Ilrong. 

HOEING. 

Is  necefTary  and  beneficial  to  plants,  for  two  things: 
full,  for  deftroying  of  weeds;  ~.iiy,  becauie  it  dif- 
polcs  the  ground  the  better  to  imbibe  the  night  d< 
keeps  in  a  coniiant  freflinefs,  ar.d  adds  a  vigor  to  the 
ints  and  tree?,  whofe  fruit  by  that  means  becomes 
betccr-conditioned  thai  id  be. 

1.   Hano-Hoi 
->.oe;  leaves  the  grour.d  fniooth  ;   and  is  fuited 
leftroyinj  Weeds  between  plants  railed  in  revs ;' or 
\i  are  planted  at  forr.;  other. 

hoe  or  fpud  ;  this  is  ufed  for  weeding  corn, 
and  cutting  up  weeds  in  padures. 


HOL.  157 

r..  Common-hoe;  this  is  ufed  not  only  to  deftroy  weeds, 
but  to  thin  plants,  as  turneps,  &c.  it  varies  in  the 
breadth  of  the  blade,  from  lefs  than  3  inches  to  above 
a  foot — Is  ufed  alfo  to  earth  up  plants. 

d.  A  hoe  has  been  invented  for  the  fet  and  drilled  cornj 
a  figure  of  which  may  be  feen,  in  the  Bath  Agriculture 
Society's  Papers,  Vol.  IV. 

e.  Ducket's-hoe;  with  this  a  perfon  has  hoed  the  fifth 
part  of  an  acre  of  barley,  drilled  at  9  inches,  in  36 
minutes. 

/.  Portuguefe-hoe;  has  a  fhort  light  handle,  and  the 
iron-work  heavy,  and  of  a  conical  form;  cuts  deep 
without  much  exertion,  the  exact  reverfe  of  our  com- 
mon hoe. 

2.   Horse-Hoes. 

a.  Hewitt's. 

b.  Norfolk. 

c.  Skim  or  Kentifh. 

d.  Cooke's  patent  drill  is  fo  conflrucled,  as  to  be  capa- 
ble of  being  converted  into  a  horfe-hoe,  that  will  weed 
fix  alleys  at  a  time;  and  with  it  one  man,  one  boy,  and 
a  horfe,  will  hoe  eight  or  ten  acres  per  day.^ 

e.  That  expands  to  all  breadths — See  Amos's  Treatife 
on  Drill  Hufbandry. 

HOLLY.     (Ilix  Jquifolium.) 

Gardeners  make  upwards  of  forty  varieties,  the  moft 
ftriking  of  which  are,  1.  With  red,  white  or  yellow  ber- 
ries. 2.  With  the  leaves  bordered  or  blotched  with  yel- 
low or  white.  3.  Without  fpines.  4.  With  the  furface 
of  the  leaves  fpiney. 

Culture,   &c. 

1.    Increased. 

a.  By  feed.  The  berries  mould  be  buried  in  the  ground 
one  year  j  and  then  taken  up  and  fown  at  Michaelmas ; 
the  following  fpring  the  plants  will  appear. 

b.  By  laying  along  in  the  ground  well  rooted  fets,  a 
yard  or  more  in  length,  and  ftripping  off  the  leaves 
and  branches;  cover  with  earth,  and  they  will  fend  out 
vail  quantities  of  fuckers. 


158  HOO.     HOP. 

i.  Tree. 
a.  If  tranfplanted  in  fummer  fcarcely  receives  a  check 
from  the  removal. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  ufed  in  veneering,  and  is  fometimes 
ftained  black  to  imitate  ebony.  Handles  for  knives, 
and  cogs  for  mill-wheels,  are  made  of  itj  and  alfo 
hones  for  wherting  of  razors. 

b.  Sheep  are  fed  in  winter  with  the  croppings. 

c.  It  makes  an  impenetrable  fence,  and  bears  cropping. 

d.  The  bark  fermented  and  afterwards  wafhed  from  the 
woody  fibres  makes  the  common  birdlime. 

Birdlime  is  alfo  made  of  Mifletoe  berries. 

BefiJes  the  ufe  of  birdlime  to  catch  birds;  fpread 
upon  brown  paper,  it  is  the  belt  method  that  can  be 
ufed  for  deftroying  houfe  flies. 

HOOK  and  HINKSj  or  HOOK  and  SWIPE. 

A  method  of  cutting  peas  with  two  reap- hooks -,  that 
in  the  right  hand  cuts  themj  and  that  in  the  left,  draws 
them  together  in  bundles. 

HOP.     (Humulus  Lupulus.) 

1.  Long  and  fquare  Garlic  Hop. 

This  is  a  late  hop,   but  hardy  and  a  plentiful  bearer. 

2.  Long  White  Hop. 

There  is  another  fort  of  White  Hop,  more  tender 
and  a  lefs  plentiful  bearer;  but  it  has  this  advantage, 
it  comes  firft  to  market. 

If  the  hop-garden  be  planted  with  a  mixture  of  fe- 
veral  forts  of  hops,  that  ripen  at  feveral  times,  it  will 
caufe  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  and  be  a  great  detriment 
to  the  owner. 

3.  Oval  Hop. 

Culture,  l?c. 

1.    Soil. 

a.  The  bed  Kentifh  Hops  are  raifed  on  a  good  rich 
loamy  furface,  with  a  deep  fubfoil  of  a  loamy  brick 
earth:  but  there  are  fome  good  grounds  where  the  fur-' 
face  is  very  flinty,  and  fome  of  a  gravelly  nature,  but 
thefe  are  verv  inferior. 


HOP.  159 

b.  Thofe  raifed  on  clay  arc  ftrongcr  than  the  Kentifn, 
going  almoft  as  far  again  in  ufe ;  but  thofe  that  are 
accuftomed  to  the  latter,  object  to  their  flavour  as  rank. 

c.  Good  Hops  have  been  grown  in  Scotland  on  a  red 
bog ;  the  holes  however  filled  with  a  good  compoft, 
from  which  it  may  be  gathered,  that  providing  the 
holes  are  filled  with  a  good  mould,  it  fignifies  little, 
what  the  furrounding  foil  is. 

The  fea  air  is  not  (as  has  been  fuppofed)  detrimen- 
tal to  hops. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  Increafed  either  by  nurfery  plants,  or  by  cuttings. 

b.  Number  of  hills  to  an  acre,  800,  1000,  or  1200. 
The  hills  are  formed,  by  digging  in  the  fpring,  holes 
about  the  fize  of  a  gallon,  which  are  filled  with  fine 
mould. 

c.  One,  two  or  three  plants  are  put  in  each  hill  ;  if 
cuttings  four  or  five,  they  are  to  be  about  3  or  4  in- 
ches in  length,  and  covered  an  inch  deep  with  fine 
mould. 

d.  Cuttings  require  no  poles  the  firft  year;  but  plants 
do  of  6  or  7  feet  high — The  fecond  year  they  have 
full  lized  poles  from  15  to  20  feet  high. 

e.  In  the  fpring  the  old  binds  are  cut  off"  fmooth  about 
an  inch  below  the  furface,  and  a  little  fine  mould 
drawn  over  the  crown. 

/.  Two  poles  at  each  hill,  and  two  binds  upon  each 

pole. 

The  bind  when  2  feet  high  is  to  be  guided  to  the 

proper  pole,  turned  round  it  according  to  the  fun,  and 

fattened  loofely  with  withered  rufhes. 
g.  The  proper  time  for  gathering  them  is  known  by  the 

leaf  of  the  hop  rubbing  freely  off  the  ftrig,  and  the 

feed  turning  brown. 

3.  Hops  are  frequently  injured,  if  not  de- 
stroyed 
a.  By  a  fmall  fnail  or  Aug,  which  eat  trfe  young  bind 

on  its  firft  appearance. 

Manuring  with  malt-culm  is  found  to  prevent  this 

injury,  by  flicking  fo  faft  to  the  flimy  bodies  of  the 

fnails,  that  they  cannot  creep  over  to  the  bind. 


i6o  HOP. 

b.  By  a  fly  (Aphis)  whole  excrement  is  called  the  ho- 
ney-dew. 

Dr.  Withering  obferves,  that  this  infect  fcldom  in- 
creafes  To  as  to  endanger  the  plant,  unlels  it  is  in  a 
weak  condition,  from  the  larvae  of  the  Ottermoth 
(Phalcena  Humuli)  feeding  on  its  root  ;  to  deftroy 
which,  he  advifes  covering  the  hop-yards  with  ftones ; 
as  when  the  hop  grows  wild  in  ftony  places,  where  the 
moth  cannot  penetrate  to  depofit  its  egos,  the  hop  is 
never  known  to  fufTer  from  the  honey  dew. 

There  are  two  diftempers  to  which  Hops  are  liable, 
viz.  the  Fen,  and  the  Smic,  for  which  no  effectual  re- 
medy has  been  found  out.  Dr.  Hales  imputes  the  Fen 
to  a  rainy  moift  itate  of  air,  without  a  due  mixture  of* 
dry  weather  ;  too  much  moifture  then  hovers  about  the 
hops,  {o  as  to  hinder  in  a  great  meafure  the  kindly 
perfpiration  of  the  leaves,  whereby  the  ftagnating  lap 
corrupts,  and  breeds  mouldy  Fen,  which  often  ipoils 
vaft  quantities  of  flourishing  hop -grounds — Is  more 
fatal  to  low  and  fheltered  fituations,  than  to  high  and 
open  grounds. 

c.  The  hops  are  cleared  of  infects  (which  would  other- 
wife  deftroy  them)  by  putting  a  fmall  quantity  of  brim- 
ftone  on  the  fire,  when  the  hops  are  fir  ft  placed  on  the 
kiln,  which  not  only  iuffocates  the  infects,  but  occafi- 
ons  a  fpeedy  evaporation  of  the  fuperfluous  moifture. 
and  the  hops  come  off  the  oaft  much  brighter  in  co- 
lour. 

4.   Use. 
1?.  Infufed  in  wort  or  boiled  along  with  it  prevents  the 
beer  growing  four. 

b.  The  young  fhoots  are  eaten  early  in  the  fpring  as 
afparagus  ;  and  are  fold  under  the  name  of  Hop-tops. 

c.  Strong  cloth  is  made  in  Sweden  from  the  ftalks  : 
for  this  porpofe  they  muft  be  gathered  in  autumn, 
foaked  in  water  all  winter;  and  in  March,  after  being 
dried  in  a  ftpye,  they  are  drefTed  like  flax. 

From  a  trial  made  in  England,  in  confequence  of  a 
premium  held  out  by  the  London  Society,  for  the  en- 
couragement of  Arts,  &c.  it  appears  that  hop-binds 
will  afford  %  material  for  making  cloth,  that  will  an- 


HOR.  i6r 

fwer  the  purpofe  of  fine  facking  and  coarfe  bagging 
for  hops. 

d.  The  vines  for  binding  bean  fheaves,  oats,  &c. 

e.  Paper  has  been  made  from  the  binds. 

/.  The  afhes  of  the  (talks  is  ufed  in  making  glafs. 

g.  In  Sweden,  after  the  hops  are  gathered,  the  ten- 
drills  and  leaves  are  given  to  fheep,  by  whom  they 
are  eagerly  eaten,  and  are  reckoned  both  as  food  and 
phyfic. 

HORNBEAM.     (Carpinus  Betulus.) 

Culture,  &c 

i.  Soil. 
a.  Will  thrive  upon  cold,  barren,  expofed  hills. 
2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed ;  when  intended  for  trees. 

The  feed  fhould  be  fown  as  foon  as  it  is  ripe  -,  and 
the  young  trees  tranfplanted  at  two  years  old  to  where 
they  are  defigned  to  remain. 

b.  By  layers  -,  thefe  anfwer  for  hedges  and  underwood, 
as  well  as  thofe  raifed  from  feed. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  to  a  large  fize. 

b.  The  wood  is  very  white,  very  tough,  and  burns  like 
a  candle. 

4.  Use. 

a.  It  is  ufeful  for  turning,  and  for  many  implements  of 
hufbandry ;  it  makes  cogs  for  mill  wheels  even  fupe- 
rior  to  yew. 

b.  For  hedges. 

In  Germany  the  hufbandmen  throw  up  a  parapet  of 
earth,  with  a  ditch  on  each  fide,  and  plant  hornbeam 
in  fuch  a  manner,  as  that  every  two  plants  may  be 
brought  to  interfe£t  each  other  in  the  form  of  a  St. 
Andrew's  Crofs. — In  that  part  where  the  two  plants 
crofs  each  other,  they  gently  fcrape  off  the  bark,  and 
bind  them  with  ftraw  thwart-wife  ■,  here  the  two  plants 
confolidate  in  a  fort  of  indiffoluble  knot,  and  pufh 
from  thence  horizontal  flaming  fhoots,  which  form  a 
fort  of  living  palifado,  or  chevaux  defriefe.     It  is  not 

[  21  ] 


162  HOR. 

uncommon  in  Germany,  to  fee  the  fides  of  high  road9 
thus  guarded  for  ten  miles  together. 

Very  neat  efpalier  hedges,  by  the  fides  of  garden  - 
walks,  are  often  formed  of  the  young  trees. 

c.  The  inner  bark  will  die  yarn  of  a  yellow  colour. 

d.  Being  wounded  in  the  fpring,  it  yields  a  liquor  like 
the  Birch. 

e.  The  green  boughs  are  dried  for  the  ufe  of  cattle. 

We  have  three  foreign  Hornbeams,  which  are  very 
hardy  and  propagated  by  layers,  viz.  i.  The  Hop 
Hornbeam  (C.  Oftrya) ;  2.  Virginian  flowering 
Hornbeam  ;  and,  3.  Eallern  Hornbeam,  which  is  of 
an  humble  growth  :  the  firfl  is  of  a  quicker  growth 
than  the  Englifh,  on  which  the  nuriery  gardeners  have 
a  bad  practice  of  grafting  it. 

HORSE. 

The  Suffolk  breed  of  horfes  are  in  general  efteemed 
the  beft  we  have  for  the  farmer,  be  the  foil  and  fitua- 
tion  what  it  may. 

A  late  writer  has  given  us  the  following  chief  poims 
in  a  farming  cart-horfe :  Neck  not  long,  nor  too  thick; 
fhort  legs,  rather  flat,  than  round  and  gummy  ;  fore- 
feet even,  not  too  diftant;  wide  chert;  fhong,  bur 
not  high  fhoulders;  considerable  length  of  waiit,  fup- 
ported  by  a  wide  loin  ;  quarters  full,  and  rather  rai- 
fed ;  ftrong  mufcular  thigh  ;  fize,  15  hands  1  inch  to 
16  hands  high — Being  fomewhat  fore-low  gives  them 
an  advantage  in  draught;  and  a  moderate  length  of 
v/aift  aflures  fpeed  in  the  walk,  very  often  an  object  of 
confequence  upon  a  farm. 

"  The  fmell  of  Goats  affect  horfes  (fee  Goats)." 

HORSE  CHESXUT.      (iEfculus  Hippo  Caftanum.jk 

Culture,  £rV. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  From  nut 

1.  Tree. 

a.  When  thefe  trees  are  trai.fplanted  their  roots  (hould 
be  preferved  as  entire  as  poffible. 

b.  Grows  well  in  coppices. 


HOR.     HOT.  163 

c.  The  wood  as  good  as  that  of  the  Chefnut. 

3.  Use. 

a.  As  timber  for  building. 

b.  The  nuts  are  ufed  to  die  with  ;  and  ftarch  has  been 
made  of  them ;  they  are  alfo  ufed  to  whiten  cloth, 

c.  In  Turkey  the  nuts  are  ground  and  mixed  with  pro- 
vend-  for  horfes,  efpecially  for  thofe  which  are  trou- 
bled with  coughs,  or  are  broken  winded  ;  in  both 
which  diforders  they  are  accounted  very  good. — Deer 
are  very  fond  of  them. 

The  Horfe  Chefnut  was  brought  from  the  northern 
parts  of  Afia  about  the  year  1550. 

HORSE  RADISH.     (Cochlearia  Jrmoracia.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Should  be  dug  two  fpits  deep  or  more  if  it  will  al- 
low it. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  the   crown  of  the  roots  about   1  inches   long, 
planted  4  or  5  inches  apart  in  trenches  10  inches  deep, 
and  covered  with  earth. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  The  time  for  planting  is  October  for  dry  land,  and 
February  for  moid — The  roots  are  fit  for   ufe  the  fe- 
cond  year  after  planting. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  fcraped  root  is  in  common  ufe  at  our  tables,  as 
a  condiment  for  filh,  roafted  beef,  &c.  and  it  is  ufed 
for  many  other  culinary  purpofes.  An  infufion  of  it 
in  cold  milk  makes  one  of  thefafeft  and  belt  cofmetics. 
It  is  alfo  ufed  medicinally. 

Neither  Horfes,    Cows,    Goats,    Sheep,   or  Swine 
will  eat  it. 

RIVER  HORSE-TAIL.     (Equifetum  Hyemale.) 

This  plant  is  in  fome  places  mixed  with  the  fod- 
der of  cows  to  increafe  the  quantity  of  their  milk. 

HOT-BEDS. 

Are  in  general  ufe  in  thefe  northern  parts  of  Europe, 
without  which  we  could  not  enjoy  fo  many  of  the  pro- 


i64  HOT. 

duc*te  of  warmer  climes  as  we  do  now  ■,  nor  could  we 
have  tables  furnifhed  with  the  feveral  products  of  the 
garden,  during  the  winter  and  fpring  months. 

1.  Made  with  Tamier's  bark — This  is  preferable  to 
that  made  with  dung  for  all  tender  exotic  plants  or 
fruits  which  require  an  even  degree  of  warmth  to  be 
continued  for  feveral  months — The  manner  of  making 
it  is  as  follows  : 

There  mud  be  a  trench  dug  in  the  earth  about  3 
feet  deep  if  the  ground  be  dry  ;  but  if  wet  it  muft  not 
bj  above  6  inches,  and  muft  be  raifed  in  proportion 
above  ground,  fo  as  to  admit  of  the  tan  being  laid  3 
feet  thick.  The  length  muft  be  proportioned  to  the 
frames  intended  to  cover  it,  but  there  fhould  never  be 
lefs  than  11  or  12  feet,  and  the'width  not  lefs  than  6. 
The  trench  fhoulJ  be  bricked  up  round  the  fides  to 
the  abovementioned  height  of  3  feet,  and  fhould  be 
filled  with  frelh  tanner's  bark  (/.  e.)  fuch  as  the  tan- 
ners have  lately  drawn  out  of  their  vats),  but  fhould 
firft  be  laid  in  a  round  heap  for  a  week  or  ten  days 
before  it  is  put  into  the  trench,  that  the  moifture  n 
the  better  drain  out  of  it,  which,  if  detained  in  too 
great  a  quantity  will  prevent  its  fermentation  -s  then 
put  it  into  the  trench,  and  .gently  beat  it  down  equal- 
ly with  a  dung  fork,  without  treading  it;  put  on  the 
frame  over  the  bed,  covering  it  with  the  glafies,  and 
in  a  fortnight  it  will  begin  to  heat,  at  which  time  the 
pots  of  plants  may  be  plunged  into  it. 

2.  When  made  of  horje-dung:  The  dung  mould  be 
frefh  from  the  liable,  and  both  the  long  and  fhort 
forked  up  in  a  heap  or  ridge  for  a  week  or  fortnight, 
turning  it  over  once  or  twice  in  that  time  when  it  will 
be  fit  for  ufe  ;  make  the  bed  the  fize  of  the  frame,  and^ 
from  i\  to  2i  feet  high,  and  cov^r  it  with  rich  earth, 
from  6  to  10  inches  deep — When  the  bed  is  too  hot, 
it  is  to  be  cooled  by  making  holes  with  a  (take  in 
the  fides,  which  mult  be  clofed  when  the  beds  are  of 
a  proper  temperature;  if  too  cold,  line  the  fides  with 
frefh  dung. — Cucumbers  thrive  when  the  heat  of  the 
mould  is  at  56  of  the  thermometer. 

Befides   tanner's  bark,    and  horfe-dung :    hot-beds 
are  made  with  oak-leaves,  ftraw  ftreped   in  pond  wa- 


HOT.     HUR.  165 

ter  two  or  three  days,  coal-afhes,  grafs ;  and  alfo 
grains  of  male  after  brewing  thrown  together  in  a  heap 
and  well  watered,  to  make  it  ferment  and  heat. 
3.  Mufhroom  beds  are  made  like  the  ridge  of  a  houfe, 
compofed  of  alternate  layers  of  horfe-dung  and  earth, 
covered  with  litter;  in  the  furface  of  thefe  beds,  when 
they  have  acquired  a  fufficient  degree  of  heat,  the  leeds 
or  {pawn  is  planted. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Degrees  of  heat  according  to  the  thermometer,  which  it 
is  neceffary  to  keep  up,  for  the  growth  and  ripening  of 
the  fruit,  of  the  following  trees  and  plants. 

1.  Peach;  from  the  time  the  forcing  is  begun  till  the 
fruit  are  about  the  fize  of  peas,  55° — from  the  time 
that  the  fruit  are  of  the  above  fize,  increafe  it  by  de- 
grees to  6o°,  and  keep  it  as  near  to  that  point  as  can 
be  done.  With  fun-heat  in  winter  till  the  middle  of 
February,  keep  it  about  6o°  ;  increafe  it  gradually  to 
700  :  In  fummer  it  ought  not  to  exceed  8o°,  and  but 
ieldom  mould  get  to  that  height. 

2.  Nectarines  the  fame. 

3.  Oranges  require  in  cold  weather,  that  the  mercury 
mould  be  between  45 °  and  55 °. 

4.  Vines  65 °  with  fire,  and  7a0  with  fun-heat. 

All  the  above  according  to  Farenheit's  thermometer. 

5.  Pine- Apple:  Dr.  Hales  makes  the  heat  29  degrees 
above  the  freezing  point— It  does  not  appear  what  kind 
of  thermometer  he  ufed. 

HURDLES. 

Moveable  fences  for  fheep. 

1.  Clofe  hurdles  are  made  of  ten  or  eleven  hazle  flakes, 
34  feet  high,  and  1  foot  apart,  wattle  between  with 
rods  of  the  fame  kind  of  wood — This  fort  is  efteemed 
the  warmed  and  beft  kind  of  hurdle. 

2.  Weljh  hurdles,  are  generally  made  of  fplit  oak,  and 
confifts  of  two  upright  end  pieces,  34.  feet  high,  joined 
by  five  mortifed  bars  64  feet  long;  which  are  ftrength- 
ened  by  an  upright  bar  in  the  middle,  and  two  floping 
ones. 


166  HYA.     HY 

In  fituatior.  fome  piaces  the  practice 

to  wattle  either  furze  or  ftraw  between  the  bars  of  fuch 
hurdles  as  are  fet  to  windward. 

Raek-burdles,  the  fame  as  the  laft,  leaving  out  the 
middle  rail  and  nailing  upright  pieces  acrofs  at  a  pro- 

r  diftance,   to  admit  the  fheep  to  put  their  heads 
through;    they  are  ufed  in  feeding  off  of  vetches;    a 

:rth  being  mown  in  the  direction  you  wifh  to  plough 

the  land,  a  fufficient  number,  allowing  one  to  five  fheep, 

are  fet  clofe  to  it;  at  noon  the  fhepherd  mows  another 

id  the  fame  at  night;  next  morning,  a  fwarth 

being  firft  mown,  the  hurdles  are  again  fet,  thus  mo- 

:g  them  once  in  the  twenty-four  hours;  by  this  tri- 
gonal trouble  the  vetches  are  eaten  clean  off, 
and  the  land  equally  benefitted. 

'dies,  thefe  are  ured  in  Yorfhire  and  in  Scot- 
land; they  are  made  of  net-work  of  fmall  cord,  the 
fize  of  the  mefhes  4  or  6  inches ;  the  width  or  height 
of  the  fence  about  3  feet,  Supported  by  (lakes  8  or  10 
feet  afunder.     The  cod,  4-d.  or  4[d.  a  yard. 

VGZJSH  HYACINTH.      (Hyacinthus  Non- 
jcriptus.) 

:  plant,  growing  in  woods  and  hedges: 

■-it  roots,  which  are  poifonous,  ftarch  has  been  made: 

:ely  it  has  been  difcovered,  that  they  yield 

an  which  is  got  from  them  by  pounding 

the  root,  infufing  the  pulp  in  water,  occafionally  fub- 

.,  and  by  evaporation. 

HYSSOP. 

1.  Common  Hy flop.     (Hyflbpus  Officinalis.) 

:       :    Ige  Hyffop.     (Gratiola  Officinalis.)     This  is  ea- 

Jily  propagated  by  parting  the  roots  in  autumn,    and 

planting  them  in  a  moifl  foil,  and  fhady  fituation.     It' 

has  been  ufed  in  medicine,  but  is  not  now  much  ef- 

..  of  Common  HyiTop. 
1.    Increased, 
-j.  By  feed  fown  in  Ma 
?.  B  er  in  fpring  or  autvrrnr. 


ICE.     JER.  167 

2.  Plant. 
a.  To  be  planted  1  foot  afunder,    if  they  are  not  de- 
signed to  remain  a  long  time;   if  they  are,   1  feet — 
Thrive  bed  on  a  poor  dry  foil. 
3.  Use. 
c.  In  medicine;  and  for  culinary  purpofes. 

"  ICE. 

"  It  is  advantageous,  wholefome  and  comfortable  in 
the  country.     Particularly  ufeful  in  the  Dairy." 

JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE.     (Helianthus 

Tuber  of  us.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Flourifhes  in  almoft  any  foil. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  planting  the  fmaller  root,    or  the  larger  ones  cut 
to  pieces,  obferving  to  preferve  a  bud  to  each  piece. 

b.  May  be  planted  either  in  the  fpring  or  autumn;  in 
drills  34  f*eet  afunder,  fets  9  inches. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  To  be  flat  hoed,  and  twice  earthed  up. 

b.  Produce  about  480  Winchefter  buihels  per  acre. 

c.  Are  proof  againfl:  the  fevered  froft,  and  may  be  taken 
out  of  the  ground  as  occalion  may  ferve. 

The  ground  cannot  eaflly  be  freed  from  them  after 
being  once  planted. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Suppofed  to  be  equal  in  value  to  potatoes  for  feeding 
ftore-pigs,  fuch  as  are  not  lefs  than  five  or  fix  months 
old;  for  fattening  hogs  not  near  fo  valuable  as  pota- 
toes. 

b.  Their  chief  recommendations  are — the  certainty  of  a 
crop,  flourifiiing  in  ahnofi  any  foil,  being  -proof  againfi 
the  fevereft  frofts,  and  being  taken  out  of  the  ground 
as  occafion  may  ferve. 

c.  The  boiled  roots  are  common  at  many  tables,  being 
compared  for  tafte  to  the  heart  of  the  Artichoke, 


i6t  ISA.     IND. 

INARCHING. 

This  method  of  grafting  is  ufed,  when  the  flock  in- 
tended to  graft  on,  and  the  tree  from  which  the  graft  is 
taken,  fland  fo  near  (or  can  be  brought  fo  near)  that 
they  may  be  joined  together.  The  method  of  perform- 
ing it  is  as  follows: 

Take  the  branch  you  would  inarch,  and  having  fitted 
it  to  that  part  of  the  flock  where  you  intend  to  join  it, 
pare  away  the  rind  and  wood  on  one  fide  about  3  inches 
in  length.  After  the  fame  manner  cut  the  flock  or 
branch  in  the  place  where  the  graft  is  to  be  united,  fo 
that  the  rind  of  both  may  join  equally  together,  that 
the  fap  may  meet;  then  cut  a  little  tongue  upwards  in 
the  graft,  and  make  a  flit  in  the  flock  downward  to  ad- 
mit it;  fo  that  when  they  are  joined,  the  tongue  will 
prevent  their  flipping,  and  the  graft  will  more  clofely 
unite  with  the  flock.  Having  thus  placed  them  exaclly 
together  they  mud  be  tied  with  fome  bafs  ;  then  cover 
the  place  with  grafting-clay,  to  prevent  the  air  from  en- 
tering to  drv  the  wound,  or  the  wet  from  getting  in  to 
rot  the  flock;  you  fhould  alfo  fix  a  flake  in  the  ground, 
to  which  that  part  of  the  flock,  and  alfo  the  graft,  fliould 
be  fattened,  to  prevent  the  wind  from  breaking  them  a- 
funder — In  this  manner  they  are  to  remain  about  four 
months,  when  the  graft  may  be  cut  from  the  mother 
tree,  doping  it  oft  clofe  to  the  flock,  and  at  the  fame' 
time  covering  the  jointed  parts  with  frefh  grafting  clay. 

INDIGENOUS  PLANTS. 

The  ufes  of  which,  are  net  mentioned  in  other  parts 

of  this  work. 

1 .  As  pot  herbs. 

a.  The  young   leaves  of  Bladder  Campion    (Stellaria 
Beheri)    compared  to  Peas,  Spotted  Hawkweed  (1 
gochceris  Maailala\  Common  Mallow   (Maiva  Syl- 
vejlris),  Pile  wort  (Ranunculus  Ficaria),   Blue  moun- 
tain Sow-Thiflle    (Sonchus  Oleracccus),    White  and 
red  dead  Nettle  (Lamium  album  &  pur} a:  cum). 
.  The  whole  plant  as  of  Giound  Afh    (^Egopodium 
Podagraria),    Sea  Blite  (Chenopodium  Mar> 
Charlock.  (Sinapis  Arvenfis)  the  tender  tops,    Chick- 


u 


IND.  169 

weed  (Alfine  Media)  compared  to  Spinach,  Comfrey 
(Symphytum  Officinalis,  Cowflip  (Primula  Vulgaris), 
Herb  Gerard  (iEgopodium  Podagraria),  Lovage 
(Liguflicum  Scoticum),  Dog's  Mercury  (Mercurialis 
Perennis)  not  wholefome  when  old,  Nettles  (Urtica 
Dioica)  when  young,  Orache  (Atriplex  Haftata),  Ox- 
tongue (Picris  Echioides),  Samphire  (Crithmum  Ma- 
rat in  urn). 

c.  The  young  fhoots  peeled  of  Englifh  Mercury  (Che- 
nopodium  Bonus  Henricus),  Sea  Holly  (Eryngium 
Maratinum)  ;  the  ftems  before  the  flowers  appear, 
peeled,  of  Burdock  (Arctium  Lappa),  and  of  the 
Thirties  ;  thofe  of  the  Milk  Thiftle  (Carduus  Mart- 
anus)  to  be  foaked  in  water  to  take  out  the  bitternels. 

d.  The  roots  of  yellow  Goatfbeard  (Tragopogon  Pra- 
tenfe),  before  the  ftems  fhoot  up,  Wood  Peas  (Orabus 
Tuber  of  its),  Rampion  (Campanula  Rampion). 

e.  In  the  year  1655,  during  a  time  of  great  fcarcity,  the 
people  about  Orford  in  SufTex,  were  preferved  from 
periihing,  by  eating  the  feeds  of  Sea  Peas  (Pifum 
Maritimum),  which  grew  there  in  great  abundance 
upon  the  fea-coaft. 

2.  As  fa  Had  herbs. 

a.  The  young  leaves  of  Burnet  (Poterium  Sanguifor- 
ba),  Greater  Daify  (Chryfanthemum  Leucanthemum)x 
Dandelion  (Leontodan  Taraxacum). 

h.  The  whole  plant  of  Brooklime  (Veronica  Becca- 
bunga),  Winter  CrefTes  (Eryfimum  Carbarea),  Cow- 
flip  (Primula  Vulgaris),  Lovage  (Ligufticum  Scoti- 
cum), Scurvy-grafs  (Cochlearia  Officinalis),  Whit- 
low-grafs  (Draba  Verna). 

Yellow  Ston'-'crop  and  Rock  Stonecrop  (Sedum 
Refletlum  &  Rupeftre)  are  cultivated  in  Holland  and 
Germany,  to  mix  with  Lettuces  in  fallads. 

c.  The  root  of  Rampion  (Campanula  Rampion).  That 
of  Reedmace  (Typha  Latifolia)  is  eaten  by  the  poorer 
people  in  Virginia,  who  are  very  fond  of  it,  becaufe 
it  has  a  fweetifh  tafte, 

J.  As fubftitutes  for, 

a.  Flour — The  dried  and  ground  roots  of  Marine  Bull- 
rufh    (Scirpus    Maratimus),    Couch-grafs  (Triticum 

C    22    ] 


170  IN  D. 

Repens),  Dropwort  (Spircea  Filipendula),  Fern  (Pte- 
ris  Aquilina),  Wood  Peas  (Orobus  Tuber  of  us),  Smal- 
ler Snakeweed  (Polygonum  Viviparur-i),  the  whole 
plant  oi  Iceland  Lichen  (Lichen  Ifllandicus). 

The  commifHoners  of  the  royal  treafury  ar  Copen- 
hagen, declared  in  1800,  that  this  lad  plant  afforded 
a  wholefome,  and  well-tailed  food  ;  and  premiums 
were  offered  the  fame  year,  by  the  economical  fociety 
of  Norway,  for  collecting  it — Grows  in  Great  Britain 
on  heaths  and  mountains. 

b.  India  Tea — The  leaves  of  Germander  (Veronica 
Cham<edrys)}  Rofes,  efpecially  thole  of  the  Dog  Rofe 
(Rofa  Canina),  Speedwell  (Veronica  Officinalis). 

c.  Coffee — Seeds  of  Cleaver  (Galium  sparine). 

d.  Hemp — From  the  bark  of  moft  of  the  plants  of  the 
Mallow-tribe  (Akhcea  &  Malva),  may  be  procured 
a  fort  of  Hemp,  which,  if  properly  managed,  might 
be  wrought  into  cordage,  or  into  fine  ilrong  thread  of 
any  kind. 

e.  Flax — A  web  from  the  Hems  of  Nettles  has  lately 
been  wove  in  appearance  like  linen,  and  promifing  to 
equal  it  in  durability.  Paper  has  alfo  been  made  of 
the  (terns. 

/.  The  decoclion  of  Soapwort  (Saponaria  Officinalis) 
is  ufed  to  cleanfe  and  fcour  woollen  cloaths;  and  the 
poor  people  in  fome  countries  ufe  it  inftead  of  foap  for 
wafning. 

4.  For  dying. 

a.  Green — Rag-wort  (Senecio  Jacobcca)^  Tanfy  (Tana- 
cetum  Wulgare)>  the  panicles  of  Broom  Grafs  (Bromus 
Hordeaceous),  the  berries  of  Privit,  and  the  dried  leaves 
of  Devilibit. 

b.  Yellow — Trifid  water  hemp  Agrimony  (Bidens  Tri- 

),  Lifter  Burdock  (Xantiiium  Strumarium)t 
Devilfbit    (Scabiofa    Succifa),    Goofe-grafs    (Galium 

mm)}  Lichens  (Lichen  Juniperinus  Vulpinus>  & 
Parictinus),  Knapweed  (Centaurea  Jacea),  Hedge 
Nertle  (Stachys  Sylvaltca),  Water  Pepper  (Polygonum 
Hydropiper],  Saw-wort  (Serratula  Tinclcria),  Spotted 
Snakeweed    (Polygonum    Perficaria),    Kidney   Vetch 

.•1  thy  His  Vulnerar 


1ND.  171 

The  beaked  Lichen  (L.  Prunajlri  ?)  will  dye  filk 
and  wool  yellow,  according  to  the  following  receipt — 
Take  half  an  ounce  of  the  powdered  plant,  and  mix 
it  in  a  high  glafs  veffel,  with  two  ounces  of  ftrong 
fpirit  of  nitre,  previoufly  diluted  with  eight  ounces 
of  water ;  let  the  mixture  ftand  for  a  week,  and  then 
digeft  it  in  a  fand  heat  for  an  hour  or  more,  and  add 
four  ounces  mote  of  water  to  it  -,  filter  the  folution, 
which  will  be  of  a  fine  yellow. 

c.  Orange — The  tops  of  Heath  (Erica  Vulgaris) ,  Yel- ' 
low  Wall  Lichen  and  bearded  Lichen  (L.  &  Barba- 
tus). 

d.  Red — The  roots  of  yellow  Ladies  Bed-ftraw  (Ga- 
lium Verum)  dye  a  fine  red,  not  inferior  to  madder; 
the  roots  alfo  of  CrofTwort  (G.  Boreah),  and  Purple 
Marih  Cinquefoil  (Comarum  Palujire)  dye  red. 

e.  Fine  Claret  or  Pompadour — Large  yellow  faucered 
Dyer's  Lychen  (L.  Tar  tar  ens.) 

Is  much  ufed  by  the  Highlanders,  who  after  fcra- 
ping  it  from  the  rocks,  clean  it,  and  fleep  it  in  urine 
for  a  quarter  of  a  year  5  then  take  it  out,  make  it 
into  cakes,  and  hang  them  up  in  bags  to  dry.  Thele 
cakes  are  afterwards  pulverifed,  and  the  powder  is 
ufed  to  impart  the  colour,  with  an  addition  of  allum 
to  fix  it. 

/.  Redifh  brown — Cork  or  Arcell  (L.  Ompbalodes) 
This  is  ufed  by  the  Highlanders,  and  treated  like  the 
laft.  The  roots  of  the  white  water  Lilly  (Nymphcea 
Alba)  dye  a  dark  brown. 

g.  Blue — Dogs  Mercury  (Mercurialis  Perennis),  Blue- 
bottle (Centaurea  Cyanus),  the  expreffed  juice  of  the 
petals  ftains  linen  of  a  beautiful  but  not  permanent 
blue.  Mr.  Boyle  fays,  the  juice  of  the  central  flo- 
rets with  the  addition  of  a  very  lmall  quantity  of  allum, 
makes  a  lafting  tranfparent  bluea  not  inferior  to  Ultra- 
marine. 

BASTARD  INDIGO.     (Amorpha  Fruticofa.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Shrub. 
f    This  is  one  ffi  our  ornamental  fhrn.bs,  and  is  pro- 


J72  INO.     INS. 

pagated  by  laying  down  the  young  branches,  which 

in  one  year  will  take  good  root. 
b.  Though  the  upper  parts  are  frequently  killed  by  the 

froil,  they  put  up  plenty  of  fhoots  in   the   following 

fpring. 

2.  Use. 
a.  The  inhabitants  of  Carolina,  of  which  country  this 

ihrub    is    a   native,  make  a  fort  of  Indigo  from  the 

young  Ihoots. 

"  INOCULATION— See  Budding." 

INSECTS. 

We  are  ready  enough  to  put  a  due  value  on  the  lar- 
ger animals,  but  many  look  on  the  minute  tribe  of  in- 
f<  Sts  rather  created  to  torment,  than  to  be  ufeful  to 
mankind.  We  grant  that  they  are  troublefome  to  us. 
But  is  therefore  all  care  about  th<.»m  to  be  given  up  ? 
by  no  vje  ins.  On  the  contrary,  we  ought  to  contrive 
means  to  get  rid  of  them,  that  they  may  not  deftroy 
both  us  and  our  pofTefllons.  This  cannot  be  brought 
about  unlefs  we  know  their  nature ;  when  that  is 
known,  we  fhall  more  eafily  find  out  our  remedies 
againft  them. 
I.  Injurious  or  troublefome  to  cattle. 

a.  Breeze,  or  Gad-fly  (Otftrus  Povis).  This  fly  de- 
pofits  its  eggs  under  the  fkin  on  the  backs  of  oxen, 
from   which   proceeds   worms  called  Warnel-worms, 

and  by  lome  the  Wolf." 

In  the  fouth  of  Rufiia  the  decoction  of  white  Helle- 
bore (Veratum  Album)  is  ufed  to  deftroy  them. 

b.  Bot-Fly  (O.  Hamoridalis),  depofits  its  eggs  in  the 
rcdmn  of  horfes. 

.Linnaeus  fays,  that  the  bran  of  Flote  Fefcuegrafs 
will  cure  horfes  troubled  with  bots  if  kept  from  drink- 
ing for  fome  hours. 

c.  Grey-fly  (O.   Ovis),  breeds  in  the    frontal  fmus  of 
'fheep.     Shepherds  take  out   the  maggot    by   trepan- 
ning. 

The  larvae  of  the  Oeftrus  are  nourifhed  the  whole 
Winter  in  the  bodies  of  cattle  ;  when  full  grown  they 


INS.  l73 

let  themfelves  fall  to  the  ground,  and  generally  pafs 
the  Cryfalis  date  under  cover  of  the  firft  ftone  they 
meet  with. 

d.  New-forefi  Fly  (Hippobofca  Equhia).  This  is  ve- 
ry troublefome  to  horfes,  and  is  with  difficulty  killed. 

Some  of  the  common  Flies  (Mufca),  are  very  trou- 
blefome to  cattle  in  paftures,  from  which  they  are  of- 
ten freed  by  the  "White  Wagtail. 

e.  Waffs  and  Hornets — In  the  New  Farmer's  Calendar 
we  have  the  following  inftance  of  the  bad  confequences 
that  attended  the  neglecting  to  deftroy  a  neft  of  thefe 
infects. — A  poor  horfe  attached  to  harrows  difturbed 
the  neft,  and  thefe  horrible  infects  inftantly  burft  out 
and  covered  him;  the  miferable  animal,  driven  to  ra- 
ging madnefs,  overturned  his  fellow,  and  mangled 
him  dreadfully ;  but  getting  difengaged,  he  ran  over 
hedge  and  ditch  into  the  village,  where,  after  doing 
confiderable  damage,  and  fullering  mod  cruel  torments, 
he  was  at  length  (hot,  there  being  nopoffibility  of  ap- 
proaching to  lave  him. 

/.  Tick  (Acarus  Rediivius). — This  infect  lives  in  the 
wool  of  iheep;  and  is  frequently  found  alive  in  it  a 
long  time  after  it  is  fhorn. 

It  is  killed  by,  I.  Camphorated  unction. — 2.  But- 
ter and  brimftonc. — 3.  Turpentine  camphorated. — 4. 
Copperas  water. 

1.  Injurious  to  Foreft  trees  and  fhrubs. 

a.  Oak. 

jt(i.)  The  larvae  of  the  Cynips  Qjiercus  gemma,  occa- 
sions the  large  imbricated  galls  on  the  extreme  buds; 
thofe  of  the  C.  4J.  baccarum,  fmall  galls  on  the  under 
fide  of  the  leaves;  the  C.  i^.  folia,  the  large  galls; 
and  the  C.  j^J.  petioli,  the  tubercles  on  the  foot  ftalks 
of  the  leaves. 

b.  Elm. 

(1.)  The  leaves  are  eaten  by  a  white  caterpillar  with 
a  black  head;  other  infects  caufe  galls  and  bladders  on 
their  furface. 

(2.)  A  white  maggot  with  a  brown  head  eats  the  bark. 
(3.)  A  little  black  long-fnouted  Curculio  feeds  upon 
the  wood. 


174  INS. 

c.  Afh — As  the  trunk  of"  this  and  feveral  other  kind  of 
trees,  are  not  barked  when  cut  down,  it  is  not  amifs 
to  obferve,  that  the  fpecies  of  beetle  (Cerambyx  Vio- 
iaceus),  which  brings  on  the  decay  of  wood,  never  at- 
tacks timber  that  has  been  dripped  of  its  bark;  a  cir- 
cumftance  which  ought  to  be  known,  and  attended  to 
by  all  perfons  who  hive  concern  with  this  article;  and 
fhews  the  advantage  that  would  follow  barking  all  trees. 

d.  Mountain  Afh. 

i.  Leaves  eaten  by  a  brown  C.  with  a  black  head 
and  white  neck. 

e.  Fir. 

i.  The  larvre  of  the  Chermes  Abietis  occafions  large 
tubercles  on  the  end  of  the  branches. 

2.  A  fmall  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  pith  of  the  lead- 
ing branches — The  onlv  method  of  destroying  them  is 
in  young  trees  to  lop  off  the  branch. 

3.  The  dry  wood  or  deal  in  houfes  is  eaten  in  round 
winding  holes,  by  the  larvas  ot  the  Dermeftes  Domcjii- 
cus — This  infect  is  what  is  called  the  Dcrath-watch. 

f.  Lime. 

1.  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  colourlefs  C.  with  a  black 
head,  and  which  by  its  web  prevents  the  young  leaves 
unfolding. 

g.  Willow. 

1.     The  leaves  eaten  by  a  pale  green  C.  with  a  dark 
green  ftripe  down  the  back,  and  a  white  one  down  the 
fide — The  Cynips  Caprc-e  forms  galls  on  the  furface  of 
the  leaves. 
b.  Horfe  Chefnut." 

1.  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  green  C.  ftriped  down  the 
back  with  white,  head  brown. 

1.     The  flowers  eaten  by  a  pale  yellow  C.  with  green 
lines  down  the  back,  head  white. 
%.  Quickfet. 

i.     The  leaves  eaten  by  a  colourlefs  C.  with  a  black 
head. 
k.  Maple. 

i.  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  pale  yellow  C.  with  a  green 
line  down  the  back. 


INS.  175 

3.  Injurious  to  fruit  trees  and  Jbrubs. 

a.  Apple. 

(1.)  A  pale  green  C.  with  white  lines,  eats  the  young 

leaves. 

(2.)   Blofibms — Thefe  are  eat  by  the  former  C.  and  by 

a  little  black  C.  which  proceed  from  eggs  fixed  round 

the  ends  of  the  fmaller  branches. 

Deilroyed  by  fmoaking  the  trees. 
(3.)  The  young  fruit  is  eaten  By  fome  kind  of  grub 
near  the  (talk  which  occafions  their  falling  off  the  tree. 
(4.)  A  fmall  blite  infect,  that  fpins  a  fine  cottonny 
down,  draws  the  fap  of  the  bark,  making  it  crack  and 
fall  off,  and  fpeedily  kills  the  tree.  This  infect  is  faid 
to  have  been  introduced  with  the  Po-Poplar.  In  Chi- 
na is  an  infect  whofe  defcription  comes  very  near  this, 
and  from  the  down  of  which  the  inhabitants  procure  an 
ufeful  white  wax-*— a  few  fmall  drops  have  been  obtain- 
ed by  heat  from  that  on  the  apple-tree. 

b.  Pear. 

(1.)  The  blofibms  by  the  fame  Caterpillars  as  the  ap- 
ple. 

c.  Apricot, 

(j.)  The  leaves  by  a  fmall  grey  C. 

d.  Peach. 

(1.)  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  greenifh  white  C.  with  a 
black  head. 

e.  Rafpberry. 

(i.)  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  yellow  C.    with  a  black 

head. 
/.  Red  Currant. 

(1.)  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  pale  yellow  C.  with  a  black 

head. 
g.  Black  Currant. 

(1.)  Leaves  eaten  by  a  white  C.  with  a  brown  head; 

and  a  light  green  C.  with  a  dark  green  (tripe  down  the 

back. 
h.  Goofeberry. 

(1.)  Leaves  eaten  by  the  light  green  C.  laft  mention- 
ed. 
i.  Filbert. 

(1.)  The  leaves  eaten  by  a  green  C.  with  white  line* 

and  a  brown  head 


176  INS. 

2.  The  nut  is  eaten  by  a  white  maggot  and  the  Cur- 
culis  Nucum. 
A-  Injurious  to  the  productions  of  the  Kitchen-Garden. 
The  Americans  about  Philadelphia,  fix  imall  boxes 
at  the  end  of  long  poles  in  gardens,  about  houfes,  &c. 
as  a  place  for  the  Creeper  (Certhia  Familiaris)  a 
bird  common  in  England,  to  bund  in  ;  as  it  has  been 
fuppofed,  that  a  pair  of  thefe  birds,  when  they  have 
young  ones,  have  taken  from  the  cabbage,  fallad, 
beans,  peas,  and  other  vegetables  in  the  garden,  and 
fruit-trees,  at  leaft  600  infects  in  the  courfe  of  one 
day. 

a.  Cabbage. 

1  A  yellow  C.  fpotted  with  black,  feeds  upon  the 
loofe  leaves,  and  two  orher  C.  one  green,  the  other 
white  with  a  row  of  black  dots  on  each  fide,  eats  the 
clofe  heads  in  holes  like  a  honey  comb. 

2  A  fmall  white  grub  occasions  tubercles  on  the 
roots. — Hemp  fown  round  the  beds,  and  bean^  be- 
tween the  cabbages,  are  faid  to  prevent  caterpillars. 

b.  Cauliflower  and  Broccoli. 

1  A  green  C.  feeds  on  the  leaves  -,  and  alfo  a  pale 
yellowifh  green  hairy  C.  which  fo  injures  the  heart, 
that  they  never  form  heads,  and  become,  as  the  gar- 
deners term  it,  blind. — The  only  remedy  is  fre- 
quently examining  the  plants,  and  killing  the  cater- 
pillars. 

c.  Radifh. 

1     The   leaves  of  this  is  eaten   by   a   fmall  beetle. 

(Chryfomela  Nemo  rum.) 

z     The  root  by  a  white  maggot  with  a   fharp  black 

head. 

d.  Beans. 

1  The  leaves  by  large  black  C.  covered  on  the  back 
with  white  hair,  and  on  the  fides,  and  near  the  head, 
with  tawny  ;  alfo  by  a  pale  green  C.  with  a  light  red 
head. 
•'.  Befides  the  before  noticed  infects,  thofe  innumer 
fmall  infects  called  Blites  (Aphis),  muft  be  mention- 
ed, there  being  fcarce  a  tree  or  plant  which  is  not  in- 
jured by  them. — If  a  few  of  rhofe  little  beetles  called 


IRR.  177 

JLady-Cows    (Coccinella)    are  put  on  a  plant,  they 
will  free  it  of  them. 

The  following  fingular  mode  of  their  generation 
will  account  for  their  being  fo  numerous ;  a  female 
once  impregnated,  can  produce  young,  which  will 
continue  to  produce  others  without  any  frefh  impreg- 
nation, even  to  the  fifth  progeny ;  afterwards  a  new- 
impregnation  mud  take  place. 

IRRIGATION. 

Is  the  watering  of  ■pafture  land  at  will. 
In  Spain  they  thus  treat  arable  land. 

1.  If  the  land  flopes,  a  drain  is  cut  along  the  fide  of  the 
lull,  and  a  fpring  or  fmall  ftream  led  along  it,  which 
is  made  to  overflow  the  fide,  by  the  end  of  the  ditch 
being  dammed  up  by  a  fod  ;  but  as  the  water  would 
foon  ceafe  to  run  equally  for  any  great  length,  and 
would  wafn  the  land  out  in  gutters,  it  has  been  found 
necefTary  to  cut  fmall  parallel  trenches  at  diftances  of 
co  or  30  feet,  to  catch  the  water  again,  and  each  of 
thefe  being  likewife  flopped  at  the  end,  lets  the  water 
over  its  fide,  and  diflnbutes  it  until  it  is  caught  by 
the  next,  and  fo  on  over  all  the  intermediate  beds  to 
the  main  drain  at  the  bottom  of  the  meadow,  which 
receives  the  water,  and  carries  it  on  to  water  another 
below;  or,  if  it  can  be  fo  contrived,  another  part  of 
the  fame  meadow  on  a  lower  level. 

2.  If  the  land  \sfiat,  the  firft  object  is  to  confider,  how 
.the  water  is  to  be  got  off  when  once  brought  on  ;  and 
in  fuch  fituations  this  can  feldom  be  done  without 
throwing  up  the  land  in  high  ridges,  with  deep  drains 
between.  A  main  carriage  being  then  taken  out  of 
the  river  at  the  higher  level,  {o  as  to  command  the 
tops  of  thefe  ridges,  the  water  is  carried  by  fmall 
trenches  or  carriages  along  the  top  of  each  ridge,  and, 
by. means  of  moveable  (tops  of  earth,  is  thrown  over 
on  each  iidp,  and  received  in  the  drains  below,  from 
whence  it  is  collected  into  a  main  drain,  and  carried 
on  to  water  other  meadows,  or  other  parts  ot  the  fame 
meadow  below.     One  tier  of  thefe   ridges  are  ufually 

:ered  a:  once. — The  ridges  are  ufually  30  or  40  fee? 

r.  23  ] 


178  1RR. 

wide,  or,  if  water  is  abundant,  perhaps  60  {cct,  and 
9  or  10  poles  in  length. 

3.  Water. 

a.  How  applied. 

1   Early    in   November,  after  a  fhower,  turn  the  water 

over  the  land  for  about  three  weeks. 
1  In  December  and   January  the  chief  care  confifts  in 

keeping  the  land  fhekered  by  water,  from  the  feverity 

of  frofty  nights. 

3  In  February,  if  the  water  remains  for  many  days, 
a  white  (cum  arifes,  very  deftruftive  to  the  grafs  ;  and 
if  the  land  is  expofed,  without  water,  to  fevere  frofty 
nights,  me  greater  part  of  the  grafs  will  be  killed. — 
The  only  way  to  avoid  this  is,  to  take  the  water  off", 
and  turn  it  over  at  night ;  or  to  take  off  the  water  early 
in  the  morning,  and  if  the  day  be  very  dry,  the  froft 
can  do  no  injury  ;  for  it  is  only  when  the  grafs  is  wet, 
that  the  froft  has  this  pernicious  effect. 

4  Early  in  May,  when  the  fpring  feed  is  eaten  off,  the 
water  is  ufed  for  a  few  days,  and  again  when  the  hay 
is  carried  off. 

b.  Qualiry  of  the  water. 

1   Thick  and  muddy  water  the  beft,  efpecially  what  is 

obtained  in  autumn. 
1  Clear   and   fimple  water,    efpecially    if    it   proceeds 

from  a  fpring   in  the  fame  field,  produces  early  and 

plentiful  grafs,  but  not  of  a  good   quality  ;  and  the 

land  remains  unimproved  after  many  years  watering. 
3   Water  running  from  mines,  being  impregnated  with 

vitriolic  acid,  &c.  is  highly  inimical  to  vegetation. 
4.  The  Advantages  of  Irrigation. 
a.  It  is  fuppofed  to  aft  as  a  hot-bed,  and  produces  early 

grafs. 
b    In  a  very  dry  fummer  there  is  nearly  as  much  grafs 

as  in  a  more  favourable  feafon. 

c.  The  land  thus  treated  is  continually  improving-,  its 
herbage,  if  coarfe,  is  fined  j  its  foil,  if  fwampy,  be- 
comes found  ;  and  an  addition  is  made  annually  both 
to  the  depth  and  quality  of  its  mould. 

d.  In  a  vear  not  particularly  favourable,  the  fpring-! 

of  a  field  about  fix  and  a  half  acres,  let  for  feven  gui- 


J  UN.  i79 

neas,  and  well  fupported  150  fheep  for  two  months ; 
the  hay  was  fold  for  thirty-two  guineas  ;  and  the  after- 
math for  fix. 

JUNIPER.     (Juniperus  Communis.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  in  woods  and  on  heaths,  and  on  the 
fide  of  mountains. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  fowing  the  feed  in  March,  which  will  come  up  in 
two  months ;   fome  recommend  their   being  fown   as 
foon  as  they  are  ripe. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  eafily  tranfplanted ;    the  time   the  beginning  of 
October. 

b.  Has  grown  above  40  feet  high. 

c.  Grafs  will  not  grow  beneath  it,  but  the  meadow  oat 
deftroys  it. 

d.  The  wood  is  hard,  durable,  and  of  a  reddifh  colour 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  wood,  when  large  enough,  is  ufed  in  mar- 
quetry, and  veneering,  and  in  making  cups,  cabi- 
nets, &c. 

b.  The  bark  may  be  made  into  ropes.  In  warm  cli- 
mates there  fometimes  exudes  from  its  clefts  a  refinous 
gum,  called  by  the  Arabs,  Sandaracha,  which  is  ufect 
in  varnifhing.  In  England  it  exudes  a  hard  fat  juice, 
and  not  much  gummy.  - 

c.  In  Carniola,  and  fome  parts  of  France,  the  inhabi- 
tants make  a  wine  of  the  berries  fteeped  in  water.  In 
Norway  a  very  valuable  oil  is  extracted  from  them. 
The  true  Geneva  or  Gin,   is  a  malt-J-pirit,  difiilled  a 

Jecond  time  with  the  addition  of  Juniper-berries. — 
The  berries  are  two  years  in  ripening. 

d.  The  fhepherds  in  Spain  cure  the  fcab  in  fheep  with 
an  ointment  made  of  the  trunks  and  roots,  by  break- 
ing them  into  fmall  pieces  and  infufing  them  in  wa- 
ter, without  adding  any  thing  elfe. 


IVY.     KEL. 

IVY. 

i.  Common  I vy.     (Hedera  Hdix.) 
a-.  The  leaves  are  gathered   by  fhepherds   for  feeding 
ewes,  whofe  milk  they  increafe. 

Are  faid  to  cure  the  rot  and  red-water. 

b.  The  roots  are  ufed  by  leather-cutters  tc 
knives  upon. 

:".  Binds  dry  walls. 

Vnglers  anoint  their  baits  with  an  oil  drawn  from  the 
berries  h  or  infufion. 

2.   Ground  Ivy.      (Glecoma  Hfdernaa.') 

tre  thrown  into  the  vat  with  ale  to  clarify 
it,  and  to  give  it  a  flavour. 

Ale  thus   prepared   is  often   drank  as 
bu:ic. 

The  expreffed  juice,  mixed  with   a  littlr  and 

applied    morning    and    evening,     deftroys    the 
ipecks  upon  horfes'  eves. 

I:  is  laid  to  be  hurtful  to  horfes  if  they  eat  it 
of  it. 

KELP 

Is  a  lb::  Itj  obtained   by   the  burning  of  fea- 

eds,  and  confifts  chiefly  of  the  fixed  vegetable  al- 
..;,  in  a  pre::  ate. 

I.    S£A-Wl 

c.  The  three  numerous   genera  of  Fucus,  Ulva, 
Confer  jle  of  burning  to  afford  Kelp;  but 
the  four  following  plants  :  the  molt  ;  viz.  Sea 
Oak  (.                           ),  Bell  Wrack  (1  :)\ 
Serrated  Wra--                             ;   and  Tangle  (b .  digi- 

I/.  It  :s  obferved  of  thefe  plan:-,  t.  That  they  are 
always  of  a  quicker  growth  upon  fhores  expofed  to  a 
current  than  in  more  quiet  teds 

which  grow   in  cr  -ford   a  larger  proportion  of 

Kelp  than  the  .  Jead  bav  .   j. 

Tha:  the  weec  much  frelh 

iter,  neither  yield  io  much  Kelp  as  where  the  water 
is  perf.  ,  nor  of 


KID.  1S1 

t.  The  cultivation  of  fuci  upon  fhores  becoming  an 
object  of  fome  confeque nee,  it  has  therefore  been  re- 
commended to  cover  the  gravelly,  fandy,  or  fleechy 
fhores,  efpecially  near  the  mark  of  ebb  j  with  loofe 
ftones,  from  2  to  joolbs.  weight,  or  upwards,  and  not 
more  than  2  feet  diftant  from  each  other. 

Various  kinds  of  (tones  have  been  tried,  as  whin- 
ftone,  fand  ftone,  and  lime-ftone  j  this  laft  is  by  ma- 
ny reckoned  the  beft,  and  next  to  it  whin-ftone. — A 
beach  treated  in  this  manner,  will,  in  four  years,  yield 
as  good  a  crop  as  the  natural  ihore. 

d.  They  are  cut  from  the  rocks  in  the  months  of  May, 
June,  and  July  j  and  mould  be  dried  as  quickly  as 
poffible,  and  burnt  as  foon  as  they  are  ready  for  the 
kiln. — Care  fhould  be  taken  to  prevent  all  fand,  earth, 
fhells,  &c.  from  mixing  with  them. 
2."  Kiln. 

a.  The  common  kilns  are  generally  about  4  feet  dia- 
meter,   and   9   inches  deep  ;     and   the  mafs  of  kelp 
burnt  at  a  time,  is  uiually  from  1  to  jcolbs.  weight. 
3.    Use. 

a.  In  manufacturing  of  glafs,  ibap,  and  allum. 

b.  In  bleaching  of  linen  cloth. 

c.  As  a  manure. 

KIDNEY-BEANS.     (Phafeolus  Vulgaris.) 

Runners. 
1.  Rifing  without  feed  lobs,  and  having  fcarlet  flowers. 

a.  Common-Seeds  black  and  purple  ;  continues  to  bear 
till  the  froft  fets  in. 

b.  Weft  India-Seeds  fmaller  than  the  laft,  and  whol- 
ly black  :  brought  from  Antigua,  and  has  been  cul- 
tivated two  years  in  England  ;  is  a  great  bearer,  fome 
of  the  flower  ftalks  having  near  thirty  flowers  on  them. 

1.  Rifing  with  feed  lobs. 

a.  Large  Dutch. — Flowers  and  feeds  white  j  grows  as 
high  as  the  common  fcarlet. 

b.  Common  white. 

c.  Blue  beans. — This  is  common  to  moft  of  the  Weft 
India  Iflands;  it  grows  well  in  England;  is  a  weak 
plant,  and  an  indifferent  bearer,    having  only  about 


i32  KID. 

feven  flowers  on  a  (talk  ;  the  feeds  are  about  half  an 
inch  long,  of  a  wide  com prefled  fhape,  and  of  a  cr 
colour  ma; ked  with   black   lines  and   dots;  flowers  a 
reddifh  lilac. 

d.  See-4s  purple  fpeckled  with  pale  yellow  ;  pods  about 
fcven  inches  long. 

f.  German — Several  kinds  were  brought  from  Gerrr. 
to  this  country  in    1801,  when   the  F.nglifh   feed  was 
lb  fcarcc  as  to  fell  for  fi  quirt ;  none  of 

;   fpotted,  but  v.ined  in  colour,  as  deep 
red,  orange  v.  de  yellow,  light   brown,  wjute, 

of  the  lafl  one  fort  was  of  a  narrow  kidney  fhape;  the 
flowers  of  ail  were  v.  :y   bear  well,    but   the 

pods  very  foon  fwelled  with  the  feeds. 

f.  Sv/::zer'and — Pods  very  !ai 

row's  egg — This  has  a  I  "pie  flower, 

feed  fmall,  roundifii,  and  of  a   bluifh  \\\  lied 

own  ;  pods  fmall. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  from  May  till  the  beginning  of  Jul 

b.  Plan:ed    about   5  cr  6    inches   apart,  and  an   11 
deep ;   the  drills  for  the  larger  kinds  to  be  5  feet  afun- 
dzr. 

2.  Plant. 
a.  Require  long  poles,  pea-fticks,  or  pack-thread  peg- 
ged tight  in  the  ground,  and  fattened  to  the  top  of  a 
wall,  or   other  fence. — The  Scarlet  and   Dutch   v 
.v  upwards  of  15  feet  high. 
h.  The  plants  to  be  earthed  up ;  and  when  the  roots 
are  expofed  to  the  fun,  covered  with  frefli  horfe  dung. 

c.  Thofe  without  feed  lobs  ,  a:lier  than 
thofe  with ;  for  if  the  firft  fhoot  be  cut  off  by  the 
froft,  the  root  will  throw  up  two  or  three  more 

Dwarfs. 

1.  Seeds  vbitt — Of  this  colour  there  is  the  early, 

0  late  forts,  called  the  Canterbury   and   Batterfeaj 
fe  produce  their  flowers  near  the  root,  and  bear  well 

ne ;  the  Batterfea  is  the  forwarded,  bur 
•  r  continues  bearing  Ion 

2.  Negro,  feed  .  1  land,  and  good  bea: 


KID.  183 

3  Black  or  purple,  fpeckled  with  white  or  yellow ; 
hardy,  and  a  good  bearer;  Mowers  purple,  or  flefli  co- 
lour; pods  above  5  inches  long. 

4.  Red  and  white ;   flowers  white. 

5.  Yellowiili  green. 

6.  American — Brought  from  Bofton  in  New  England  ; 
the  feed  of  the  ftze  and  fhape  of  a  horfe  bean,  and  of 
a  dull  purplifh  red  colour  ;  flower  flcih  colour;  a  weak 
plant,   and  indifferent  bearer. 

7.  German — The  feed  is  about  the  fize  of  that  of  the 
tare;  white,  and  of  a  roundifh  inapt ;  flowers  white; 
branches  long,  weak,  and  ftraggling;  pods  only  1^ 
inches  long. 

8.  Chinefe — The  feeds  of  this,  when  firft  brought  to 
England,  were  of  a  reddifh  yellow,  marked  with  dark- 
er lines  of  the  fame  colour  ;  but  in  the  firft  year  of 
cultivation  in  England,  they  changed  to  white  with 
deep  purple  lines. — Is  a  good  fort  of  bean,  and  bears 
well. 

^  Culture,  cjtV. 
1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  hot-beds  from  January  till  March — They 
fhould  have  but  a  moderate  heat,  much  room,  and  as 
much  air  as  can  fafely  be  admitted  to  the  plants. 

b.  Sown  thick  in  pots  in  April  and  May,  and  the  pots 
plunged  in  a  hot-bed  ;  and  when  the  beans  are  an 
inch  or  two  high,  tranfpianted  in  rows,  in  a  warm 
border. — A  fortnight  is  gained  in  their  growth  by  this 
merhod. 

c.  The  early  kinds  to  be  fown  on  a  warm  border  in  A- 
pril ;  and  all  kinds  in  the  open  ground  from  May  till 
Auguft. 

d.  Sown  an  inch  deep  and  4  inches  afunder,  the  rows 
from  2[-  to  3  feet  apart. 

e.  In  dry  hot  weather  firft  water  the  drills,  or  foak  the 
beans — To  preferve  the  Cetd  from  too  much  wet  in 
rainy  weather,  draw  a  drill,  and  plant  alternately  on 
each  fide. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  To  be  early  earthed  up. 

b.  No  beans  ihould  be  gathered  from  plants  intended 
to  five  feed   from,  which  mould  be  of  the  Utit  lea- 


i84  KIT. 

fonj  when  ripe  they  mould  be  pulled  up  by  the  roots 
and  hung  to  dry,  before  the  feeds  are  threfhed  out. 
3.  Use. 

a.  The  green  pods  boiled. 

b.  The  feeds  are  eaten  like  beans  before  they  are  hard, 
and  alfo  when  dry,  in  foups,  for  which  purpofe  they 
are  much  ufed  on  board  foreign  (hips. 

KITCHEN-GARDEN. 

I.  Should  be  cxpofed  to  the  fun,  and  not  overfhadowed 
with  trees  or  buildings. — A  plantation  (at  fome  dif- 
tance)  to  defend  it  from  the  N.  Wind,  will  greatly 
preferve  the  early  crops. 

1.  The  foil  fhould  be  of  a  pliable  nature  and  eafy  to 
work  j  but  by  no  means  wet ;  and  two  feet,  at  leaft, 
deep. 

3.  Should  be  as  near  the  (tables  as  poflible,  for  the  con- 
veniency  of  carrying  the  ek  ng  in;o  it. — Gardeners  near 
London  manure  generally  twice  a  year. 

4.  An  acre  and  an  half  is  ncceffary  for  a  fmall  family, 
and  four  or  five  for  a  large  one. 

5.  Should  be  walled  in,  both  as  a  defence,  and  for  wall 
fruit,  10  or  12  feet  high. 

6.  The  bed  fhape  for  the  quarters,  a  fquare  or  oblong 
bed  28  feet  wide  divided  by  walks  ;  the  mean  one  6 
or  10  feet  wide,  and  the  bye  ones  from  3  to  4  feet; 
the  beit.  materials  a  binding  fund  or  road  ftuff,  as  they 
can  be  eafily  cleared  of  weeds  with  the  Dutch  hoc. — 
A  border  next  the  S.  wall  fhould  be  made  8  or  10  feet 
wide  for  early  crops  ;  and  no  tap-rooted  plants  fhould 
be  raifed  near  fruit  trees. 

7.  All  refufe  leaves  of  cabbages,  &c.  mould  be  carried 
off  the  ground  and  given  to  cattle,  or  they  w.ll  g 

a  bad  iinell  to  the  garden. 

The  art  of  gardening  was  introduced  into  Englanel 
from  the  Continent,   about  the  year    1509;   prior  to 
which  time,  mod  of  the  prefent  produce  of  our  kitchen 
gardens  were  imported  from  the  Netherlands, 


LAB.    LAC.  185 

Broad-leaved  LABURNUM.      (Cytifus  Labur- 
num.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Sok. 
a.  Will  grow  very  well  upon  a  poor  fhallow  foil,  and 
in  expofed  fituations. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  which  if  fown  in  March  the  plants  will  ap- 
pear the  following  month.  If  fown  in  autumn,  not 
till  the  following  fpring — Will  grow  1 2  feet  high  in 
four  years. 

b.  As  the  breaking  or  cutting  of  the  roots  greatly  re- 
tard the  growth  of  the  tree,  it  is  beft  to  fow  the  feed 
where  the  tree  is  to  remain. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  to  a  large  tree  with  a  ftraight  Item. 

b.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  of  a  fine  colour,  and  will 
polifh  very  well  ;  it  approaches  near  to  green  ebony. 

t.  Hares  and  rabbits  are  great  enemies  to  thefe  trees, 
by  barking  them  in  winter. 

4.  Use. 

a.  It  is  frequently  nfed  on  the  Continent,  and  in  the 
highlands  of  Scotland,  for  making  different  kinds  of 
houfehold  furniture  ■,  as  chairs,  tables,  and  bedfteads, 
which  are  faid  to  equal  the  fineft  mahogany  in  beauty. 
The  wood  is  alfo  ufed  for  veneering. 

This  tree,  as  an  ornament  to  our  gardens,  has  been 
fupplanted  by  the  Long-fpiked  Laburnum,  which, 
having  longer  bunches  of  flowers,  is  more  ornament- 
al ;  its  not  growing  fo  large  and  ftrong  is  alfo  ano- 
ther recommendation.  The  firft  is  known  to  many  by 
the  name  of  Caledonian  Laburnum. 

LACTOMETER. 

An  inftrument  invented  by  the  late  J.  Dicas,  of  Li- 
verpool, for  afcertaining  the  goodnefs  of  milk :  It  pro- 
fefles  to  difcover, 

1.  What  breed  of  Cattle  are  moft  advantageous. 

2.  What  food  is  bell:  in  the  Winter  Seafon. 

3.  What  the  effects  of  the  different  Paftures  may  be. 

[  24  ] 


186  LAM. 

4.  How  far  particular  Farms  are  bell  adapted  for  ma- 
king Butter  and  Cheefe. 

5.  How  far  the  inconvenience,  particularly  in  Chefhire, 
of  Large  Cheefes,  in  fome  Dairies  being  too  rich  to 
ftand,  may  be  prevented,  by  difcovering  when  the  Re- 
dundancy of  Richnefs  exifts  in  the  Milk. 

6.  And  if  thought  proper,  for  fixing  ^Standard  for  the 
fale  of  this  ufeful  Article  of  Life. 

LAMBS, 

Are  generally  weaned  in  three  months,  the  males 
having  been  caftrated  early,  unlefs  in  cafe  of  great  weak- 
ness, when  the  operation  is  better  deferred  awhile.  Af- 
ter '.yeaning,  the  dams  may  be  milked  two  or  three 
timts,  to  cafe  their  udders. 

Houje-Lamb  is  thus  reared — The  ewes  being  brought 
to  lamb  about  Michaelmas-,  the  lambs  are  kept  in  the 
houfe  with  great  care  and  attention ;  the  mothers  are 
turned  in  every  night  at  eight  o'clock,  to  their  off- 
spring -,  at  fix  in  the  morning  the  mothers  are  feparated 
from  their  lambs,  and  turned  into  the  paftures.  And 
at  eight,  fuch  ewes  as  have  loft  their  own  lambs,  and 
thofe  ewes  whofe  lambs  have  been  fold,  are  brought  in, 
and  held  by  die  head  till  the  lambs  by  turns  fuck  them 
clean ;  they  are  then  turned  into  the  pafture ;  and  at 
twelve  the  mothers  of  the  lambs  are  driven  into  the 
lamb-houfe  for  an  hour,  in  the  courfe  of  which  time 
each  lamb  is  luckled  by  its  mother  -t  at  four,  all  the 
ewes  that  have  not  lambs  of  their  own,  are  again 
brought  into  the  lamb-houfe,  and  held  for  the  lambs 
to  fuck;  and  at  eight  the  mothers  are  brought  to  them 
for  the  night. — Chalk  (uiuaily  previously  baked  in  an 
oven)  both  in  lump  and  powder,  is  provided  for  them 
to  lick,  in  order  to  prevent  loofenefs ;  and  againft 
gnawing  the  boards,  or  eating  each  other's  wool,  a  lit- 
tle wheat  ftraw  is  placed,  with  the  ears  downwards,  in 
a  rack  within  their  reach,  with  which  they  will  amufe 
themfelves,  and  of  which  they  eat  a  fmall  quantity. 

It  ib  faid  to  be  the  practice  in  fome  parts  of  England 
f  :»r  1  he  lambs  to  fuck  cows. 


LAR.  i87 

LARCH.     (Pinus  Larix.) 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  Grows   better  on  cold,  meagre,  gravelly,  or  ftony 
lands,  provided  the  roots  can  find  depth  to  penetrate 
downward,  than  on  a  rich  moift  foil. 
2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed — Some  recommend  to  bury  a  whole  cone 
at  a  depth  of  3  inches,  and  not  to  fow  fingle  ieeds. 

b.  By  young  plants  which  fpring  from  the  flumps  of  old 
decayed  trees. 

Two  years  old  the  beft  age  for  tranfplanting;  and 
immediately  after  fhedding  the  leaf,  the  beft  time. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  flowly  the  firft  four  years ;  but  in  20  years 
will  exceed  a  fir  tree  in  girth  and  height,  that  is  dou- 
bly older. 

One  planted  in  Scotland  in  1734,  (the  fize  when 
planted  not  mentioned)  was,  54  years  after,  7  feet  6 
inches  in  circumference  3  feet  from  the  ground  -t  97 
feet  high;   and  its  cubic  contents  130  feet. 

b.  The  mod  proper  feafon  for  felling  Larch,  as  well  as 
other  Firs,  is  in  the  month  of  July  and  Auguft;  as 
the  liquid  which  oozes  out  at  that  time  of  the  year, 
almoft  immediately  turns  to  a  fort  of  refin,  which  ope- 
rates as  a  ftiptic ;  fo  that  the  wood  is  not  fo  much 
drained  as  at  other  feafons,  but  hardens  and  comes 
into  ufe  fooner. 

t.  The  wood  reckoned  equal  to  the  beft  Norway  Fir. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Is  of  lingular  ufe  in  ftrengthening  the  wooden  frame- 
work of  bridges,  or,  where  there  is  occafion  to  mor* 
tice  woods  into  walls  or  earth.  Under  water  it  almoft 
petrifies,    and  is  capable  of  fupporting  a  furprifing 


weight. 


b.  Houfes  built  with  it  are  faid  to  look  white  for  two 
or  three  years;  after  which  the  outfide  turns  black, 
whilft  all  the  joints  and  chinks  are.  clofed  with  refin, 
extracted  from  the  pores  of  the  wood  by  the  fun's  heat, 
which  refin  forms  a  kind  of  varnifh,  hardened  by  the 


i««  LAV. 

air,  and  of  a  bright  polifh  no-ways  unpleafing  to  the 

e.  No  wood  affords  fuch  durable  pipe-ftaves  for  cafks, 
which,  at  the  fame  time,  preferves  the  good  tafte  of 
wine. 

i.  In  the  general  view  of  the  agriculture  of  Perthfliire 
mention  is  made  of  a  Larch  hedge. 

e.  The  bark,  upon  incifion,  yields  the  pureft  Vene- 
tian turpentine. 

/.  The  large  branches  produce  feveral  fmall  grains  like 
fugar,  which,  poflefling  the  purgative  quality  of 
mannay  has  likewife  obtained  its  name. 

The  Larch  is  a  native  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenean 
mountains. 

"  It  is  now  much  propagated  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land ;  many  millions  of  plants  yearly.  See  Mr.  An- 
derfon's  very  high  commendation  of  it,  and  very  ex- 
cellent account  of  its  moft  valuable  properties,  in  his 
3d  vol.  of  Efiayson  Hufbandry." 

"  It  is  alfo  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  by  the  in- 
habitants is  frequently  called  Hackmatack.  A  Beer 
far  fuperior  to  Spruce  beer  is  made  of  it  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Nova  Scotia." 

LAVENDER.     (Lavandula  Spicata.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  dry,  gravelly,  or  ftoney  foil,  produces  the  ftrong- 
eft  fcented  kind. 

b.  Will  not  furvive  the  winter  in  a  light,  rich,  moift: 
foil. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  flips ;  planted  in  March  in  a  fhady  fituation,  or 
fhaded  by  mats  ;    when  they  have  taken  root  to  be  ex- 
pofed  to  the  fun,  and  when  they  have  obtained  ftrength, 
removed  to  where  they  are  to  remain. 
3.  Use. 
a.  From  the  flowers  is  diitilled  a  water;  and  an  oil  is  alfo 
drawn  from  them: 

The  oil  has  lately  been  ufed  with  other  ingredients; 
in  making  a  permanent  black,  and  red  ink. 


LEE.     LEN.  189 

LEEK.     (Alium  Porrum.) 

Var.  1.  London  Leek.  2.  Common  L.  3.  French  L. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  good  dry  ground. 

2.  Seed. 

a>  Sown  in  March — Should  be  fown  before  the  ground 
is  raked,  and  in  a  light  foil  trod  in. 

b.  Sown  thin  with  onions.  The  onions  to  be  drawn 
out  in  Auguft,  which  will  leave  full  fcope  for  the 
leeks  to  grow  to  a  large  iize. — The  two  frequently 
fown  in  equal  quantities. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  To  be  planted  in  June  or  July  from  the  feed  bed 
into  open  ground,  in  rows  8  or  9  inches  afunder,  and 
about  6  inches  between  the  plants. 

b.  In  September  the  leaves  to  be  cut  off  at  half  their 
length. 

c.  For  feed,  plant  fome  of  the  beft  roots  about  8  in- 
ches afunder  in  rows  near  fome  warm  hedge,  pale  or 
wall ;  and  fupport  the  flalks  with  (lakes ;  when  ripe, 
the  head  mould  be  cut  off,  and  hung  in  a  dry  place 
till  after  Chriftmas — The  feeds  are  eafieft  got  out  by 
rubbing  the  head  hard  againft  a  rough  tile. 

If  feed  is  faved  from  old  roots  it  will  degenerate. 
4.  Use. 
a.  As  a  culinary  herb. 

LENTIL.     (Ervum  Lens.) 

1.  Common  Lentil. 

2.  French  Lentil,  or  Tills. 

This  istwice  the  fize  of  the  former,  both  in  plant 
and  feed,  and  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  diftindr.  fpecies. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Affects  a  dry  foil. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  From  one  bufhel  and  a  half  to  two  bufhels  broad 
caft — The  time  March. 


19°  LET. 

b.  Drilled  one  foot  and  a  half  afunder,  to  allow  room 
for  the  Dutch  hoe  to  clean  the  ground  between  them. 

c.  Sown  with  oats  or  barley,  in  the  proportion  of  two 
bufhels  of  lentils,  mixed  with  one  bufhel  of  oats  or 
barley — Some  fow  only  half  a  bufhel  with  oats. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  feed  for  foups;  and  for  feeding  pigeons,  and 
fwine. 

In  times  of  fcarcity>  Lentils  have  been  ground 
either  alone,  or  mixed  with  barley,  for  making  bread. 

b.  Fodder  for  cattle.    Horfes  foon  grow  fat  upon  them. 

When  grown  with  oats  or  barley,  mould  be  mown 
when  they  are  in  full  fap,  and  when  well  faved,  are 
an  inviting  food,  though  of  a  hot  and  feverifh  na- 
ture. 

LETTUCE.     (La&uca  Sativa.) 

1.  Cos — White,  green,  Egyptian,  brown,  fpotted, 
dwarf. 

2.  Cabbage — Common,  Kammerfmith,  brown  Dutch, 
Silefian,  Grand  Admiral,  Roman,  Button. 

The  Cos  Lettuce  differs  from  the  Cabbage  Lettuce, 
in  having  longer  and  narrower  leaves. 

"  The  Imperial  Lettuce  of  the  Germans  near  Phi- 
ladelphia, feemc  beft  for  Country  Gardens;  lafting 
long,  with  little  attendance." 

Culture ',  &c. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  To  be  fown  on  hot-beds  in  January  and  February — 
The  feedling  plants  to  be  pricked  into  a  gentle  hot- 
bed, to  forward  for  final  tranfplanting. 

b.  In  the  natural  ground — On  a  warm  border  in  Janu- 
ary and  February ;  and  in  the  more  open  ground  till 
September  ;  the  plants  from  the  September  fowing  to 
be  planted  till  November,  either  on  warm  borders  in 
frames,  or  in  beds  ;  and  to  be  fhdtered  by  mats  for 
winter  and  fpring  life. 

c.  Sown  in  fpring  with  Onions. 

2.   Plant. 
a.  In  frames  or  under  hand  glaflfes,  give  the  full  air  in 
all    mild    dry   days,   and   defend    with  the  glafTes  at 
nig'r.s,  and  keep  clofe  in  frofty  weather. 


LIM.  191 

b.  Force  in  January  the  largeft  plants  in  borders^  by 
tranfplanting  them  into  hot-beds. 

c.  In  February  or  early  in  March  if  the  vfeather  is 
mild,  tranfplant  from  the  fecond  hot-bed,  into  warm 
borders. 

d.  In  open  ground  fhould  be  planted  at  1  foot  afunder, 
and  well  watered  ;  generally  a  drill  is  drawn  to  pre- 
vent the  water  running  from  the  roots. 

e.  Cofs  lettuces  mould  have  their  leaves  tied  together 
with  bafs,  to  forward  their  cabbaging. 

3.  Use. 

a.  As  a  fallad  herb. 

b.  A  drug  like  opium  is  obtained  from  the  milky 
juice — tl  is  alfo  procured  from  the  ftrong-fcented 
Wild  lettuce,  (L.  Virofa),  by  catching  it  in  Ihells, 
and  d-;-ing  it  in  a  gentle  heat.     This  plant  grows  wild 

in  flQyjM    &c* 
...    Tb    rf  ufe  leaves  are  good  food  for  geefe  and  ducks. 

LIME-TREE.     (Tilia  Europaa.) 

'Julture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  The  beft  a  good  loam. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  which  produces  the  beft  trees. 

b.  By  layers — the  time  to  lay  them  down,  and  to  re- 
move them,  is  when  the  leaves  begin  to  fall. 

c.  By  cuttings. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  to  an  immenfe  fize,  and  attains  a  great  age. 

Millar  meafured  one  which  was  near  10  yards  girth 
1  feet  above  the  ground,  and  was  then  in  a  thriving 
ftate  :  and  Sir  T.  Brown  mentions  one  which  grew  in 
Norfolk,  that  was  16  yards  in  circuit  1^  feet  above 
ground,  in  height  30  yards,  and  in  the  leaft  part  of 
the  trunk  it  was  84-  yards. 

b.  The  wood  is  light,  fmooth,  of  a  fpongy  texture,  and 
does  not  eafily  bend. 

c.  "Will  grow  if  planted  upfide  down,  when  the  bran- 
ches will  become  roots,  and  the  roots  put  forth  leaves. 


i$2  LIQ^ 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  ufed  by  carvers ;  and  by  architects  for 
framing  the  models  of  their  buildings ;  the  turner 
makes  light  bowls,  difhes,  &c.  it  alio  ferves  for 
wainfcotting  rooms,  but  it  is  too  foft  for  any  ftrong 
purpofes. 

b.  Makes  the  beft  of  charcoal  for  gunpowder,  and  for 
defigners. 

c.  The  twigs  are  fit  for  making  bajkets. 

d.  In  Norway  the  peafants  make  with  the  bark,  very 
elegant  butter-bafkets  ;  likewife  when  macerated,  lines 
for  hufbandry  and  for  filhing ;  of  the  inner  bark  is 
made  the  bafs-mats,  lb  uicful  to  gardeners  ■,  "  and 
mould  therefore  be  propagated." 

e.  The  fap  infpiffated  affords  a  quantity  of  fugar. 

f.  The  flowers  are  reckoned  among  the  beft  for  bees  to 
collect  honey  from  j  and  an  artificial  wax  has  been 
obtained  from  them  by  a  chemical  procefs. 

g.  Are  planted  for  clipped  hedges  ;  and  from  their  early 
leafing,  and  the  fragrancy  of  their  flowers,  are  pecu- 
liarly proper  for  public  walks. 

LIQUORICE.     (Glycyrrhiza  Glabra.) 

Culture,  C5V. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  a  light  fandy  and  very  deep  foil,  which 
fhould  be  well  manured,  and  dug  three  fpade  deep. 

b.  Grows  in  Spain  on  low  grounds  near  rivers. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  Seldom  by  feed,  which  rarely  ripens  in  England. 

b.  By  plants  taken  from  the  fides  or  heads  of  the  old 
plants,  each  having  a  good  bud  or  eye  •,  and  mould 
be  8  or  10  inches  long. 

They  are  to  be  planted  in  February  or  beginning 
of  March,  fodeep  that  the  head  fhould  be  about  an 
inch  under  the  furface  ;  the  plants  about  an  inch  afun- 
der,  and  the  row  1  or  3  feet  apart ;  or  on  ridges  3 
feet  wide,  on  which  are  3  rows  ;  and  the  plants  3  or 
4  inches  apart,  according  to  the  foil. 
3.  Plant. 
a.  The  firft  year  onions  or  carrots  may  be  fown,  but 
kept  well  weeded — This  is  allowed  rather  to  hurt  the 


LOC.  193 

crop~Early  lettuces  may  be  planted  each  fucceeding 
year  between  the  rows;  and  coleworts  the  firft  year 
for  autumn  ufe, 

b.  In  October,  when  the  young  fhoots  are  decayed,, 
the  ground  is  to  be  covered  with  rotten  dung,  which 
is  to  be  lightly  dug  in  between  the  rows  in  March. 

c.  The  roots  mould  remain  three  years  in  the  ground 
after  planting,  and  not  dug  up  till  the  (talks  are  per- 
fectly decayed;   for  when  it  is  taken  up  too  foon,  it  is 

.  Subject  to  fhrink  greatly,  and  lofe  of  its  weight. 

d.  May  be  planted  among  fhrubs. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Is  cultivated  for  medicine. 

The  following  is  the  method  of  extracting  the  juice 
of  this  plant,  at  Corigliano  in  Italy — The  root  is  cut 
into  pieces,  moiftened,  and  crufhed  in  a  mill ;  being 
by  this  means  formed  into  a  mafs  like  dough,  it  is  put 
into  a  boiler,  and  boiled  for  eight  hours;  during  that 
time  they  pour  water  on  it,  it  is  then  twice  preffed,  and 
the  refinous  juice  fqueezed,  which  muft  then  be  boiled 
in  another  cauldron  for  24  hours,  to  give  it  the  proper 
degree  of  toughnefs;  after  that  it  is  cut  into  cakes  or 
fquares,  and  packed  in  chefts  with  bay-leaves,  for  fale 
in  England,  &c. 

b.  Is  the  bafis  of  an  agreeable  liquor,  called  Ptifan. 

LOCUST-TREE.     (Gleditfia  Tri 'acanthus.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  deep  loamy  foil,  and  fneltered  fituation;  for  when 
they  are  much  expofed  to  winds,   their  branches  are 
frequently  broken; 

2i  Increased. 
a.  By_  feed  received  from  North  America,  which  muft 
be  fown  in  the  fpring  upon  a  bed  of  light  earth,  and  if 
the  feafon  be  dry  frequently  watered;    otherwife  they 
will  not  come  up  the  firft  year. 
3.  Tree. 
a.  Should  not  remain  in  the  nurfery  more  than  two  years, 
as  it  will  not  bear  removing  when  large. 

Late  in  the  fpring  the  time  for  tranfplanting. 

[  25  ] 


194  LOV.     LUC. 

b.  Grows  in  England  to  a  large  fize;  and  is  of  a  very 
quick  growth. 

4.  Use. 
a.  It  makes  excellent  timber. 

This  tree,  is  frequently  called,  Three-thorned  Acacia. 

LOVE-APPLE.     (Solanum  Lycoperfuum.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Sown  on  a  hot-bed   in  March. 
2.  Plant. 

a.  In  April  the  plants  are  to  be  pricked  out  into  a  fe- 
cond  hot-bed  4  inches  apart,  and  in  May  into  a  warm 
border  5  or  10  feet  diftant. 

b.  Unl'efs  the  plants  are  trained  up  a  wall  or  ftakes  the 
fruit  will  not  ripen. 

There  are  two  varieties,  one  with  yellow,  the  other 
with  red  fruit. 

3.  Use. 
a.  The  fruit  in  medicine ;    alfo  for  fauces,  foups,  and 
pickling. 

"  I:  is  called  by  fome  Tomato." 

LUCERN. 

1.  Lucern.     (Medicago  Satha.) 

Var. — With  violet-coloured  flowers  (this  is  the  beft 
to  cultivate);  with  yellow  flowers;  with  yellow  and 
violet  flowers  mixed;  with  variegated  flowers. 

2.  Yellow  Medic  or  Butterjags.     (Medicago  Falcata.) 

Withering  fays  this  plant,  which  grows  wild  in  hot, 
dry,  barren,  fandy  places,  is  well  worth  the  trouble  of 
fowing  for  the  purpofe  of  making  hay;  a  practice  long 
fince  adopted  in  fome  parts  of  Sweden. 

Cows,  Horfes,  Goats,  and  Sheep  eat  it. 
Culture,  &c.  of  Lucern. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  good  land;  as  a  deep  rich  dry  loam. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Drilled  in  rows,  from  1  foot  to  18  inches  or  2  feeC 
diftant,  and  the  intervals  horfe-hoed. 

b.  Sown  in  Kent  broad-calt,  and  faid  to  lad  20  vears. 


MAD.  195 

c.  Barley  Town  with  it,  but  not  too  thick,  leaft  it  fhould 
injure  the  young  lucern. 

d.  Drilled  1  foot  afunder  on  a  field  Town  with  buck 
wheat  when  the  laft  was  off,  the  fpaces  between  the 
rows  cultivated  with  the  horfe-hoe. 

3.   Plant. 

a.  Will  laft  from  15  to  30  years. 

b.  Hay  made  of  it — Is  lefs  hurt  by  the  fcythe  than  by 
feeding. 

c.  In  Spain  they  cut  one  day  what  will  be  wanted  the 
next,  and  laying  it  in  a  heap,  fprinkle  it  with  fait  wa- 
ter. This  they  think  renders  it  more  wholefome  to 
cattle,  which  like  it  the  better  for  being  faked. 

4.  Use. 

a.  For  cutting  and  carrying  to  horfes,  cows,  and  black 
cattle,  is  preferable  to  any  other  grafs :  an  acre  of  it  in 
good  ground,  will,  from  early  in  May  to  Michaelmas, 
maintain  twice  the  number  of  cattle  that  an  acre  of 
good  meadow  will.  The  Lucern  field  is,  however,  in 
effea,  a  ftubble  from  October  to  May. 

b.  Sheep  thrive  upon  it,  and  Swine  fatten  without  any 
other  food,  but  the  laft  do  not  like  it  fo  well  il  cut  for 
them. 

It  has  been  fuppofed  that  the  roots  which  are  extreme- 
ly large,  and  afford  a  faccharine  juice,  would  be  very 
nourifhing  to  fome  forts  of  animals. 

Lucern  and  Saintfoin  were  firft  introduced  into  Eng- 
land from  France  in   1653. 

"  Lucern  is  too  coftly  in  its  culture  for  other  than  lots 
or  fmall  pieces  of  it.    It  is  no  where  in  field-hufbandry." 

MADDER.     (Rubia  Tinftorum.) 

Is  of  feveral  forts,  differing  greatly  from  each  other  in 
appearance  and  value.  The  Turkey  is  more  vigorous 
and  of  a  darker  green  than  the  common  fort;  it  likewife 
produces  abundance  of  feed  which  the  common  fort  does 
not;  it  alio  puts  out  many  vigorous  and  folid  runners, 
whereas  the  runners  of  the  common  kind  are  hollow, 
and  produce  none  of  the  beft  part  of  the  Madder,  which 
is  contained  in  the  woody  part  of  the  root, 


196  MAD.     MAI. 

Culture,  fsc. 

i.  Soil. 
a.  A  deep  light  foil. 
I.  In  Holland  it  is  planted  on  ftrong  heavy  land. 

2.   Increased. 
a.  By  young  fhoots  taken  from  the  mother  plant,  with 
as  much  root  as  poffible. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  The  fhoots  to  be  planted  with  a  dibble  in  April  or 
May,  1  foot  apart;  thofe  in  the  fecond  row  to  be  op- 
pofite  the  middle  of  thofe  in  the  firft  row;  the  fecond 
row  to  be  j-i  foot  from  the  firft,  and  the  third  5  feet 
from  the  fecond  ;  thus  there  will  be  a  third  row  at  five 
feet  dillance  from  the  fecond,  and  at  64.  from  the  firft; 
the  line  is  then  to  be  moved  14  foot,  and  another,  be- 
ing a  fourth  row,  is  to  be  planted  oppofire  the  middle 
diftance  of  the  laft;  and  in  this  manner  the  whole 
ground  is  to  be  planted — If  the  feaibn  is  dry  the  fets 
muft  be  watered. 

b.  To  be  carefully  weeded. 

c.  Are  fometimes  dug  up  the  fecond  year,  but  more  ge- 
nerally are  allowed  to  grow  three  fummers. 

4.  Use. 

a.  For  dying  and  ftaining  linens  a  red  colour — A  fim- 
ple  and  certain  method  has  been  difcovered  of  procu- 
ring from  it,  of  the  greateft  beauty  and.  folidity,  the 
colour  called  Adrianople  red. 

b.  Fodder  for  cattle. 

In  Miller's  Gardeners'  Dictionary,  we  have  a  very 
full  account  of  the  method  of  cultivating  Madder  in 
Zealand,  with  a  figure  of  the  plant,  and  plans  of  the 
kilns  and  houfes  for  pounding  and  curing  it. 

"  Better  accounts  are  fmce  given  in  the  late  books 
of  hufbandry,  rfrbuthnet  was  the  chief  madder  plant- 
er of  the  beft  for:  in  England/1 

MAIZE.     (Zea  Mays.) 

1.  India  Maize — Grows  8  or  10  feet  high;  the  ears  be- 
fore they  are  quite  ripe  are  eaten,  roafted. 

2.  Portugal  Maize.  This  grows  alfo  in  Spain  and  Ita- 
ly— Thefe  two  are  cultivated  in  our  gardens,  more  for 


MAI.  197 

curiofity  than  ufe;  and  are  fovvn  en  a  moderate  hot-bed 
in  March  or  April,  and  tranfplanted  into  the  open 
ground  in  May. 

3.  German  Maize.  This  has  been  cultivated  in  the* 
field,  both  in  England  and  Ireland,  with  fuccefs. 

4.  North  American  Maize.  The  Americans  cultivate 
five  or  fix  forts,  which  grow  of  different  heights,  A 
fhort  kind,  called  Mohawks-Corn,  ripens  its  feed  in 
the  more   northern  parts  though  fown  fo  late  as  June. 

The  American  feed  varies  very  much  in  colour,  and 
that  not  only  in  the  fame  field,  but  in  the  fame  ear: 
this  may  be  prevented,  by  fowing  only  one  colour,  at 
a  good  diftance  from  fields  containing  another  coloured 
corn. 

Culture,  &c.  of  German  and  American  Maize. 
1.    Soil. 

a.  Thrives  belt  in  a  light  and  fandy  foil. 

b.  Is  a  great  impoveri flier  of  land;  efpeclally,  if  the 
land  is  not  ploughed  when  the  corn  is  cut. 

1.   Seed. 

a.  To  be  fown  the  latter  end  of  March  in  light  warm 
ground ;  and  in  cold  ground  the  middle  or  end  of  A- 
pril. 

h.  There  are  different  ways  of  fowing  the  feed,  viz. 
1.  Having  levelled  the  ground,  little  hills  are  raifed 
in  croflings  at  3  or  4  feet  diftance,  into  each  of  which 
is  put  1  or  3  good  feeds,  and  covered  about  an  inch 
thick  with  earth,  continuing  to  do  the  fame  till  the 
whole  ground  is  planted. 

1.  At  the  third  ploughing  the  furrows  are  made  a  foot 
and  a  half  afunder,  (and  the  clods  broken)  and  holes 
made  at  the  fame  diftance  in  the  bottom  of  them,  and 
two  grains  dropped  in  each;  when  both  grow,  the 
weakeft  to  be  pulled  up,  and  where  both  fail,  frefh 
grains  to  be  fown — In  the  fecond  furrow,  &c.  the  holes 
to  be  made  fo  that  the  plants  may  grow  in  form  of  a 
quincunx. 

3.  Single  furrows  about  fix  feet  diftant  through  the 
whole  field,  theie  crofTed  at  the  fame  diftance;  where 
they  meet,  rhe  corn  to  be  thrown  in  and  covered,  ei- 
ther with  the  hoe,  or  by  running  another  furrow  with 


198  MAI. 

the  plough.  When  the  weeds  begin  to  overtop  the 
corn,  the  ground  between  to  be  horfe-hoed  or  ploughed 
over  to  bury  them — this  is  to  be  repeated,  as  the  ground 
is  thereby  berter  loofened  than  with  the  hoe. 
4.  Sown  thick,  for  fodder — In  this  cafe,  all  the  female 
flowers  are  barren,  and  produce  no  grain. 

3.   Plant. 
--  Muft  be  hand  hoed  and  horfe  hoed  repeatedly,   and 
kept  free  from  weeds. 

The  feeds  of  feveral  plants  are  fbmetimes  fown  be- 
tween the  corn,  as  kidney- beans,  and  the  homony  bean 
to  run  up  its  ftalk,  &c. 

b.  When  cut,  the  ears  are  to  be  gathered  by  hand  with 
their  fheath  on,  and  laid  in  the  air  for  the  feed  to  har- 
den ;  and  afterwards  freed  of  the  fheath,  and  fpread 
on  a  barn  floor. 

c.  The  grain  is  either  threfhed  out  with  a  flail,  which 
breaks  and  bruifos  it  3  or  the  ears  rubbed  hard  againft 
the  edge  of  a  flat  piece  of  iron,  which  eafily  feparates 
the  grain  from  the  hulks,  without  hurting  them. 

i.  This  plant  is  particularly  adapted  to  the  horfe-hoeing 
hufbani 

4.  Use. 

<*-.  The  grain  is  either  eater,  whole,  or  ground  into  meal 

for  bread  ;  in  making  of  which,  fome  add  a  half,  or  a 

third  of  WTheat  or  Barley-flour:    The  grain   is  alfo 

malted  for  beer;  and  anfwers  very  well  for  feeding  of 

:le,   poultry,  and  fwine. 

b.  The  whole  plant  (after  harvefting  the  corn)  as  fod- 
drr  for  cattle  :     "  The  ftalks  cut  up  are  rich  fodder." 

c.  Mowed  green  and  made  into  hay. 

d.  The  ftalks  anfwer  the  fame  purpofes  as  reeds  in  ma- 
king of  fences. 

An  Agricultural  Society  has  been  lately  eftablifhed 

Margate  for  the  exnrefs  purpofe  of  growing  Indian 

Qorr, — Jr  appears  that  fome  plants  have  been  produced 

in  that  neighbourhood,  equal  to  what  has  been  feen  tq 

grow  -rica  or  the  Weft  Indies. 


MAN.  199 

MANGEL-WURZEL  or  SCARCITY-ROOT. 
(Beta  Vulgaris.  ?) 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  April  or  May. 

As  this  is  only  a  variety  of  the  common  Beet,  great 
attention  fhould  be  paid  to  the  kind  of  feed  fown. 

b.  One  or  two  feeds  dropped  in  each  hole,  and  the  dif- 
tance  of  the  holes  from  8  to  18  inches. 

A  fhort  roller  has  been  invented  with  wooden  pins 
or  pegs  to  dib  the  holes. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  Not  a  hardy  plant. 

b.  Will  not  bear  tranfplanting. 

c.  The  roots  grow  to  18  inches  in  circumference,  and 
22lb.  weight. 

d.  Infects  never  injure  either  the  roots  or  leaves. 

3.  Use. 

a .  Cows,  horfes,  fheep,  and  hogs,  are  fond  of  the  leaves ; 
which  muft:  be  cut  off  the  plant  for  cows  and  hogs, 
both  of  which  are  faid  not  to  like  them  frefh. 

b.  Cattle  eat  the  roots,  but  they  muft  be  cut  in  pieces 
for  them,  being  very  hard  and  firm. 

c.  Gives  a  fuperior  fweetnefs  to  cream  and  butter. 

The  quantity  not  fo  great  as  from  cows  fed  upon 
turneps,  or  the  turnep-rooted  cabbage. 

d.  The  leaves  eat  like  fpinage. 

e.  The  {talks  of  the  leaves  are  drefifed  like  Afparagus. 
(See  Beet,  p.  33.) 

MANURES. 

1.  Animal. 

a.  Horfe-dungy  ftronger  in  towns  than  in  farm  yards. 

b.  Ox-dungy  beft  made  by  beafls  fed  with  oil  cakes  and 
rape. 

c.  Hogs'  -dungy  for  cold  wet  clays. 

A  good  manure  for  potatoes  on  a  poor  gravelly  foil. 

d.  Sheeps' -dungy  it  is  obierved  that  the  dung  of  fheep  is 
Angularly  beneficial  to  land,  which  has  not  been  folded 
on  before. 

Dung  of  animals  that  chew  the  cud,  being  more  tho- 
roughly putrified  than  that  of  others,  is  fit  to  be  mixed 


2oo  MAN. 

with  the  foil  without  needing  to  be  collected  into  dung- 
hills— This  circumdance  fnev/s  the  utility  of  folding 
fheep  on  arable  land,  for  manuring  the  foil. 

e.  Dogs' -dung  accounted  the  next  belt  drefiing  to  pige- 
ons'-dung;. 

f.  Rabbits' -dung,  procured  by  fweeping  of  warrens,  was 
found,  on  a  trial  with  pigeons'-dung,  to  be  better, 
and  more  lading  as  a  top  drefiing  on  grafs — 2  loads  to 
an  acre. 

The  earth  from  an  old  rabbit  warren  is  good  manure. 

g.  Pigeons'-dung.  Ufed  on  light  land  as  a  top  drefiing, 
viz.  four  quarters  on  turneps,  four  or  five  on  grafs,  on 
wheat  three  quarters,  on  barley  ten  ftrikes ;  on  lime- 
llone  land  two  quarters  per  acre,  ploughed  in  very  thin 
with  feeds. 

Sown  on  ftrong  land  with  wheat-,  and  ploughed  un- 
der furrow,  proves  very  advantageous  to  the  crop;  bur 
more  than  from  50  to  60  bufhels  per  acre,  would  pro- 
duce too  much  bulk  of  draw. 

h.  Poultry-dung.  Not  quite  fo  good  and  hot  as  pigeons 
dung:  a  fop  drefiing  for  corn  and  grafs  laid  on  about 
Chridmas. 

Is  frequently  mixed  with  chaff,  malt-dud,  fhort 
horfe-dung,  &c.  by  putting  any  of  them  under  where 
thefe  fowls  rood,  that  they  may  incorporate  and  rot 
together,  fo  as  greatly  to  increafe  a  large  quantity  of 
excellent  hand-d  reding. 

t.  Goofe-d»r>g.  A  good  manure,  and  not  noxious  or 
diiagreeable  to  cattle,  as  has  been  fuppofed. 

"  Gcefe  penned  on  litter,  yield  confiderable  dung." 

k.  Wild-fowis'-dung — Fo-wly  ifland,  in  Lancafhire,  a 
place  fo  called  from  the  abundance  of  wild-fowl  conti- 
nually found  on  it,  is  fo  enriched  with  their  dung,  that 
it  fattens  fiieep  in  a  furprifing  manner. 

Is  confidered,  in  S.  America,  as  a  very  rich  manure. 

/.  Soil  of  privies,  fuppofed  to  exceed  every  other  kind 
of  manure  for  the  fiid  year  after  it  is  laid  on;  in  the 
fecond  it  is  of  fome  fervicc;  but  in  the  third  year  its 
effects  very  nearly  or  entirely  ceafe.  Anfwers  well  on 
a  cold,  hungry  foil. 

On  the  continent,  where  it  is  more  ufed  than  in 
England,  it  is  kept  till  it  has  lod  its  festid  quality 


MAN.  201 

pics,  for  i ,  2,  3,  or  4  years ;  that  of  4  years  they 
account  the  beft,  and  that  of  3  years  tolerable,  but 
the  others  not  fit  for  ufe, 

m.  Fijk — -When  herrings,  pilchards,  and  mackarel, 
have  been  a  drug  upon  the  coaft,  they  have  been 
ufed  as  a  manure,  and  have  produced  a  very  florid 
crop — On  the  coaft  of  Norfolk  the  farmers  have 
manured  with  a  fmall  oily  filh  called  Stat  ties  (un- 
fit for  human  food),  fovving  from  30  to  50  bufhels  per 
acre ;  they  particularly  repay  for  turneps  followed  by 
barley. 

In  fome  parts  of  Cambridgefhire,  Sticklebacks 
(Gafterofteus  Aculeatus)  are  ufed  for  the  fame  purpofe, 
at  the  rate  of  20  bufhels  per  acre. 

n.  Sea-MaJcleSy  when  tried  as  a  manure,  have,  befides 
the  difficulty  of  procuring  them  in  fufficient  quantities, 
been  found  not  to  be  durable. 

0.  Shells. 

(1)  Shells  collected  on  the  feafhore,  make  ftifF  clays 
work  better,  and  greatly  improve  the  foil. 

(2)  Shell-lime,  laid  on  thick,  anfwers  upon  afparagus 
beds  in  winter. 

(3)  Fojfil-Jhells  are  dug  in  fufficient  quantity  near 
Woodbridge,  in  Suflex,  to  be  ufed  as  manure,  25 
cart-loads  per  acre  j  dreffing  a  hungry  fandy  foil  for  7 
or  1 2  years — This  manure  is  called  Crag. 

(4)  Shell-Sand,  a  rich  manure. 

Shells  are  burnt  into  lime  in  the  following  fim- 
pie  manner.  A  hole  is  made  in  the  ground  wherein 
they  put  furze,  upon  that  wood,  upon  the  wood 
fmall  ftone  coal,  and  then  a  layer  of  fhells,  and  fo 
fhells  and  coals,  Jlratum  Japer  jlratam,  and  then  put 
fire  to  them. 
p.  Bones,  broke  or  ground  very  fmall,  faid  to  be  fu- 
perior  to  all  other  manures ;  the  quantity  60  bufhels 
to  an  acre.  It  is  thought  a  judicious  practice  to  put 
a  cart-load  of  afhes  to  30  or  40  bufhels  of  bones  j 
when  they  have  heated  for  24  hours,  to  be  turned; 
and  after  laying  10  days  longer  are  fit  for  ufe.  Whole 
bones  are  not  of  the  leaft  fervice. 

[  »«  ] 


202  Man. 

At  Sheffield  it  is  now  become  a  trade  to  grind  bones 
for  the  ufe  of  the  farmer — If  bones  are  mixed  in  a 
heap  of  lime,  they  will  in  a  fhort  time  be  reduced  to 
powder.  The  Chinefe  ufe  the  allies  of  burnt  bones  as 
a  top  drefling  to  their  rice  fields. 

q.  Feathers  (old  ones  may  be  procured  from  uphollter- 
ers)  reckoned  a  good  manure  for  arable  land. 

r.  Furriers  chipping;,  fown  by  hand  from  the  feed 
fcuttle,  on  land  intended  to  be  fown  with  wheat  or 
barley,  and  immediately  ploughed  in ;  after  which  the 
feed  is  fown  and  harrowed  in.  The  quantity  two  or 
three  quarters  to  an  acre  -,  anfwers  well  on  dry  light 
foils,  but  have  little  effect  on  wet — Rabbit  clippings  a 
good  drefling,  harrowed  in  with  corn. 

Such  pieces  as  are  left  upon  the  ground  muft  be 
pufhed  in,  as  dos;s  and  crows  greedily  fcize  on  them. 

/.  Hoofs  forced  into  the  earth  with  (ticks,  prefently  af- 
ter the  wheat,  barley,  or  rye,  is  fown,  at  about  6  in- 
ches or  a  foot  diftant,  is  a  drefling  for  fix  years  to 
chalk,  gravel,  and  loam. 

t.  Hcrn-Jhavings — I.  Small  or  turner's-fhavings.  :, 
Large  or  refuie.  pieces  of  horn.  The  firft  the  belt. 
Is  ufed  in  the  fame  way  and  quantity  as  the  laft 
article.  The  large  is  ploughed  into  the  land  three 
months  before  lowing  wheat  or  barley.  They  anfwer 
in  moil  foils ;  except  very  dry  ones,  when  they 
not  work. 

The  cores  of  horns,  crufhed  in  a  mill,  have  been 
ufed  as  a  manure. 

u.  Sheeps  trotters,  and  fellmongers'  cuttings,  are  ukd 
in  the  fame  way  as  furriers'  clippings,  from  20  to  40 
bufhete  per  acre.  They  need  pricking  in,  as  dogs  and 
crows  are  very  fond  of  them.  Does  not  anfwer  well 
on  wet  land. 

;.  ■'.'oolliii-rags — thefe  are  to  be  chopped,  fown  by' 
hand,  and  ploughed  in  three  months  before  fowing  of 
wheat  or  barley;  the  quantity  from  6  to  10  cwt.  per 
acre.  In  Kent  they  fpread  about  a  ton  per  acre,  eve- 
ry third  year,  for  hops.  As  they  hold  moifture,  they 
are  adapted  tor  dry  gravelly  or  chalky  foils,  and  fuc- 
ceed  belt  in  dry  feafons. 
The  danger  of  catching  the  fmall  pox,  in  chop- 


MAN.  20J 

ping  and  fowing  them,  deters  many  farmers  from  tfceir 
ufe. 

w.  Wool  (the  dirty  locks,  or  trimmings,  &c.  of  fheep) 
is  ufed  in  Surry  as  a  manure  for  hops. 

x.  Hog's  hair  a  good  drefling  for  light  foils,  harrowed 
in  with  wheat,  rye,  or  barley. 

y.  Bloody  according  to  Evelyn,  is  an  excellent  manure 
for  fruit  trees, 

z.  In  Cornwall  is  ufed  bruifed  and  decayed  pilchards, 
and  the  refufe  bay  fait  ufed  in  curing  of  them,  mixed 
with  from  150  to  200  feams  of  fand  and  earth,  with 
which  they  are  left  to  ferment  and  incorporate,  and  is 
frequently  turned  over  and  mixed,  before  it  is  laid  on 
the  land. 

After  a  drefling  of  this  kind  for  barley,  on  fome 
lands  near  the  Lizard,  h  is  faid,  that  90  bufhels  of 
barley,  Winchefter  meafure,  have  been  produced  on 
a  ftatute  acre;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  have  from 
70  to  80  bufhels  j  75  bufhels  they  confider  as  a  mid- 
dling crop. 

2.  Vegetable. 

a,  Sea-weed— The  belt  is  that  cut  from  the  rocks ;  when 
driven  on  fhore,  the  beft  is  the  peafy  fort;  the  worft, 
that  with  the  long  ftalk  ;  it  is  ufed  either  frefh,  or  laid 
up  in  heaps  to  putrify. 

Is  an  excellent  manure  for  gardens,  and  deftroys  all 
kinds  of  vermin. 

On  the  mores  of  the  ifland  of  Jerfey  grows  a  wee4 
called  by  the  inhabitants  Uriac,  which  they  cut  twice 
a  year,  in  fummer  and  about  the  vernal  equinox  :  The 
fummer  Uriac  is  firft  dried  well  by  the  fun  on  the 
fhore,  then  ferves  for  kitchen  fuel  in  country  houfes, 
and  makes  a  glowing  fire ;  and  the  afhes  being  care- 
fully preferved,  ferve  for  manure ;  and  is  held  equal 

'  to  a  like  quantity  of  lime.  The  winter  Uriac  is 
fpread  and  ploughed  in,  and  is  efleemed  an  excellent 
manure. 

b  River-weeds,  particularly  the  Conferva,  (this  plant 
refembles  fmall  fibres)  fucceed  very  well,  when 
ploughed  in  for  turneps  or  wheat,  if  the  foil  is  fandy ; 
but  do  not  fuit  land  that  is  fpringy,  or  liable  to  inun- 
dation. 


204  MAN. 

c .  Fetches,  Buckwheat,  Clover,  Grey  Peas,  and  Rape, 
are  turned  in  upon  old  ploughed  lands,  and  much  be- 
nefit has  been  derived  from  their  vegetable  fermen- 
tation. 

Turneps  much  injured  by  the  f reft,  has  been  plough- 
ed in  as  a  manure,  and  anfwered.  It  has  been  fuppofed 
that  they  would  prove  a  good  fmothering  to  feedling 
weeds  on  heaps  of  dung,  and  dug  in  affifts  fermen- 
tation. 

d.  Rape-cake,  when  ufed  as  manure  for  wheat,  is  re- 
duced to  a  pulverifed  (late,  by  means  of  two  mills, 
worked  by  two  women,  each  mill  being  formed  of 
two  cylinders,  revolving  towards  each  other  :  the  fiift 
breaks  the  cake  into  pieces  the  fize  of  a  walnut,  by 
the  operation  of  cogged  cylinders  :  the  fecond  is  con- 
flicted of  plain  iron  cylinders,  fimilar  to  thofe  ufed 
for  grinding  clay  to  make  bricks. 

e.  Rape-duft,  as  a  top  dreffing  for  turneps,  iooo  weight 
to  an  acre. 

Top  drejfings  are  either  fpread  out  of  carts  with  a 
fhovel,  or  fown  by  hand. 

f.  Malt-duft,  is  fown  by  hand,  from  24  to  32  bufhels 
per  acre,  with  barley,  and  harrowed  in  with  the  feed. 
It  fuits  moft  foils  and  feafons  ;  quickly  fpends  itfelf, 
and  is  therefore  never  fown  with  wheat. 

Black  malt-duft,  or  fuch  as  falls  through  the  kiln 
plate  in  drying,  is  greatly  preferred  to  the  white,  on 
account  of  the  feeds  of  Charlock,  &c.  with  which  it 
abounds,  being  killed  by  the  heat. 

g.  Malt- combs,  for  feeds  and  tillage,  fix  quarter  an  acre 
for  turneps. 

h.  Soap  boiler's  afies,  or  wood  afhes,  from  which  lye 
has  been  made,  has  a  very  good  effect  on  cold  fward 
or  rufhy  wet  land  ;  laid  on  in  autumn,  three  bufhelc. 

i.  Ajhes  procured  by  burning  fern,  ftubble,  bean-ftalks, 
heath,  furze,  and  fedge  ;  alio  afhes  from  kilns  where 
ftraw  or  furze  are  burnt ;  is  ufed  as  a  top  dreffing  for 
corn  and  grafs  ;  mould  not  be  laid  on  in  windy  wea- 
ther. Succeeds  beft  juft  before  rain  or  fnow  falls,  as 
thefe  warn  them  into  the  foil.  Two  loads  are  fufficient 
for  an  acre. 


MAN.  205 

One  load  of  dry  afhes  will  be  equally  efficacious, 
with  two  loads  that  have  been  kept  wet,  ano>.the  falts 
thereby  warned  out. 
k.  Kelp-ajbes,  40  bufhels  for  an  acre;  the  improvement 
by  them  very  great. 

Afhes  defend  plants  from  the  depredation  of  infers 
and  Jlugs. 
I.  Rotten-woody  and  faw-duft  when  rotten,  a  very  good 
manure  for  ftrong  lands,  becaufe  it  loofens  the  parts  of 
the  earth,  and  renders  it  light. 

m.  Charcoal  has  been  tried   as  a  manure,  but  did  not 
anfwer. 

Is  confidered  a  good  manure  in  N.  America. 
3.  Fossil. 

a.  Clay. 

(1)  As  dug;  a  better  manure  than  marie  on  fand. 

(2)  Burnt;  a  good  manure  as  a  top  dreffing. 

To  burn  it,  make  four  gutters  or  funnels  with  ftones 
or  bricks,  and  in  them  place  faggots  or  culm,  over 
which  put  clay,  and  when  one  layer  is  thoroughly 
heated  and  burnt,  add  another.  &c.  till  it  is  raifed 
into  a  large  mound. 

b.  Ofe,  fea-mud,  fait  clod,  or  fea-fludge,  as  it  is  vari- 
oufly  called — A  good  manure. 

c.  Marie. 

(1)  White  marie  for  light  fandy  foils,  from  80  #  100 
load  to  an  acre,  laid  on  clover  and  ray-grafs,  or  ray- 
grafs  ftubble  or  layer,  a  year  before  it  is  ploughed  in; 
after  the  firft  dreffing  with  marie  alone,  it  is  to  be  fix- 
ed with  dung. 

The  goodnefs  of  marie  determined  by  fubfiding 
quick  in  water. 

(2)  Hard  blue  marie,  20  waggon  loads,  of  40  bufhels 
each,  laid  on  an  acre,  the  good  effect  of  which  is  faid 
to  be  very  apparent  30  years  after. 

Suits  a  light  gravelly  and  dry  chalky  foil,  and  is 
ufed  not  only  to  reftore,  but  to  alter  the  nature  of  the 
foil. 

(3)  Burnt,  and  then  bruifed  into  a  kind  of  powder, 
and  fown  as  a  top  dreffing,  about  10  bufhels  to  an 
acre. 


izS  ••  X. 

It  has  been  burnt  in  a  kiln  after  the  manner  of  lime; 
or  laid  over  a  gutter,  under  which  faggots,  &c.  for 
fuel  have  been  laid  ;  it  has  alfo  been  burnt  in  a  com- 
mon oven. 
d.  Chalky  lightens  clay  and  binds  fand,  30  waggon 
loads  of  40  buQiels  each,  or  100  cart  loads  of  32 
bufhels   each,  laid  on   an   acre ;    mould    lay  on  the 

ound  great  part  of  the  winter,  that  the  froft  may 
make  it  run  and  incorporate  the  better  with  the  foil ; 
the  benefit  of  chalk  will  laft  from  10  to  15  years. 

Tie  opinion  that  land  once  chalked  would  never  be 
benefited  by  a  fecond  coat,  found  fallaceous  by  expe- 
rience. 

Chalk  is  burnt  into  lime. 
r.   G  9/  Paris,  ground  as  fine  as  meal, 

an  excellent  top  dreffing  on  light  foils,  for  lucern, 
faintfoin,  and  clover;  fix  bu fuels  per  acre  laid  on  in 
May.  Gypfum  is  dug  on  Beacon  Hill,  near  Newark, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Trent  and  Soar ;  and  alfo  near 

}rthwich,  in  Chefhire.  The  powder  of  both  the 
Englifh  and  French  may  be  had  in  London. 
f.  Lime  is  of  two  forts — 1.  That  made  from  Magne- 
fian  Limetlone,  which  is  hot,  and  if  laid  on  in  large 
quantities,  deftroys  vegetation  for  feveral  years ;  it 
may  be  diftinguifhed  from  the  following  by  the  flow- 
neftiof  its  folution  in  acids.  2.  Lime  made  of  purely 
calcarious  limeftone;  this  maybe  laid  on  in  large 
proportions,  without  diminifhing  the  fertility  of  the 
foil — Twenty  Winchefter  bufhels,  in  flour,  of  the 
firft,  is  reckoned  fufficient  for  an  acre,  whereas  dou- 
ble the  quantity  of  the  fecond  has  been  direfted. 

If  laid  on  alone,  faid  to  exhauft  the  foil  of  its  moft 
fertile  juice  and  particles;  is  mixed  by  forming  fmall 
heaps  of  lime,  covered  with  a  coat  of  earth  ;  when 
the  earth  by  its  moifture  has  (lacked  the  lime,  the 
heaps  to  be  opened,  and  as  much  farm  yard  dung  bu- 
ried in  each  as  it  will  cover. 

ien  lime  is  not  immediately  wanted  it  fhould  be 
thrown  up  in  ridges  or  heaps,  and  preferved  from  the 
■weather,  either  by  being  thatched  or  covered  with  a 
cord  of  earth. 


MAN.  207 

g.  Stones— Plott,  in  his  hiftory  of  Oxfordfhire,  menti- 
ons the  clippings  of  the  ftone  they  hew  in  the  quarry 
at  Hornton,  near  Banbury,  as  being  a  good  manure  ; 
and  Buhamel  fays  the  fame  of  limeftone  on  grafs ;  the 
obfervations  of  the  laft,  probably  led  the  late  Lord 
Kaims,  with  other  commifiioners  of  forfeited  eftates  in 
Scotland,  to  erect  a  mill  for  grinding  of  lime-ftone  for 
manure;  but  it  was  unfortunately  carried  away  by  the 
burn  which  had  worked  it,  and,  confequently,  it  re- 
mains doubtful  whether  it  would  be  advantageous  to 
grind  lime-ftone  for  manure. 

b.  Sand  for  clay  or  bog;  fea-fand  (the  goodnefs  increa- 
feth  the  farther  from  high  water  mark)  the  beft,  next 
what  is  wafhed  down  by  rain  on  gravelly  foils ;  dry  and 
light  the  worft;  fmall  gritty  gravel  good. 

One  of  our  Agricultural  Societies  required  to  gain 
their  premium,  that  1 50  cuftomary  cart  loads,  contain- 
ing 25  Winchefter  bulhels  o( /and,  mould  be  laid  up- 
on an  acre  of  clay ;  and  the  fame  quantity  of  clay  upon 
an  acre  of  fand. 

i.  Coal-ajhes — open  and  meliorate  clayey  lands,  and 
correct  their  ungenial  qualities;  mould  not  be  plough- 
ed in  very  deep. 

As  a  top  drefling,  from  50  to  60  bulhels  per  acre ; 
fucceed  well  on  clover,  in  March  or  April  on  dry  chalk- 
ey  lands;  alfo  anfwer  on  fward,  applied  either  in  win- 
ter or  fpring,  and  deftroy  the  rufhes. 

k.  Soot — As  a  top  drefling,  fcattered  like  grain,  from 
20  to  40  bufhels  per  acre;  if  the  land  is  manured,  on- 
ly half  the  quantity.  Anfwers  beft  on  wheat  in  April; 
it  likewife  fucceeds  on  peas,  ray-grafs,  or  clover,  in 
the  fame  month,  and  has  a  good  effect  fown  with  bar- 
ley, in  the  beginning  of  April,  and  harrowed  in.  Three 
quarters  an  acre  on  wheat ;  lure  to  fucceed  on  cold  land. 
Good  alfo  for  faintfoin  and  ray-grafs. 

Soot  from  wood  is  not  near  fo  good  as  from  coals. 

/.  Peat. 
(1)  Peat-afhes,  as  a  top  drefling  in  the  fpring  for  corn, 
clover,  grafs,  faintfoin,  alfo  peas,  tares,  and  other  fuc- 
culent  plants ;   the  quantity  per  acre,   15,   25,  40  bu- 
lhels;  faid  to  anfwer  beft  on  dry  chalky  foils — Seven 


208  MAN. 

bufliels  of  peat-afhes  from  Newberry,  is  equal  to  from 
15  to  30  bufhels  from  other  places;  hence  the  quanti- 
ty of  afhes  per  acre,  muft  be  regulated  in  proportion 
to  the  corrofive  acid  fait  they  contain  after  calcination. 
(2)  Peat-duff,  put  to  the  fame  ufe  as  the  laft,  is  ef- 
teemed  the  bed  pofiible  drefiing  for  an  onion  bed. 
The  fward  has  been  pared  off,  and  when  the  peat 

*  was  dug,  relayed,   fo  that  the  field  became  meadow 
land  again. 

m.  Black  bog  earth  \  60  loads  of  it  has  been  laid  on  feeds 
with  fucceis;  but  tried  on  turneps  did  not  fucceed. 

„.  Salt—The  good  efTed  of  it  on  grafs  vifible  30  years 

after. 

Suppofed  to  be  the  mod  grateful  to  vegetation  of  all 
manures,  and  that  cattle  fed  on  the  produce  of  land 
manured  by  it,  will  fatten  in  two-thirds  of  the  time 
they  will  where  fait  is  not  ufed :  the  animal  food  to  the 
perfon  who  eats  of  it,  is  much  finer  flavoured  than 
where  no  fait  is  ufed  as  manure.  It  alio  makes  corn 
uncommonly  productive,  the  draw  ftrong,  and  the  grain 
thin  hulled,  heavy,  and  of  a  finer  fample;  it  likewife 
fweetens  four  paftures,  and  makes  the  herbage  come 
thick,  (at  firft  flops  all  vegetation)  and  confiderably 
more  in  quantity. 

Notwithstanding  the  above  high  character,  there  are 
thofe,  who,  after  trying  it  as  a  manure,  will  not  allow 
that  it  improves  the  foil,  or  makes  vegetables  grow. 

"  Quantity  of  fait,  and  qualities  of  the  foil,  make 
a  difference.  Too  much  fait  burns;  too  little  is  inef- 
fectual." 

Deftroys  infects. 

4.    Liquid. 

a.  Stagnate  water  from  ponds  into  which  drains  run 
from  llables,  &c.  a  good  manure  for  arable  and  pallure 
land.— Spread  bv  means  of  a  watering  cart. 

b.  Frejlo  water,  'in  many  places  land  is  floated  at  will 
with  it,  (fee  the  Bath  Agriculture  Societies  papers, 
vol.  II.  p.  85  and  142,  for  the  method  of  watering 
paftures)  and  thereby  raifed  two-thirds  in  their  annual 
value;  is  fuppoled  to  act  as  a  hot-bed;  and  produces 
early  grafs.     See  Irrigation. 


MAN.  209 

-;.  Sea  water  applied  to  manures  is  found  to  poflefs 
powerful  effects  in  promoting  putrefaction,  and  would 
prove  highly  beneficial  to  all  farmers  near  the  lea  fide — 
A  ton  of  fea  water  contains  from  a  bufhel  to  a  bufhel 
and  a  quarter  of  fea  fait. 

d.  Urine.  This  calls  for  a  careful  management  on  all 
forts  of  grafs,  corn,  or  tree  roots,  as  it  furioufly  af- 
fifts  or  deftroys,  as  it  is  difcreetly  or  indifcreetly  appli- 
ed j  its  right  ufe  being  not  only  in  a  fmall  quantity, 
but  at  a  proper  feafon  ;  in  the  firft  it  mould  be  no 
more  than  fprinkled  ;  in  the  latter  it  is  to  be  done  in 
January,  February,  or  before  May  is  over,  that  the 
dry  heat  of  the  weather  may  not  add  to  the  fiery  parts 
of  the  dale. 

e.  To  prepare  a  very  ufeful  liquid  manure  for  gardens — 
Put  up  a  full  bufhel  of  frefh  pigeons' -dung  in  an  old 
bag,  and  immerfe  this  in  a  hogfhead  of  foft  water  j 
move  the  bag  very  much  every  day  for  a  week,  when 
it  will  be  fit  for  ufe.  It  muff  be  given  to  the  flowers, 
plants,  &c.  as  common  water,  only  taking  care  that 
it  is  applied  to  the  roots  only,  and  not  iuffered  to 
fall  on  the  leaves  and  flems  of  the  plants.  The  bag 
of  pigeons'-dung  will  impregnate  a  fecond  hogfhead 
of  water. 

N.  B.  It  is  fuppofed  this  liquid  manure  may  be  ap- 
plied with  great  advantage,  to  promote  the  early  ve- 
getation of  the  feeds  of  onions,  carrots,  cabbages, 
&c.  In  France  wheat  is  fleeped  in  a  ley  of  poultry- 
dung. 

It  has  been  found,  that  after  a  farm  has  been  long  ufed 
to  a  fettled  ccurfe  of  manuring,  variety  is  of  great  con- 
fequence  ;  infomuch  that  the  introduction  of  a  new  ma- 
nure has  operated  greatly  more  than  its  proportion  of 
the  old  one  would  have  done. 

Drilling  and  Horfe-Hoeing  has  been  fuppofed  by 
fome  admirers  of  thofe  implements,  to  make  manuring 
unneceiTary. 

The  aforegoing  forts  and   all   forts  manure  of  ac- 
cumulated in  a  general  compofi,  anfwer  beft." 

[  =7  ] 


r.  S< 

a.  '  :s  rr.oft  in  d 

I  fiourifbes  more  on  Hills  than  cr 
i.  Ircreasi 
c.  Br  feer.,  which   docs  not  cr  till   the  fee 

fuckers,  and  roots. 
c.  By  cuttings — 

ch  falls 
"  The 

- 
make  muQcal  s.     When   filled 

.c  cabinet  : 
ke  cs,  trer . 

:he  vedeis 

make  both  ;rfrom: 

.r.cc 

i.   C 

m: 

2.     / 

:^ht  for-  .  the  fe^  .er. 

j    as   an 

than  an  Or  firir,  buth?. 


MEL.  2ii 

5.  Small  Portugal,  or  Dormer  Melon.  Is  a  pretty 
good  fruit,  and  a  good  bearer.  May  be  cultivated 
for  an  early  crop. 

6.  Black  Galloivay.  This  was  brought  from  Portugal 
by  Lord  Galloway.  The  beft  for  an  early  crop,  and 
the  fruit  ripens  lboner  than  any  other — Has  greatly  de- 
generated by  being  fullered  to  grow  near  other  fort:, 

7.  Egyptian. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Seed: 

a.  Should  be  procured  from  good  Melons  produced  in 
fome  diftant  garden,  for  if  fown  on  the  place  or  near 
where  it  was  railed  and  ripened,  it  is  very  apt  to  de- 
generate. 

This  degeneracy  is  fuppofed  rather  to  proceed  from 
growing  near  an  inferior  fort;  or  too  near  Cucumber?, 
Gourds,  &c.  "  No  doubt  remains  of  their  degenerat- 
ing fromthis  crate." 

b.  Seed  mould  be  at  lead  3  years  old,  and  is  the  better 
for  being  6  or  7  but  not  more — Light  feed  produces 
weak  plants. 

The  management  of  Melons  being  nearly  the  fame 
as  that  of  Cucumbers,  the  reader  is  defired  to  turn  to 
that  article  ;  the  few  particulars  wherein  they  differ  ara 
here  mentioned. 
'  2.  Firft  Crop,  or  thofe  grown  in  frames. 

a.  The  feed  for  this  crop  may  be  fown  from  January  to 
the  end  of  March — One  plant  in  each  light, 

b.  i'/hen  they  have  gotten  4  leaves,  the  tops  fhoidd  be 
pinched  off  with  the  finger  and  thumb  j  and  again  when 
they  have  2  or  more  lateral  jhojts,  the  tops  of  them 
lhould  be  pinched  off 'when  they  have  2  or  more  joints, 
to  force  out  more. 

f.  To  procure  fine  fruit  x  pinch  off  all  the  other,  fruit  ex- 
cept the  one  with  the  longejl  Jlalk,  arid  pinch  ojf  the  end 
cf  the  runner  at  the  third  joint  above  the  fruit ;  and 
hew  runners  alfj  that  appear  below  the  fruit  fhculd  he 
checj 

d-  When  the  fruit  is  about  the  fize  cf  a  tennis  bail,  a 
piece  of  tile  mould  be  put  under  each,  and  as  they 
approach  to  ripening  mould  be  turned  iV/eral  time?, 
that  they  m.iy  ripen  equally. 


MIC. 

The  practice  of  taking  off  the  leaves  about  the  t 

is  the  fruit  being  always  the  worfe  for  it,  and 

the  fkin  harder  and  tougher. 
e.  Melons  require  a  greater  fhare  of  air,  and  lefs  water 

than  Cucumbers. 
/.   The  frames  fhould  be  very  wide,  and  when  the  fea- 

fon  will    allow  of    it,  raifed   about   3  inches  for   the 

vines  to  iun  under  thtm. 

3.  Second  Crop,  or  thofe  raifed  under  bell  or  hand 
glafTts,  or  frames  covered  with  oiled  papers. 

a.  The  feed  for  this  crop  is  fown  the  end  of  March,  or 
firft  week  in  April. 

b.  Two  plants  to  be  planted  on  each  hill,  (which  fhould 
be  18  inches  high)  and  when  they  have  taken  root  the 
weak  eft  to  be  removed. 

c.  When  grown  beyond  the  glaifes,  fhould  be  fheltered 
with  mats  at  night;  and  the  ridges  widened  when  the 
plants  reach  the  edge,  with  old  dung  covered  with 
earth  to  a  level  with  the  bed. 

d.  Covering  the  plants  with  mats  when  the  leaves  droop, 
refrefhes  them  more  than  water: 

e.  When  thi  ars  the  plants  fhould  be  but 
flightly  watered,  but  the  earth  about  the  beds  well 
moiflened. 

f.  The  gkfTes  fhould  be  continued  over  the  roots  of  the 
plants  s  and  glaffes  alio  placed  over  the  fruit  in  unfa- 
vourable weather. 

4.  Third  Crop. 

a.  Seed  has  been  fown  on  a  hot-bed  the  3d  of  May, 
the  plants  not  transplanted,  and  covered  with  oil  pa- 
per; the  fruit  of  which  continued  from  the  end  of 
Aus;ufl  to  the  end  of  October. 

5.  Use. 
The  fruit  ripe ;  and    fuch  of  the  lateft    fruit  as  are 
not    likeiy    to  ripen,  are   pickled    and    called 
goes. 

b.  Orgeat  is  compofed,  for  the  rnoft  part,  of  Melon- 
feeds    mixed    with   fugar  ne   perfumed 

tcr. 

MICE — See  -. 


MIL.    MIN.  213 

MILLET.     (Milium.) 

I;  With  black  feeds. 
2.  With  white  feeds. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  warm  dry  foil,  or  light  fand. 

b.  Is  reckoned  a  great  impoverifher  of  the  earth. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  To  be  fown  early  in  April,  but  not  very  thick ;  as 
the  plants  branch  much. 

b.  Muft:  be  well  dried,  or  it  will  not  keep. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Requires,  when  firft  up,  to  be  kept  clear  of  weeds, 
after  which  they  will  get  the  better  of  them. 

b.  WThen  it  begins  to  ripen  muft  be  protected  from 
birds,  or  they  will  foon  devour  it. 

4.   Use. 

a.  Though  it  generally  ripens  its  feed  very  well  in  Eng- 
land, it  has  been  feldom  cultivated,"  but  by  wav  of  cu- 
riofity ;  and  in  fmall  gardens,  for  feeding  poultry  and 
Canary  birds. 

It  is  imported,  and  frequentiy  ufed  in  families  for 
making  puddings,  &c.  and.it  forms  a  principal  part 
of  the  food  of  the  natives  of  warmer  climates. 

b.  Is  mowed  for  hay. 

MINT.     (Mentha  Viridis.) 
Var.  With  curled  leaves. 
Culture,  &c. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  Is  eafily  propagated   by   parting  the  roots    in  the 
fpring,  and  planting  off-fets  or  cuttings  in  the  fum- 
mer  months  in  a  moid  foil. 

2.   Plant. 

a.  Should  be  planted  8  inches  apart  en  beds  about  4 
feet  wide,  allowing  a  path  2  feet  broad. — New  beds 
fhould  be  made  every  three  years. 

b.  For  winter  and  fpring  ufe  fhould  be  taken  up  be- 
fore Chriftmas,  and  planted  upon  a  moderate  hot-bed 
clofe  together. 


214  MOL.     MOR.     MOS. 

c.  For  medicinal  ufe  fhould  be  cut  in   a   very   dr 
fon,  juft  when  in  flower,  and  hung  up  to  dry  in  a  fha- 
dy  place. 

3.  Use. 
:.  For  culinary  purpofcs,    fillets,  &c.  and    medic 
purpofes. 

This  plant  is   called  by   fprac   Spear-Minr,  Y 
:r,  or  Roman-Mint. 

MOLE  or  ANT-HILLS. 

1.  Mole  or  Ant-hills  are  removed   by  chopping  re 
them  with  a  heavy  adze  or  grubbing  hoe,  the  cutting 
edgetfi  .  is  circular,   and  10'-   inches  v.-ide  ;   the 
depth  of  the  blade,  including  itu  neck  to  the  eye,  (or 

1   handle  is  fattened)  is  84- inches j  from  half 

a  dozen  to  half  a  fcore    tbokes   will    belt    the    largeft 

hill,   and  loofen  it  from   its  feat,  which   is  always  left 

lower  than  the  adjoining  furface,   to  receive  and  hold 

ich  dcitroys  the  ants. 

2.  With  a  plough.  See  the  plate,  fig.  10.  (1)  The 
beam  9  feet  long  and  4  inches  fquare.  (2.)  The  two 
flat  i-hzres  of  iron  4  icet  long  and  5  inches  wide.  (3.) 
The  fide  pieces  5  fctz  long  and  5  inches  broad,  by  4 
thick.  (4.)  The  handles  4  feec  6  inches  long.  (5.) 
The  four  ilandards  2  fee:  high  from  the  ground,  fa 
fize  as  beam. 

2-  T  :.,  by  irrigation. 

The  hills  are  commonly  flrft  made  by  Mules,  and 
afterwards  poffrffed  by  innumerable  companies  of  Ants, 
who,  by.  long  polie/Tion,   increafc  them  to  a 
fize.      (See  vermin.) 

MORELL.     (Phallus  tUs.) 

This  has  been  fuccekfully  cultivated  in  the  manner 
of  Mufhrooms.  As  they  arc  obu-rved  tu  be  in  zhz 
greatci:  ;-!enty  where  riro  have  be..  fprcad- 

ingof  :.:obably  contribute 

incre 

;SSES. 

I.     DlSTROVED. 
J. 


MOS.     MUL.  215 

Soot  found  effectual  againft  mofs,  applied  in  Novem- 
ber, 40  bufhcls  per  acre. 

c.  By  manuring  with  marie  or  lime;  or  ftrewing  fund  cr 
turf  allies. 

d.  By  irrigation  or  watering  the  land. 

The  land  mod  fubject  to  mofs  is  commonly  a  ftrong 
loam,  or  fome  other  binding  foil,  where  the  crop  has 
been  long  carried  ofF  the  field,  without  any  amend- 
ment being  given  by  the  addition  of  any  kind  of  ma- 
nure. 

e.  On  trees,  bv  draining  the  land;  or  by  digging  round 
the  tree  in  winter,  and  bringing  frefh  mould  from  the 
bottom  of  ponds,  roads,  cr  old  walls,  previously  pre- 
pared by  pulverization,  and  placing  it  round  the  roots 
ot  the  tree,  before  the  earth  be  thrown  back. 

2.  Use. 
A  decoction  of  the  Fir  Club-mofs  (Lycopodium  Se- 
ct) is  ufed  to  kill  lice  upon  cows  and  {wine. 
vVTien  the  Grey  Thread-mofs  (Bryum  Rurale)  takes 
to  grow  upon  thatched  buildings,  fo  as  to  cover  the 
thatch,    inftead  of  lading  but  about  10  years,  it  will 
endure  for  an  age. 

c.  In  fome  parts  of  Scotland  the  Club-mofs  is  ufed  in- 
stead of  alium,  to  fix  the  colours  in  dying. 

Of  this  mofs  alio  mats  are  made. 

d.  Cyprefs-mofs,  (Hypnum  CupreJJifcnne)  dyes  yellow. 
p.   It  is  generally   believed  that  the  roots  and  decayed 

1kg  of  the  Bog-mofs  (Sphagnum  Paluftre),  confti- 
tute  the  principal  part  of  that  ufeful  bituminous  fub- 
ftance,  called  Peat. 

The  kind  of  Peat,  called  Mofs3  which  after  long 
rains  has  fpread  and  deftroyed  many  hundreds  of  acres, 
(as  at  Solway,  where  it  lies  to  the  depth  of  15  feet)  it 
has  been  found,  is  only  to  be  removed  by  floating  it 
off  by  the  afiiilance  of  a  liream  of  water,  introduced 
from  the  higher  Grounds. 

MULBERRY. 

f.  Black  Mulberry-  (Morus  Nigra.) 

i.  White  Mulberry  (M.  Alba)  Thefe  two  are  very 
har 


2i6  MUL 

3.  With  the  leaves  fo  unequally  fawed,  that  the-. 

to  have  been  eaten  by  infers  (M.  Mica.)     There  is 
a  tree  of  this  kind  in  Kew  Gardens. 

4.  Paper  Mulberry  (M.  Pyfyriferd)  Thrives  well  in  our 
climate,  except  in  very  fcvere  winters,  which  do  not 
appear  wholly  to  kill  it — The  Chinefe  make  paper  of 
the  b.trkj  one  kind  of  their  paper,  probably  rr,ade  from 
it,  is  fo^r,  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  and  readily  tears. 

5.  A  fhrub  mulberry  has  lately  been  introduced  into 
England. 

' :.  of  the  Black  y. 

1.   Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  By  laying  down  the  branches,  which  take  roc 

:r,  and  are  then  feparated  from  the  old  tree. 

c.  By  cuttings;    thefe  fnould  be  fhocts  of  the  former 
year,  with  one  joint  of  the  two  years  old  wood  at  t 
torn;  the  bed  feafon  for  planting  them  is  March. 

2.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  to  a  large  fize. 

b.  When  defigned  to  feed  filk  worms,  fhou'd  neve: 
fuffered  to  grow  tall,  but  kept  in  a  fort  of  hedge. 

c.  The  leaves  ihould  not  be  pulled  off  fingly,  but  (bear- 
ed off  together  with  their  young  branches ;  which  is 
fooner  done,  and  not  fo  injurious  to  the  tree. 

Culture  >  civ.  of  the  White  Mulberry. 
1.  Increased. 

a.  May  be  propagated  like  the  black;  but  the  quid; 
way  is  from  iced  {own  on  a  moderate  hot- bed — The 
young  plants  to  be  guarded  from  the  froft  the  firll  win- 
ter. 

b.  In  Spain  the  feeds  are  obtained  by  rubbing  a  rope  of 
efparlo  over  heaps  of  ripe  mulberries,  which 
buried  two  inches  under  ground. 

As  the  young  plants  come  up,  they  arc  and 

tranfplanted  ;    and  afterwards  fet  cut  in  rows  in  the 
fields;  where  they  a:e  general':  fecond 

year,  though  fame  never  prune  them. 
2.   Use  of  both  the  bla 
The  fruit — The  fruit  mi:;. 
•  able  liquor. 


MUM.     MUS.  217 

b.  The  leaves  for  feeding  Silk-worms. 

In  Italy,  in  order  to  provide  food  for  the  filk  worms 
in  cafe  of  a  blight  among  the  mulberry-trees,  o:her 
leaves  have  been  tried  ;  and  bramble  tops  have  been 
found  the  beft  fuccedaneum. 

c.  For  hedges. 

MUMMY. 

Mummy,  among  gardeners,  is  a  kind  of  wax  ufed  (in 
lieu  of  clay)  in  grafting,  and  planting  the  roots  of  trees; 
and  is  made  of  1  lb.  of  common  black  pitch,  and  a  quar- 
ter of  a  lb.  of  common  turpentine,  put  into  an  earchen 
pot,  and  feton  the  fire  in  the  open  air;  in  doing  this,  you 
ought  to  hold  a  cover  in  your  hand,  in  order  to  quench 
it,  by  putting  it  on;  which  is  to  be  done  feveral  times, 
fetting  it  on  the  fire  again,  that  the  nitrous  and  volatile 
parts  may  be  evaporated :  The  way  to  know  when  it  is 
done  enough,  is  by  pouring  a  little  of  it  upon  a  pewter 
plate,  and  if  it  be  fo  it  will  coagulate  prefentlyj  when 
the  melted  pitch  is  to  be  poured  into  another  pot,  and  a 
little  common  wax  added  to  it,  mixing  them  well  toge- 
ther; and  then  to  be  kept  for  ufe. 

MUSHROOMS.     (Agaricus  Campeftris.) 

Culture,  &c. 

t.  Soil. 
a.  Grows  naturally  in  dry  paftures  after  rain. 
a.  Increased  by  Gardeners. 

a.  From  Seed;  thefe  are  lodged  between  the  gills,  but 
being  too  minute  to  collect,  a  piece  of  the  gill  is  plant- 
ed. 

b.  From  Spawn,  i.  e.  the  white  fibrous  radicles  found 
about  their  roots,  or  among  horfe-litter,  in  form  of 
long  white  firings,  thefe  produce  tubercles  in  the  man- 
ner of  potatoes. 

The  feed  or  fpawn  is  fown  on  a  hot-bed,  in  Septem- 
ber; for  the  making  of  which  fee  the  article  Hot- 
Beds. 

3.  Use. 
a.  Are  eaten  either  frefh,  ftewed,  or  boiled,  and  prefer- 
ved,  pickled,  or  pulverized. 
[  28  ] 


ai8  MUS. 

Of  its  juice,  with  wine,  fait,  and  fpices,  is  made 
the  fauce  called  Catchup. 

Befides  the  above  there  are  feveral  other  kinds  of  Mu(h-» 
rooms  eaten,  which,  there  is  reafon  for  believing, 
might  with  equal  eale  be  cultivated;  viz. 

i.  Yellow  Mufhroom  or  Chanterelle  (A.  Chant arellus). 
Grows  in  woods:  has  a  pleafant  fmell,  fomething  like 
a  ripe  plumb,  and  when  properly  ftewed,  a  favoury 
tafte  and  fine  flavour;  otherwife  tough  and  fubacrid. 

2.  Equal-gilled  Mufhroom  (A.  Integer.}  Grows  in 
woods;  the  fubftance  breaks  fhort,  and  is  a  little  acrid, 
but  is  frequently  eaten  in  Germany  and  Rujfia. 

3.  Milky  Mufhroom  (A.  Latlifluus.)  In  woods  fre- 
quent. This  is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  beft  kinds 
for  the  table,  though  not  eaten  in  England. 

4.  Violet  Mufhroom  (A.  Violaceus.)  Grows  in  woods. 
It  is  a  firm  fubltance,  and  is  eaten  by  the  Ruiffans  and 
Germans. 

5.  Little  Champignion  or  Fairy  Mufhroom.  (A.  Co- 
riaccus.)  In  dry  paftures,  and  frequently  in  thofe  green 
circles  of  grafs  called  Fairy  Rings.  The  French  call 
it  Moujferon,  and  efleem  it  one  of  the  beft  for  the  ta- 
ble. 

6.  Efculent  Mufhroom  (A.  Efculentus.  Ray.)  This 
grows  with  the  common,  to  which  it  is  little  inferior  in 
lafte.     The  top  and  gills  white. 

7.  Green  Mufhroom  (A.  Viridis.  Ray.)  In  Hornfey-* 
wood.  This  is  of  a  whitifh  green  colour.  Flefh  of  a 
fine  flavour. 

Should  any  perfon  be  inclined  to  cultivate  either  of 
the  above,  he  is  referred  to  Lightfoot's  Flora  Scotica ; 
or  Whitherrng's  Botanical  Arrangement  of  Vegetables 
naturally  growing  in  Great  Britain,  for  a  defcription  of 
them ;  with  which  they  mould  be  carefully  compared, 
as  there  are  feveral  kinds  of  Mufhrooms  which  are  poi- 
ibnous — To  perfons  fufferingfrom  eating  fuch,  the  moft 
approved  and  fpeedy  remedy,  is  to  life  emetics  and  ca- 
thartics :  To  prevent,  however,  any  accidents  of  this 
kind,  perhaps  the  beft  advice  would  be  to  caution  per- 
fons in  general,  to  meddle  with  no  other  fort  than  the 
common  field  Mufhroom,  which  is  generally  cultivated, 


MUS.  -219 

and  rather  to  procure  fuch  of  thofe  who  cultivate  them, 
than  of  thofe  who  may  occafionally  offer  them  to  fale. 
The  falfe  mufhroom  is  a  terrible  poifon  greatly  to 
be  dreaded;  therefore  beware." 

MUSTARD. 

i.  White  Muftard.     (Sinapis  Alba.) 

1.  Common  Muftard.  (S.  Nigra.)  Of  this  the  fauce 
called  Muftard  is  made. 

3.  Wild  Muftard  or  Charlock.  (S.  Arvenfis.)  The  feed 
fold  under  the  name  of  Durham  Muftard-feed — varies, 
1.  With  cut  leaves. — 2.  With  entire  leaves. 

Culture,  6JV.  of  the  common  Muftard,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  rather  a  heavy  foil,  which  muft  by  tillage- 
be  brought  into  a  nice  mould. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  White  or  reddifh. 

b.  Sown  broad-caft  in  March  at  one  buihel  per  acrej  by 
fome  a  peck  and  a  half;  the  fame  of  brown. 

c.  Sown  in  drills  a  foot  afunder. 

d.  The  white  fown  in  the  manner  of  garden  crefs;  which 
fee. 

3.  Plant 

a.  Hoed  always  twice,  and  frequently  three  times ;  the 
plants  fet  about  10  inches  apart. 

b.  Reaped  in  Auguft. 

c.  Medium  produce  three  quarters  per  acre. 

d.  Muftard  never  fallows  rhuftard,  but  may  be  fown  on 
the  fame  land  again  in  the  third  year.  Leaves  the  land 
in  fufficient  tilth  for  any  other  crop. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  well  known  fubftance  called  Muftard,  is  made 

of  the  feed. 
3.  Of  the  refufe  orhufks  of  muftard  feed,  which  cannot 
be  reduced  to  powder,  a  coarfe  oil  is  extracted  by  means 
of  a  moift  heat. 

An  oil  poilefled  of  the  acrimony  proper  to  the  muf- 
tard, and  ufeful  both  in  fall  ads  and  in  medicine,  is  ex- 
prefled  from  the  feed  powdered  and  put  into  bags,    by 


220  MYR. 

the  mere  mechanical  force  of  the  wedge  in  a  mill,  with- 
out any  hear, 
f.  The  feed-leaves. of  the  white  for  fmall  falleting. 

MYRTLE. 

1.  Common  Myrtle.     (Myrtus  Communis.) 

2.  Dutch  Myrtle.     (Myrica  Gale.) 

3.  Candleberry  Myrtle.     (Myrica  Cerifera.) 

Culture,  oJV.  of  Common  Myrtle. 
1.  Shrub. 

a.  In  Cornwall  and  Devonfhire  grows  every  where  in  the 
open  air,  without  the  aid  of  green-houfes,  particularly 
on  the  fouthern  coaft;  in  other  parts  of  this  ifland  re- 
quires the  protection  of  a  green-houfe. 

2.  Use. 

a.  Armftrong,  in  his  hiftory  of  the  ifland  of  Minorca, 
confidering  myrtles  as  natives  of  Cornwall  recommends 
the  cultivation  of  them,  with  a  view  to  prevent  oaks 
being  cut  down  at  an  improper  feafon,  for  the  fake  of 
more  eafily  dripping  off"  the  bark;  the  tops  of  myrtle 
being  ufed  for  tanning  in  Minorca. 

b.  The  young  tops  are  ufed  in  dying. 

c.  The  berries  are  eaten  by  the  natives  of  Minorca. 

Culture,  ferr.  of  Dutch  Myrtle  or  Gale. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Grows  fpontanepufly  in  this  country  on  marfhy  bar- 
ren ground. 

2.    Shrub. 
a.  Grows  ereel,  and  is  about  2  or  3  feet  high;  the  leaves 
have  a  fweet,  agreeable,  myrtle-like  odour. 

3.  Use. 

a.  Is  ufed  inftead  of  hops;  but  unltfs  it  is  boiled  along 
time  it  is  apt  to  occafion  head-ach. 

b.  The  cones  boiled  in  water  will  yield  a  fcum  like  bees 
wax,  capable  of  being  made  into  candles. 

c.  This  plant  would  be  ufeful  in  cotton  fpinning  manu- 
factures, which,  in  hot  weather,  are  expofed  to  the  bi- 
ting aflault  of  a  fpecies  of  vermin  (Pi'.lex),  which 
breeds  in  the  duft,  and  other  refute,  neceflarily  produ- 
ced in  the  operation  of  fpinning;  the  fmell  of  it  being 


NEC.  in, 

fo  obnoxious  to  thefe  vermin  and  moths,  that  they 
precipitately  fly  its  approach.  Hog-fties  littered  with 
it,  frees  fwine  from  lice. 

d.  Gathered  in  the  autumn  it  dies  wool  yellow. 

e.  It  is  ufed  to  tan  calf-fkins. 

/.  Linnasus,  from  the  fmell  of  the  plant,  is  induced 
to  fufpect,  that  Camphor  might  poffibly  be  prepared 
from  it. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Candleberry  Myrtle. 

i.  Increased. 
a.  By  feed  fown  in  the  fpring ;  the  young  plants  muft 
be  fcreened  from  the  froft  the  firft  winter. 
i.  Tree. 
a.  Bears  very  well  our  climate. 
3.  Use. 
a.  In  America  the  berries  are  boiled  in  water,  when  the 
water  is  cold,  they  fkim  off  the  wax  that  proceeds  from 
the  berries,  and  make  candles  of  it. 

NECTARINE.     (Amygdalus  Perfica.) 

1.  Fruit  ripening  in  Auguft.  1.  Fairchild's  early.  2. 
Elrouge.     3.  Violet. 

1,  Ripening  in  September.  1.  Newington.  2.  Tem- 
ple. 3.  Red  Roman.  4.  Murry.  5.  Brugnon,  or 
Italian.     6.  Scarlet.     7.  Tawny.     8.  Golden. 

3.  Ripening  in  October.  1.  Virmafh,  or  Peterbo- 
rough. 

4.  The  following  are  the  mod  efteemed  for  forcing,  ar- 
ranged in  the  order  in  which  they  ripen,  viz.  1.  El- 
rouge.    2.  Newington.     3.  Roman. 

The  Nectarine  is  confidered  by  botanifts  as  only  a 
variety  of  the  Peach,  both  having,  it  is  affirmed,  been 
feen  growing  naturally  on  the  fame  tree. 

Culture,  csV. 

!.  Soil. 

a.  Will  fucceed  in  any  good  garden  foil. 

b.  If  the  natural  foil  is  bad,  pave  the  furface  with  flag 
Hones,  flates,  or  tiles,  and  raife  a  border  of  good  earth 
of  a  proper  height  for  the  roots  to  ftrike  in. 


NEC. 

In-creased. 
a.  By  b  principally  on  plums,  as  being  the  har- 

dieft  and  mod  fuccefsful  (locks  for  the  general  fup- 
plv-  and  occafionally  on  Almond,  Peach,  Apricot, 
or  its  own  feedling  (lock  ;  the  (tones  for  which  fhould 
be  planted  in  autumn. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  a  hardy  tree  in  refpect  to  growth,  rifes  to  15  feet 

or  more  high  ;  and  begins  to  bear  when  3  years  old. 

To  be  transplanted  from  the  nurfery  into  the  border 
in  October ;  the  diftance  never  to  be  lefs  than  1 2 
feet,  and  in  very  good  ground  14;  fome  allow  from 

ie  middle  of  liber   is   the  proper   time  to 

them  into  the  forcing-houfe. 

c.  Bears    fruit   on  the  young  wood,  Ihoots   of  a  year 
old  only,  and  immediately  from   the  eyes  of  the  faid 

its. 

d.  Pruning. 

(1)  In  fummer  train  the  bed  placed   young  wood  of 
c  fummer  at  full  length,  cutting  out  all  foreright 
and  luxuriant  wood. 

a    winter  felect  the    bed  placed    laft  Cummer's 
fh :  every  part,  quite  from  the  bottom  upward  ; 

cut  out  the  irregular  and  fuperabundant  ones,  toge- 

f  the  old  bearers,  down  to  the  young  wood; 

and  fhorten  the  fupply  of  new  (hoots  from  6  to  8,  to 

or   18  inches,  according  to  their  ftrength  ;  and  nail 

es  diftance. 

(3)  In  the  forcing  houfe,  the  proper  time  to  fhorten 

len  the  blofibm  appears. 

e.  When  forced  trees  produce  fuch  abundance  of  fruit 
as  to  have  6  or  7  in  a  clufter,  cut  the  :,  when 
{ct,  through  the  middie  with  a  pair  of  narrow-pointed 
fcil  :hen  decay,  and  by  this  method  the 
foot-f*  it  are  left  will  no:  be  wourr 
Cut  off  alfo  fuch  leaves  (allowing  a  little  of  their  foot 
ftalks  to  remain)  as  entirely  exclude  the  fruit  from 
fun. 

4.    1 
a.   The  fruit. 


NAS.     NET.  223 

NASTURTIUM.     (Tropseolum  Majus.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  The  culture  of  this  plant  is  limply  lowing  the  feed 
in  April,  where  the  plants  are  to  remain  j  which  fhould 
be  near  fomething  for  them  to  climb  up. 

b.  This  plant,  which  in  England  is  an  annual,  in  a 
warmer  climate  is  perennial,  and  fhrubby;  as  is  the 
cafe  alfo  with  beet,  marjorum,  &c. 

Often  cultivated  as  a  flower. 

2.  Use. 

a.  The  Flowers  are  frequently  eaten  in  fallads,  and  are 

efteemed  very  wholefome  i  the  berries  are  pickled,  and 

by    fome  are  preferred  to  moft  kinds  of  pickles  for 

fauce. 

NETTLE-TREE.     (Celtis  Occidentalism 
Culture,  &V. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Delights  in  a  moift  rich  foil. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  feed,  beft  fown  as  foon  as  ripe. 
3.  Tree. 

a.  For  the  firft  two  winters  after  they  come  up  from 
feed,  they  require  a  little  protection — Two  years  old 
the  beft  time  to  plant  them  where  they  are  to  remain, 
as  they  have  fpreading  roots  which  would  be  much  in- 
jured by  late  planting — Require  to  be  watered  at  the 
time  of  planting,  and  in  dry  weather  till  they  have  ta- 
ken root. 

b.  This  is  a  native  of  America^  where  it  grows  to  a 
large  tree. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  wood  being  tough  and  pliable,  makes  the  beft 
of   fhafts,  and  coach-makers    alfo  efteem  it  for  the 
frames  of  their  carriages. 
x  his  tree  is  alfo  named  Lote. 


224  NUT.     OAK. 

EARTH  NUT.*     (Arachis  Hypcgcca.) 

This  is  a  native  of  Africa ;  from  whence  it  has 
been  carried  by  the  negroes,  to  the  Weft  Indies,  Ca- 
rolina, &c. 

Culture,  &V.  in  England. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  The  feed  or  kernels  fhould  be  fown  in  the  fpring  in 
a  hor-bed,  and  when  the  weather  gets  warm,  the 
plants  expofed  gradually  to  the  open  air. 

b.  In  fummer,  the  feed  will  readily  grow  in  the  open 
ground. 

2.   Plant. 
a.  Trails  along  the  ground,  and  when  the  germen  is 
formed,  it  thrufts  icfelf  into  the  earth  (which  fhould 
be  very  light),  and  there  the  pod  is  formed  and  ri- 
pened. 

2.  Use. 
g.  The  kernels,  which  are  eaten  roafted  like  chefnuts  ; 
are  called  Pindalls  by  many.     Yield  very  pure  fallad 
oil. 

OAK.     (Quercus  Rober.) 

i .  With  only  one  or  two  acorns  together,  and  thefe  fup- 
ported  on  long  footftalks. 

2.  With  fix  or  feveo  acorns  in  a  duller,  fupported  on 
very  (hort  footftalks,  the  leaves  lefs  divided  than  the 
former,  and  of  a  more  laurel-like  texture  ;  the  tree  it- 
ielf  is  more  humble,  and  the  timber  harder  and  high- 
er-coloured. The  firft  is  by  fome  called  the  female 
oak,  and  the  latter  the  male  oak. 

Obs.  The  var.  2,  grows  principally  in  the  wilds 
of  Kent  and  Efifex,  and  is  rarely  met  with  in  other 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  Though  fome  make  it  of  more 
humble  growth  than  var.  i,  others  defcribe  it  as  the 
larger  tree,  having  a  better  appearance,  and  confe- 
quently  more  fuited  for  parks  and  plantations. 

•  "  Angela  Negro*?, — Cola  or  A~f 


fOAK.  225 

Thtture,  &V. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Grows  well  in  rich  black  earth;  in  ftrong  moift 
loams  ;  in  fandy  loams  or  fands,  with  a  flratum  of 
clay  beneath j  and  black  moorifh-land,  where  long 
heath  grows. 

b.  Grows  fpontaneoufiy  on  four  land. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  The  furveyors  of  Dean  Forefl  propofed  to  turn  fods 
upfide  down,  at  3  feet  apart,  to  plant  one  or  two 
acorns  in  each  fod  with  a  dibber,  thinning  the  trees 
at  10,  15,  25,  35,  and  45  years  growth,  leaving  at 
lafl  only  75  trees  upon  an  acre. 

b.  Sown  on  land  firft  brought  into  good  tilt  >  from  four 
to  fix  buihels  per  acre. 

c.  In  StarTordfhire  plantations  are  fometimes  made  by 
fowing  acorns  with  wheat,  after  a  fummer  fallow. 

d.  It  has  been  recommended  to  plant  the  acorns  under 
buihes,  which  would  protect  the  young  trees  till  they 
rife  above  the  bite  of  cattle. 

e.  When  a  wood  is  cut,  the  replanting  is  effected  by 
finking  in,  with  a  pick-axe,  a  fufficient  number  of 
acorns,  and  other  feeds  of  foreft  trees. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  When  very  young  may  be  tranfplanted  twice,  or 
thrice,  if  each  time  the  tap  or  principal  root  is  cut 
off. 

Oaks  raifed  from  the  acorn  without  removing,  on 
account  of  the  tap-root  linking  down  into  the  ground, 
where  there  is  lefs  nourifhment,  grow  flowly,  but  are, 
when  they  arrive  at  timber,  the  bed ;  being  generally 
fuller  at  heart,  and  more  compact,  flrong,  and  lafl- 
ing. 

b.  Oak  plants  of  one  Or  two  years  growth,  after  they 
have  taken  the  ground,  are  often  cut  oft  a  little  above 
the  ground,  if  they  are  ftunted  or  crooked ;  and  the 
fecond  fhoot  is  trufted  to  for  the  tree  ;  as  it  is  found  to 
grow  with  greater  luxuriance  than  the  firft. 

c.  It  is  fuppofed  that  oak,  in  a  good  foil  and  fituation, 
may,  at  75  years  from  the  acorn,  have  acquired  40 
feet  length  of  fhaft,  being  14  inches  girth  at  the  bale, 

[  29  ] 


OAK. 

12  in  the  middle,  and    10  inches  at  the   top — or  one 
ton  of  timber;   and  that  in  75  years   more  it  would 

/roduce  above  feven  times  as  much  in  quantity. 
The  largcft  oak  now  growing  in  England,  (the  fa- 
mous  Fairlop    Oak,    in  Hainault  Foreft),  meafures, 
3   feet   from    the   ground,  about   36  feet  in  girth ; 
and  the  boughs  extend  about  500    feet    in    circumfe- 
rer.     . 

In  Whinncld  foreft,  near  Appleby,  Weftmorland, 
is  an  old  hollow  trunk  of  an  oak,  called  the  three 
brethren  tree,  whofe  circumference  is  42  feet,  and 
will  a  man  and  horfe  to  ride  within  the  fame. 

♦ .   In  A  :hcy  cut  a  ring  of  bark  from  the  trunks 

of  Oaks,  ice.  a  little  above  the  ground  ;  this  checks 
their  growth,  and  renders  the  wood  more  firm  and  va- 
luable after  they  are  cut  down  ;  this  is  generally  done 
a  year  or  two  before  they  begin  to  fell  the  wood, 
4.  Use. 
The  wood  being  hard,  tough,  tolerably  flexible, 
and  not  eafily  fplintering,  makes  it  to  be  prefer- 
red to  all  other  timber  for  building  fnips  of  war  ; 
it  is  alfo  adapted  to  almoft  every  purpofe  of  the  car- 
penter -3  it  alfo  ferves  for  Haves,  laths,  and  fpokes  for 

teels. 
.  The  bark  is  univerfaUy  ufed  for  tanning  leather  ;  and 
afterwards  for  hot-beds,  fuel,  and  manure.  If  for  the 
lad  purpofe  lime  be  mixed  with  ir,  in  two  or  three 
jriths  it  will  be  reduced  to  a  fine  black  earth  ;  bur, 
if  it  were  only  laid  in  heaps,  as  many  years  would  be 
s  fpontaneous  fermentation,  or  pu- 
trefaction. 

Bark  older  than  40  or  50  years,  begins  to  be  corky, 
and  bad  for  tanning  leather. 
c.  The  ;  and  even  the  leaves,  have  been  found 

capable  of  tanning,  though  much  inferior  to  the  bark 
fe. — A  patent  has  lately   been  taken  out 
for  tanning  with  a  liquor  made  from  oak  faw-dufr,  in- 
om  oak  bark. 
From   experiments  made,    it    appears,   that  half  a 
if   leaves    contain    nearly    as  much   aftringent 
matter  as  a  pound  of  bark.     The  leaves  make  excel- 
lent hot-beds  for  n 


•OAK.  -27 

d.  An  infufion  of  the  bark,  with  a  fmall  quantity  of 
copperas,  is  ufed  by  the  common  people  to  dye  wool- 
len of  a  purpiiih  blue.  The  bark  alfo  has  been  fub- 
ftiiuted  for  gall  nuts  (and  even  faid  to  be  better)  for 
dying  of  hats. 

e.  Oak  faw-duft  is  ufed  in  dying  fuftian  and  drabs,  the 
different  (hades  of  brown. 

/.  Oak  apples  are  ufed  in  dying  as  a  fubftitute  for  galls, 
but  are  not  fo  durable.  The  cxpreffed  juice,  mixed 
with  vitriol  and  gum-arabic,  will  make  ink. 

£.  Horfes,  cows,  fheep,  and  goats,  eat  the  leaves ; 
(wine  and  deer  fatten  on  the  acorns. — The  acorns  have 
been  roafted  as  a  fubftitute  for  Coffee  in  the  following 
manner — Take  found  and  ripe  acorns,  dry  them  gra- 
dually, and  then  road  them  in  a  clofe  vefTel  or  roafter, 
keeping  them  continually  (tarring,  in  doing  of  which, 
efpecial  care  muft  be  taken  that  they  be  not  burnt 
or  roafted  too  much,  both  which  would  be  hurtful. — 
In  the  North  of  Europe  bread  has  been  made  with 
them. 

h.  On  the  bark  of  our  Engliih  Oak,  and  alfo  on  that 
of  the  Plumb,  Cherry,  and  Vine  ;  have  been  found  a 
kind  of  kermes,  about  the  fize  of  half  a  grey  pea, 
which  ftrikes  a  carnation  colour  that  (lands  with  lye — 
Rubbed  upon  white  paper,  it  tinges  it  with  a  beauti- 
ful purple,  or  murry. 

LUCOMBE  OAK. 

This  is  an   evergreen,  raifed  about  the  year  t  7 6 5 . 
by  Mr.  Lucombe,  nurfery-man  at  St.  Thomas's,  Exe- 
ter ;  from  an  acorn  of  the  iron  or  wainfcot  oak. 
Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Flourishes  in  all  foils;  and  has  been  much  planted 
in  Devonfhire,  Cornwall,  and  Somerfetfhire. 
1.  Increased. 
a.  By  grafting. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Its  growth  is  (Irait  and  handfome  as  a  fir. 

b.  Makes  but  one  (hoot  in  the  year,  viz.  in  May,   and 
continues   growing    without  interruption  ;  the  (hoots 


228  OAT. 

in  general  are  from  4  to  5  feet  every  year,   fo  that  it 
will,  in  the  fpace  oc  30  or  40  years,  out-grow  in  alti- 
tude and  girth  the  common  oak  of  a  100. 
4.    Use. 
a.  The  wood  is  thought  by  the  beft  judges,  in  hard- 
nefs  and  ftrength,  to  exceed  all  other  oaks. 

OATS. 

1.  Oat.     (Avena  Saliva.) 

a.  White,  moftly  cultivated  in  the  fouth.  Greatly  im- 
poverifhes  the  foil. 

b.  Black,  moftly  cultivated  in  the  north.  Tillers  more 
than  the  white. 

c.  Crown  or  Red  Oat — Ripens  early  and  does  not  fhed 
its  feed;  meal  good. 

2.  Naked  Oat  or  Pilcorn  (Avena  Nuda.)  This  grows 
wild  in  fome  places,  but  is  alfo  cultivated,  being  near- 
ly as  good  as  the  common  Oat;  making  excellent  meal: 
thrives  on  the  pooreft  land — It  is  called  Naked  Oat, 
becaufe  it  thremes  clean  out  of  the  hufk. 

3.  Skcgs     (Avena  Stipiformis.) 

4.  Red  Friefland,  Dutch,  or  Holland  Oat. 

5.  Tartarian,  or  Siberian  Oat. 

6.  Poland  Oat.     Greatly  impoverishes  the  foil. 
Culture,  &c.  of  the  White,  Black,  and  Brown  Oat. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  The  white  requires  dry  good  land. 

/.  In  fome  parts  of  Weftmorland  the  land  is  fometimes 
ploughed  in  Auguft  or  September,  and  undergoes  no 
other  operation  previous  to  the  fowing  in  fpiing — This 
mode  of  culture  has  been  found  to  anfwer  very  well. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  from  the  middle  of  February  till  June. 

(1.)  The  black  Oat,  fown  in  the  fouth,  on  dry  ground 
in  February,  and  on  wet  in  Ma:ch — Has  been  fown 
with  fuccefs  under  furrow  in  January. 
(2.)  The  white  Oat  being  tenderer,  is  fown  in  March 
or  April. 

b.  Quantity  of  \tc&  per  acre  frcm  four  bufhels  to  a 
quarter. 


OAT.  229 

Oats  are  picked  by  hand,    by  curious  perfons,  for 
feed;  if  the  top  one  is  a  fingle  oat,  the  reft  on  that 
Item  will  be  fo  too — The  double  ones  are  rejected. 
f .  Sown  with  1 2  lb.  of  clover,    and  one  bu(hel  of  ray 
grafs. 

d.  Sown  broad-call  at  twice  over  the  6eld  in  the  fame 
place. 

e.  Dibbled. 
/.  Drilled. 

3.   Plant. 
a.  Grows  better  than  any  other  kind  of  grain  on  cold* 
mountains,  and  on  marfhy  land.     Is  generally  the  firft 
crop  on  breaking  up  wafte  land. 
4.  Use. 

a.  The  grain  for  horfes — Before  the  increafe  of  barley 
tillage,  oats  were  malted. 

b.  The  meal  is  made  in  broad  cakes,  of  which  there  are 
varieties  prepared,  fome  with  four  leaven,  others  with- 
out leaven,  and  rolled  very  thin  ;  it  is  alfo  boiled  in 
water  into  porridge. 

c.  The  ftraw  ufed  for  packing,  and  feeding  cattle;  the 
red  inferior  to  the  black  or  white,  for  the  latter  pur- 
pofe. 

There  are  three  ftriking  varieties  of  thefe  Oats,  as — 

(1)  Peebles  Oat  (From  Peebles-fhire,  in  Scotland). 
This  is  a  variety  of  the  red  oat;  it  is  a  very  proper  oat 
for  hilly  diftricts,  not  only  for  its  earlinefs,  but  in  not 
being  eafily  fhaken  by  the  wind;  the  grains  arefmaller 
than  any  other  oat;  but  from  the  very  thin  fkin  it  meals 
better,  and  is  well  liked  by  the  millers. 

(2)  Angus  Oat,  (from  Angus-mire,  is  a  better  bodied 
grain  than  the  common  oat;  produces  more  draw,  and 
anfwers  very  well  in  early  fituations;  and  alfo  beyond 
every  other  in  poor,  dry,  hungry,  rabbit-warren  foils, 
from  its  throwing  up  fo  much  more  ftraw  than  any  o- 
ther  kind.     Ripens  later  than  the  common  oat. 

(3)  Potatoe  Oat.  This  is  fo  called  from  having  been 
accidentally  found  in  a  field  of  potatoes,  in  one  of  the 
northern  counties  of  Scotland;  it  is  the  beft  kind  for  a 
loamy  foil;  and  ripens  earlier  than  the  common  oat; 
the  produce  from  10  to  20  fold,  and  even  more — Is 
much  cultivated  in  the  South  of  Scotland. 


230  OAT. 

Culture,  iyc.   of  Skegs. 

i.  Soil. 
c.  Will  grow  on  the  pooreft  land;  but  are  worth  culti- 
:ing  on  good  land. 

2.  Seed. 
a.  Two  Winchefter  bufliels  fown  per  acre. 

3.   Plant. 
a.  Yields  a  crop  double  that  of  other  oats,  in  quant 
but  nor  more  than  equal  in  weight. 
4.  Use. 

a.  The  grain  is  reckoned  remarkable  fweet  good  food 
for  horks. 

b.  Given  in  the  draw,  in  the  fpring,  to  ewes  before 
lambing,  and  alfo  chopped  for  them.  Are  remarkable 
good  food  for  horfes  and  cows  in  the  draw. 

Culture,  6rV .  of  the  Tartarian,  or  Reed  Oat. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Seems  well  adapted  to  land  exhauded  under  bad  ma- 
nagement. 

:.  Seed. 

c.  The  grain  inferior  to  the  early  or  Dutch  oat,  not 
yielding  an  equal  proportion  of  meal.  Is  late  in  ri- 
pening. 

I .  The  grain  has  been  lately  improved  on  the  farm  of  a 
curious  cultivator,    by  picking  the  feed,    and  fowi 
only  the  Ihorteft  and  plumped  kernels. 
3.   Plant. 

a.  The  draw  is  luxuriant,  and  the  grain  not  fo  liable  to 
be  fhaken  out  by  the  N.  W.  gales,  as  the  other  forts. 

b.  One  grain  planted  has  produced,  on  four  ftems,  1 ; 
grains. 

This  is  fuppofed  to  be  a  didincl  fpecies,  unnoticed 

.  of  Friefland  an  1  Poland  C 
The  diftingi  qualities 

land  Oats  arc,  that  they  ripen  I  riwe 

only  on  a  very  rich  foil,  g  meal  i!!,  but  forr.c:- 

times  give  a  great  increafe  ;   th  in  ge- 

:n  or  eight 

theie  qu. 


OKR.     OLI.  -31 

do  not  tiller  much;  the  time  of  fowing,  March  or  April 
— The  early  white  Dutch  and  Poland  Oats  are  always 
preferred  by  bog  improvers,  to  the  common  Scotch  or 
late  oats;  which  are  too  apt  to  run  to  ftraw,  and  lodge 
before  the  grain  arrives  at  maturity. 

A  variety  of  the  Poland  Oat,  called  Church's  oat,  is 
held  in  high  estimation  in  Northumberland,  as  the  bed 
early  oat  yet  known  for  fowing  upon  loamy  lands,  in 
good  condition ;  they  are  very  early,  very  productive, 
and  much  liked  by  the  millers.  This  variety  is  known 
by  the  grains  being  remarkably  fhort,  large,  plump, 
round,  and  well  filled,  and  not  in  the  leaft  tailed  :  a 
bufhel  generally  weighs  48  lb.  This  variety  was  firft 
railed  in  Scotland. 

"  OKRA. 

"  A  valuable  garden  plant,  excellent  in  cookery,  as  a 
fauce;  it  makes  a  coffee  preferable  to  the  Weft  India, 
and  but  little  inferior  to  Mocha.  Eafily  propagated  by 
its  feed/' 

OLIVE.      (Olea  Europe.) 

1.  Province  O.  This  is  cultivated  in  the  South  of 
France,  and  is  the  belt  kind  for  pickling,  and  for  ma- 
king of  oil — The  fruit  varies,  as  green,  white,  and  of 
a  fmall  roundiih  fhape. 

2.  Spanifh  O.  Very  large  fruit,  but  makes  a  ftrong 
rank  flavoured  oil. 

3.  Italian  O.  A  large  hardy  tree,  which  produces,  in 
warm  feafons,  fome  fruit  in  England. 

4.  Cape  of  Good  Hope  O.  (O.  Capenfis)  With  (mall 
box  like  leaves;  a  hardy  fort. 

Culture,  &V. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Grows  largeft  in  a  moiit  foil,  but  produces  moil  fruit 
in  a  poor. 

b.  The  fruit,  on  a  chalky  foil,  gives*  the  ttneft,  and 
longeft  keeping  oil. 

2.   Increase 

a.  By  grafting. 

b.  By  layers. 


232  OLI.     ONI. 

c.  By  cutting   ftrong  fhoots  or  truncheons   from  the 

roots,  being  careful  to  preferve  Tome  of  the  fibres  with  it. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  rarely  feen  with  a  fingle  item,  but  frequently  two 
or  three  rifes  from  the  fame  root,  to  the  height  of  20 
or  30  feet. 

b.  In  Devonfhire  the  Olive  has  grown  for  many  years  in 
rhe  open  ground,  and  been  fcldom  injured  by  the  froft, 
but  did  not  ripen  their  fruit ;  but  when  trained  againft 
warm  walls,  Miller  mentions  an  initance  of  a  tree  at 
Camden-houfe,  near  Kenfington,  producing  one  year 
a  good  number  of  fruit,  large  enough  for  pickling; 
and  Bradley  another  in  a  garden  at  Hoxton. 

c.  In  Italy,  to  forward  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  they 
prune  the  trees  into  the  form  of  a  cup,  by  cutting  out 
the  centric  upright  branches,  in  the  fame  manner  as 
gardeners  trim  goofeberry  bufhes. 

4.   Use. 
a.  The  fruit  frefh ;  pickled;  and  for  making  oil. 

ONION.     (Allium  Cepa.) 

1.  Strafburg;  the  bed  for  long  keeping. 

2.  White  and  Red  Spanifh,  or  Portugal;  require  smore 
room  than  the  reft. 

3.  Silver-fkinned  or  Egyptian. 

4.  Blood-red. 

5.  Onion  that  increafes  by  cloves  or  off-fet£. 

6.  Two  years  keeping  or  James  Onion. 

7.  Onion  tree,  having  bulbs  at  the  end  of  the  leaves  . 
more  curious  than  ufeful. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  good  rich  foil. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  the  end  of  February  or  early  in  March. 

To  be  fown  thinner  for  a  winter  crop  than  for  fuch 
as  are  to  be  drawn  during  fummer. 

b.  6  lbs.  to  an  acre,  but  more  if  a  crop  is  to  be  drawn 
out,  which  gardeners  call  callings. 

c.  Should  be  Town  if  poffible  in  a  dry  time,  and  before 
the  ground  is  raked.     In  light  ground  to  be  rrod  in. 


ONI.  233 

Sown  thick  on  a  bed  in  Auguft,  to  furnifh,  by  thin- 
ning, youngones  for  fal  lets  in  fpring;  and  the  remain- 
ing ones  to  fupply  the  houfe,  after  the  winter  Onions 
are  over. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  In  about  fix  weeks  after  fowing,  the  plants  will  be 
high  enough  for  hoeing  to  the  diftance  of  2  or  3  in- 
ches; in  a  months  farther  time  thin  them  4  or  5  inches; 
in  a  month  or  fix  weeks,  for  the  laft  time,  to  6  inches 
fquare;  muft-be  kept  clean  of  weeds — The  thinning 
and  weeding  is  to  be  done  in  dry  weather. 

b.  Are  at  their  full  growth,  when  their  blades  fhrink 
and  fall  to  the  ground. 

r.  To  preferve — Spread  them  firft  on  dry  ground  for  a 
fortnight,  turning  them  every  day  to  prevent  their  ta- 
king root;  and  then  lay  them,  but  not  very  thick,  in 
a  garret  or  loft,  and  exclude  the  air  as  much  as  poffi- 
ble — If  their  roots  are  flighdy  finged  with  a  hot  iron, 
it  will  effectually  prevent  their  fhooting. 
d.  For  feed — The  roots  are  to  be  planted  early  in  March, 
in  furrows  made  with  a  plough  or  fpade,  and  filled  with 
'a  hoe,  in  beds  3  feet  wide,  the  roots  to  be  9  inches  a- 
part,  in  rows  1  foot  afunder  j  the  ftems  are  to  be  fup- 
ported  by  flakes  4  feet  long,  driven  into  the  ground  at 
6  or  8  feet  apart,  and  packthread  or  rope  yarn  fatten- 
ed from  one  to  the  other  a  little  below  the  heads. 
r.  When  ripe  the  heads  are  to  be  cut  (or  the  feed  will 
fhed)  and  fpread  in  the  fun,  on  coarfe  cloths  to  dry  5 
being,  however,  taken  under  fhelter  at  night,  and  in 
rain;  when  the  feed  is  beaten  out,  it  is  to  be  dried  one 
day  in  the  fun,  and  then  put  in  bags  to  preferve  for 
fowing. 

4.  Use, 
a.  As  a  culinary  root. 

WELSH  ONION.     (Allium  Fftulofum.) 

re,  fc?r. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Seed  to  be  fown  in  Auguft,  in  beds  like  the  common 
Onion. 

[  30  ] 


234  ORC.     OXE. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  This  plant  never  bulbs. 

b.  Is  fo  hardy  as  to  refill  the  hardeft  frofts — If  the 
leaves  ihould  fuffer,  the  root  will  fprout  again  in  the 
fpring. 

3.  Use. 
a.  Is  a  very  ufeful  plant  for  culinary  ufes,  before  the 
fpring  Onions  come  in. 

Is  called  on  the  continent  Ciboule. 

"  ORCHARD  and  FRUIT  TREES. 
"  Plant,  prune,  and  train,  with  confulting  Bucknall 
and  Forfyth  -,  who  are  great  on  Fruit-Trees." 

OXEN. 

1 .  Compared  with  horfes. 

a.  Superior  to  horfes. 
(1.)  For  ploughing/ 

(2.)  Being  cheaper  at  ftrft  coil  j  and  harneffed  at  1 

expenfe. 

(3.)  Their  keep  much  cheaper. 

(4.)  If  lamed  the  lofs  comparatively  fmall,  as  they 

can  be  fattened  for  the  butcher. 

(5.)  Increafes  the  flefh  meat  of  the  market. 

b.  Inferior  to  horfes. 

(1.)  For  harrowing  and  all  other  purpofcs  of  the  far- 
mer, but  ploughing. 

(2.)  For  ftrength — Some  farmers  work  three  horfes 
to  fix  oxen,  others  reckon  their  ftrength  but  as  two 
to  fix. 

(3.)  Though  horfes  coft  more  at  firft,  yet,  if  bought 
at  four  or  five  years  old,  they  improve  in  value  as 
much,  if  not  more,  than  oxen. 

2.  The  North  Devon  breed  excel  all  others  in  point  o£ 
draft,  and  quicknefs  of  pace. 

3.  Oxen  are  worked. 

a.  In  yokes,  which  is    attended  with  the  difficulty  of 
pairing  them  of  equal  ftrength. 

b.  By  the  horns — It  is  difficult  to  point  out,  wherein 
rhe  advantage  of  this  method  conlilts. 


PAL. 


23S 


c.  Harnefted  like  horfes — In  this  way  they  walk  much 
fafter  than  in  either  of  the  two  former,  and  apparent- 
ly work  with  more  eafe. 

4.  Are  frequently  (hod  Handing  j  but  in  many  places 
are  thrown  for  this  purpofe. 

"  PALMA  CHRISTI. 

"  A  valuable  plant.  Grows  in  gardens  ;  and  yields 
the  very  valuable  family  purge,  frefh  and  good,  called 
C aft  or  Oil." 

PARSLEY.     (Apium  Petrojelinum.) 

?.  Field  and  Garden  Parfley — viz.  1.  With  plain 
leaves.  2.  With  curled  leaves ;  this  is  preferred  for 
gardens,  as  being  more  eafily  diftinguifhed  from  Hem- 
lock, &c. 

1.  Hamburgh  Parfley. 

Culture,  &V.  of  Field  Parfley. 
1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  among  oats,  and  fed  the  following  year  with 
fheep. 

^.  Two  bulhels  per  acre,  fown  the  end  of  February  in 
drills  about  a  foot  afunder. 

1.  Use. 

<i.  This  plant  was  tried  as  a  prefervative  of  fheep  from 
the  rot ; '  and  there  is  the  greateft  reafon  to  fuppofe 
the  fuccefs  confiderable,  as  the  fheep  quite  round  the 
farm  were  univerfally  rotten,  but  thofe  that  fed  upon 
parfley  efcaped  without  attack — Has  been  given  for 
this  purpofe  only  twice  a  week  for  two  or  three  hours 
each  time. 

b.  Is  efficacious  in  the  recovery  of  greafy  and  furfeited 
horfes. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Garden  Parfley. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  In,  drills  from  February  till  Augufl. 

b.  Broad-caft  when  the  roots  are  defigned  for  medi- 
cine. 

1.  Plant. 
.?.  The  broad-caft  hoed  out  Angle  like  carrots — Y^. 
be  fit  for  ufe  in  July  or  Auguit. 


z^S  PAR. 

b.  The  drilled  fhould  be  cut  down  clofe  in  Septemh 
to  come  up  in  a  thick  growth  for  winter,  and  a:  the 
fame  time  moderately  thinned. 

3.  Use. 

a.  As  a  culinary  herb. 

b.  The  roots  for  medicine. 

Cult:  of  the  Hamburgh  Parfley. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  deep  light  foil. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  thin  in  drills  6  inches  diftance,  from  Febn 

to  April  ;  or 
K  Broad- caft  2nd  raked  in. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  To  be  hoed  and  thinned  to  6  inches  diftance. 

b.  The  roots  in  perfection  in  October,  kept  for  winter 
ufe  in  fand. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  roors  which  are  palatable  and  wholefome, 

en  like  Carrors. 

PARSNIP. 

1.  G.  irfnip.     (Paftinaca  Saliva.) 

2.  \V:ld  Parfnip. 

3.  Cow  P^rfnip,     (Heracleum  Spbntdjlium.) 

Culture,  iSc.  of  Field  and  Garden  Parfnip. 

1.  Soil. 
:h  deep  loam  ;  next  to  this,  find  ;  but  w< 
or  hide  bound  land  is  destructive  to  them. 

b.  If  the  foil  be  proper  it  will  require  ve: 
no 

:.  5:zd. 

a.  Sown  in  February  or  March. 

b.  Sown  in  autumn  immediately  after  the  feed  is  ri] 
by  lowing  at  this  feafon  it  prevents  the  plants 
being  cboaked  \ 

is  or  plantc. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  If  fown  broad  caft,  the 
inches  or  a  foot  afundcr. 


PAR.  aj7 

h.  If  drilled,  the  diftance  of  the  rows  to  be  18  inches, 
the  plants  thinned  to  the  diftance  of  10  incheSj  horfe- 
hoed  twice,  and  earthed  at  the  fecond  time,  but  not 
fo  as  to  cover  the  leaves  the  fecond  time. 

c.  If  the  tops  are  cut  off,  but  not  fo  as  to  injure  the 
crown,  it  will  increafe  the  fize  of  the  roots. 

d.  Left  in  the  ground  are  not  injured  by  the  froft. 

e.  If  houfed,  are  to  be  dug  when  the  leaves  begin  to 
decay,  which  fhould  be  cut  off  three  or  four  days  be- 
fore they  are  laid  up  :  they  are  to  be  put  in  fand  in  a 
dry  place. 

The  leaves  are  dangerous  to  handle,  efpecially  in  a 
morning  while  the  dew  remains  upon  them  ;  raifing 
blifters  full  of  a  fcalding  liquor,  which  has  proved 
very  troublefome  for  feveral  days. 

f.  To  be  planted  for  feed  in  January. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Are  equal,  or  fuperior  to  carrots  for  Pigs,  as  they 
make  their  fie.Cn.  whiter  ■,  and  they  eat  them  with  more 
fatisfaclion. 

b.  Clean  wafhed  and  diced  among  bran,  Horfes  eat 
them  greedily,  and  thrive  therewith  ■,  nor  do  they  heat 
them,  or,  like  corn,  fill  them  with  diforders. 

c.  Fatten  fheep  and  oxen,  in  a  very  fbort  time. 

According  to  a  propofition  of  the  Jerfey  Board  of 
Agriculture,  a  beafl  quite  lean,  will  be  rendered  quite 
fat  by  Parfnips,  in  three  months. 

d.  An  agreeable  liquor  is  made  of  the  roots  boiled  in 
water  with  hops  ;  and  afterwards  fermented  with  yeaft. 

e.  As  a  culinary  root. 

Wild  Parfnip.  The  root  and  feed  of  this  fort  is 
fometimes  ufed  in  medicine. 

Cow  parfnip  is  collected  in  fome  parts  of  Sufiex  for 
feeding  fwine.  Its  culture  has  been  recommended, 
as  not  only  fwine,  but  cows,  fheep,  and  rabbits,  are 
partial  to  it.  It  is  of  an  early  and  rapid  growth,  and 
the  feeds  are  mod  eafily  collected.  Cow  Parfnip  is 
alfo  called  Hog  Weed,  from  Swine  being  fo  fond  of  it. 

PARTRIDGE.     (Tetrao  Perdix.) 

With  a  little  encouragement,  partridges  have  been 
made  as   tame  as   common  poultry.     IVillcughby  tells 


-    3  PAS. 

us  of  a  ce;  man  that  had,  by  his  induftrv, 

made  a  covey   of  partridges   fo    tame,  that  he  drove 

lem  befo:  upon  a  wager,  out   of  that  col 

to  London,  though  they  were  abfolutely  free,  and  had 
their  wings  grown. 

Will   not  breed  in  a  ftate  of  confinement ;  but  if 

the  eggs  are  placed  under  a  hen,  fhe  will  hatch  them, 

e  young  as   her  own  chickens — A  kind  of 

pai  cippofed   to   be   the  Red  Partridge  (Tetrao 

Rufus))  is  kept  tame   in  fome  of  the  iflands  of  the 

i 

PASTURE. 

i.  Some  graziers  mix  a  few  fheep  and  one  or  two  a 
in  eneh  pafture,  which  borh  turn  to  account,  and  do 
little  injury  to  the   grazing    cattle.      In   lbme   cafes, 
f  real  benefit,  by  earing  down  and  deftr : 
rt  (Senecio  hich  difgraces  fome 

of  the  belt  pallures  where  oxen  are  only  grazed. 

cite  of  animals,  that  there  is 
:h  is  not  chofen  by  fome,  and 
:  untouched  ers.     The  following  orconc. 

I  experiment  is  well  known  to  the  Dutch,  that  when 
;  have  been  in  a  pafture,  and  can  no  lor._ 
nourishment,  two  horfes  will  do  verv  well  there 
for  fome  e  I  when  nothing  is  lc 

four  lheep  will  live  upon  it ;  this  not  only  proceeds 
:  in  their  choice  of  plants,  but  from 
the  formation  of  their  mouths,  which  are  not  equally 
adapted  to  lay  hold  of  the  grafs. 

locked  very  hard  with  lheep,  curbs  the 
-rial   luxuriancy  of  the    feeds,  a  s  the  gi 

Dortom,  forming  a  tender  and 
inviting  herbage. 
3.  Alternately  land  greatly  im- 

pr- 

:.  In  Cardiganihire  Mid  Yorklhire,  it  is  cuftomary  to 
their  fi  rarly  in  May  as  they  can,  fcx 

ihc  fummer  fcafon,  with  no  other  attention  than  cradl- 
ing dock,  or  cul  Own  thirties,  &:c.     In  that 
continue  till  November  cr  December,  when 


PEA.  139 

all  the  flock  is  turned  in,  and  every  animal  is  in  ex- 
cellent condition,  without  the  aid  of  hay,  ftraw,  or 
oats,  and  the  butter  is  as  good  as  in  any  part  of  the 
year.  The  froft  fweetens  the  grafs,  and  fnow  does  not 
injure  j  but  while  it  is  buried,  dry  food  muft  be  rc- 
fortcd  to.  In  the  fpring  of  the  year,  young  (boots  of 
grafs  are  very  forward  under  the  (belter  of  the  old, 
and  both  together  are  eaten  with  avidity*.  The  land 
which  was  before  moffy,  from  being  overftocked  and 
grazed  too  bare,  is  foon  filledwith  palat  able  and  abund- 
ant food,  and  the  mofs  disappears  without  the  aid  of 
the  plough,  or  furface  manure. 

5.  In  turning  out  horfes  to  grafs  in  the  fpring,  it  is 
ufual  to  choofe  the  forenoon  of  a  fine  day  to  do  it  in  ; 
the  natural  confequence  is,  the  horfe  rills  his  belly  du- 
ring the  funinine,  and  lays  down  to  reft  in  the  cold  of 
the  night;  thereby,  probably,  expofing  himfelf  to  dis- 
orders. In  fome  parts  of  Yorkshire  a  better  prac- 
tice prevails  ;  the  horfe  is  turned  out  at  bed-time  ;  the 
confequence  is,  he  eats  all  night,  and  deeps  in  the 
iunfhine  of  the  next  day. 

6.  In  Gloucefterfhire  the  bed  cheefe  is  made  from  the 
coldeft  and  lead  productive  foils ;  over-run  with  rufne?, 
&c.  intermixed  however  with  better  herbage.  And 
in  North  Wiltfhire  (famous  for  cheefe)  fome  dairymen 
mix  fheep  with  the  cows,  to  impoverifb  the  paftiire  j 
in  the  proportion  of  about  one  fheep  to  a  cow. 

7.  The  bottom  of  an  old  hay-ilack  is  efteemed  an  ex- 
cellent manure  for  pafture-land,  as  befides  the  nou- 
rifhment  it  affords,  it  contains  a  quantity  of  grafs 
feeds,  which  furnifhes  a  new  fet  of  plants  -,  It  fhould 
never  be  differed  to  mix  with  manure  for  corn-lands, 
as  it  will  then  raife  grafs  and  other  plants,  which, 
though  of  ufe  in  the  pafture,  are  weeds  among  the 
corn. 

PEACH.     (Amygdalus  Perfica.) 

j.  Fruit  ripening  in  July,  Early  nutmeg  P.  Fruit  very 

imall. 
•2.  Ripening  in  Auguft ;  Early  Anne  (fmall).     Small 

Migridn.      Early  purple.      White   Magdalen.      Red 


rz4o  PEA. 

ditto.  Great  Mignon.  Early  Newington.  Chan- 
cellor. Montauban.  Belle  Chevreufe.  Yellow  Al- 
berge. 
3.  .'  1  in  Se:  ;  Old  Newington.  Late 
purple  Belle  Garde.  La  Teton  de  Venus.  Ram- 
b  lui  Bourdine.  X:\ette.  Rofiana.  Sion. 
A        1  ible.     Royal.     Violet.     Royal   George.  No- 

pening    in    Oftobef ;     Perilque.     Catherine    (very 
large  and  beatiti  f\ .  i).  Cambray.      Narbon- 

ne.     Monltroi: -.  Pavie  of  Pomponn.  large). 

Heath. 

5.  The  following  are  the  molt  efteerfied  for  forcing, 
arrang'  e  order  in  whit:.  ipth  in   May  or 

June,   ■• 

Early  purple.  Montar.ban.  Royal  George.  French 
Mignon.  Red  Magdalene.  Noblefle.  Rambouillet 
Nivette. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Any    good    garden    earth ;  but  if  of  a   rich  lo^ 
temperature  it  may  prove  an  additional  advantage. 

b.  If  the    natural  ground  is  gravel lv,   ac^^   one   na^"  of 
itrong  loam,  and   two   inches  of  rotten  dung  ;  if 

dy,  which  is  the  worft  of  all  foils  for  peaches,  add 
three  inches  of  itrong  loam  to  one  of  the  natural 
earth,  and  one  inch  of  rotten  dung;  if  a  fine  light  rich 
earth,  add  one  third  of  a  good  ftrong  loam — The 
border  fhould  always  be  trenched  over  three  times, 
after  the  proper  mixtures  are  laid  on  before  planting. 

c.  The  foil  might  be  changed  as  for  Nectarines. 

Dung  is  a    great   enemy   to    this  tree,  making  it 
throughout  rambling  wood,  and  caufing  it  to  gum. 
2.  Increased. 
By  budding  either  on  plum,  peach,  almond,  or  a: 
cot  itocks. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  15  feet  high. 

b.  Trained  moftly  as  a  wall  fruit;   though  fometin 
on  efpalier.%  and  as  half  llandards,  theie  however  ill- 

n  bear  well,  or  bring  their  fruit  to  perfection. 


PEA.  241 

c.  Planted  at  15  or  20  feet  diftance. 

d.  Bears  fruit  along  the  fides  of  the  young  wood  of  the 
former  fummer,  and  immediately  from  the  eyes  of  the 
moot;   the  fame  wood  rarely  bears  much  fruit  but  once. 

€.   Pruning. 

(1)  Summer — prune  away  all  the  foreright,  and  pre- 
serve the  regular  placed  ihoots  and  branches  their  full 
length. 

(2)  Winter — fhorten  the  fummer  (hoots,  to  encourage 
..    fucceffion  bearers  from  the  lower  eyes. 

/.  As  the  fruit  requires  much  room,  they  mould  be  thin- 
ned at  three  different  times,  beginning  when  the  fize  of 
a  pea,  by  cutting  them  off  with  a  fharp  knife,  leaving 
a  piece  of  fkin  on  the  tree,  which  will  foon  drop  off 
4.  Use. 

a    The  fruit. 

PEACOCK.     (Pavo  Crijiatus.) 

Var,  1.   Pied,     2.  White. 

A  lingular  circumftance  now  and  then  occurs,  in  the 
ales  having  the  external  marks  of  the  plumage  of  the 
le. — In  one  inftance,  after  having  bred  for  lbme  years, 
and  then  ceafing  to  lay  eggs,  me  began  to  put  out  the 
male  eyed feathers j  and  at  the  time  of  her  death  appear- 
ed like  a  young  male. 

The  hen  lays  five  or  fix'  greyifh  white  eggs,  the  fize 
of  thofe  of  a  Turkey:  thefe,  if  let  alone,  (lie  lays  in 
fome  fecret  place,  at  a  diftance  from  the  ufual  refort,  to 
prevent  their  being  broken  by  the  male,  which  he  is  ape 
to  do,  if  he  finds  them;  the  time  of  fitting  is  from  twen- 
ty-feven  to  thirty  days:  The  young  may  be  fed  with 
curd,  chopped  leeks,  barley-meal,  &c.  moiftened;  and 
are  fond  of  grafshoppers,  and  other  infects;  in  five  or 
lis  months  will  feed  as  the  old  ones,  on  wheat,  barley, 
&c.  The  young  are  reckoned  good  eating,  and  the  old 
ones  in  a  wild  Rate. 

PExVR.     (Pyrus  Communis.) 

j.  The  mo  ft  approved  Pear  for  making  Perry,  is  the 
Squafih  (it  burfts  when  it  falls).  Oldfield.  Borland. 
Red  Pear.     Sack.     Chincay.     LaughlarvJ. 

[  3'   1 


242  PEA. 

i.  Summer  eating  Pears,  which  will  not  keep  long. 

a.  Ripening  in  fuly.  Little  yellow  mufk  P.  Green 
Chiflel.     Catherine.     Red  Mufcadella. 

b.  Ripening  in  Auguft.  Jargenella  (large  and  fine). 
Windfor  (large  and  beautiful).  Early  Ruflelet.  Great 
Blanquette.  Little  ditto.  Mufk  Robine.  Auguft 
Mufcat.     Orange  Mufk.     Perfumed.     Red  Orange. 

c.  Ripening  in  September.  Summer  Bon  Chretien. 
Summer  Bergamot.  Orange  ditto.  Rofe  Water.  Sal- 
viati.  Crawford.  Green  Mulk.  Long-ftalked  Blan- 
quette. Pear  Piper.  St.  James.  Lemon.  Red  Ad- 
mirable (  irge), 

3.  Autumn  P  ars  of  a  handfome  fize,  and  that  attain 
perfection  foi  eating  from  the  end  of  September  till 
November:  Autumn  Bergamot.  Swifs  ditto.  Great 
RufTelet.  Brown  Beurre.  White  ditto.  Red  ditto. 
Monfieur  John.  Swans'  Egg.  Crefane.  Mufcat 
Fleury.  RoufTeline.  Marquis's  Autumn  Verte  Lon- 
gue.  Beurre  Bergamot.  French  Bergamot.  Pound 
P.     Green  Sugar. 

4.  Winter  Pears,  both  for  eating,  baking,  and  other 
culinary  purpofes,  beginning  to  ripen  from  December 
till  May,  nearly  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  here 
mentioned. — W7inter  Bergamot.  Martin  Sec.  Win- 
ter Beurre.  St.  Germain.  Colmar.  Vergouleufe. 
Spanifh  Bon  Chretien.  Chaumontclle.  Winter  Verte 
Longue.  Dauphine.  Martin  Sive.  Winter  Thorn. 
Good  Lewis.  Ambrette.  St.  Auftin.  Holland  Ber- 
gamot. Winter  Ruflet.  St.  Martial.  German  Muf- 
cat. Eafter  Bergamot.  Winter  bon  Chretien.  Eaf- 
ter  St.  Germain. 

5-  Good  baking  Pears:  Union,  or  Uvedale's  St.  Ger- 
main. Black  Pear  of  Worcefter.  Cadillac.  Double 
Fleur. 

6.  Plot,  in  his  Hiftory  of  Oxfordshire,  mentions  a  kind 
of  pear  as  common  in  Worceilermire,  and  one  of  them 
growing  in  Oxford,  the  fruit  of  which  (except  in  ve- 
ry wet  years)  in  hardinefs  were  little  inferior  to  the 
younger  moots  of  the  tree  that  bore  them ;  he  kept 
fome  of  them  ten  years  without  their  rotting — They 
were  called  Wooden-pears,  and  Long-lafters. 


PEA.  *+J 

7.  Double-bearing — Plot  alfo  notices  two  trees  of  this 
lingular  kind,  called  Paradrfe  and  Hundred-pound 
Pears,  they  bloflbmed  twice  in  the  year,  and  bore  the 
firft  crop  about  Midfummer,  the  fecond  near  Michael- 
mas ■,  the  fecond  crop  was  ibmewhat  lefs  than  the  ftrft, 
and  grew  in  a  particular  manner,  coming  forth  at  the 
end  of  the  twigs,  which  was  all  the  pedicles  they  feem- 
ed  to  have;  and  therefore  they  did  not  hang  downwards, 
like  thole  of  the  firft  crop,  but  pointed  up  in  the  air, 
or  any  other  way  the  moots  directed  them. 

Culture,   is 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Will  thrive  on  molt  foilsj  even  on  a  flifr  clay. 

b.  For  wall  or  efpalier  trees  a  ftrong  loam  is  efteemed 
the  bell  foil  -y  fand  and  gravel  are  reckoned  to  produce 
mofs,  canker,  and  a  ftony  fruit  without  flavour. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  the  fame  method  as  the  apple-tree  j    and  is  alfo 
occafionaliy   grafted   on   the   Quince,    to  form   dwarf 
growers. 

3.    Tree. 

a.  In  manv  inftance^  they  have  produced  plentiful  crops 
when  100  years  old. 

b.  Inftances  have  occurred  of  a  fingle  pear  tree  afford- 
ing three  hogfheads  of  100  gallons  of  perry  ;  whereas, 
an  apple  tree  that  yields  a  hogfhead  of  cider,  is  deemed 
a  good  bearer. 

c.  In  orchards  to  be  planted  at  30  or  40  feet  dktance; 
and  for  walls  or  efpalier  trees  not  lefs  than  zc. 

d.  The  horizontal  branches  of  wall  or  efpalier  trees  to 
be  trained  from  6  to  9  inches  diftance,  according  to 
the  fize  of  the  fruit — The  fours  thinned  to  two  inches, 
and  every  year  fome  of  the  Jongefl  cut  clean  off. 

e.  Formed  wich  tall  items,  and  fanned  heads,  againft 
buildings,  or  between  the  common  dwarf  wall  trees. 

Fruit. 

a.  Pears  are  ripe  about  the  beginning  of  September; 

1  are  fhook  oft  with  long  poles,  having  hooks  at  the 
end  with  which  to  lay  hold  of  the  boughs. 

b.  If  fome  kind  of  Pears  are  gathered  a  week  before 
they  would  ripen  on  the  tree,  and  are  laid  on  a  heap 


244  PEA. 

and  covered,  their  juices  will  become  fweet  many  o 
fooner  than  if  they  had  continued  on  the  tree. 

c.  Winter  pears  principally  require  a  funny  expofure; 
and  a  fire  wall  improves  all  kinds  beyond  conception. 

d.  Wafps  deftroy  the  fruit. 

5.  Use. 
a.  As  a  fruit. 

I.  For  making  Perry — This  liquor,  when  in  perfection, 
has  been  thought  very  little  inferior  to  the  beft  wines 
imported  from  France j  and  has  even  been  fold  for 
Champaign. 

The  procefs  of  making  perry  is  the  fame  as  cider. 

c.  Beiides  perry  two  other  liquors  are  made  with  pears 
—  1.  Bv  a  mixture  of  pears  and  apples — 2.  By  a  mix- 
ture of  the  common  wild  crab,  and  the  richer  fweeter 
kind  of  early  pears. 

d.  The  wood,  which  is  light,  fmooth,  compact,  and 
pieafingly  veined,  is  ufed  by  turners,  and  to  make 
joiner's  tools;  and  for  picture  frames  to  be  ftained 
black;  it  is  alfo  frequently  liained  and  fubftituted  for 
Ebony. 

e.  The  bark  dyes  yellow. 

PEAS.     (Pifum  Sativum.) 

Field  Peas. 

1.  Grey  Hog  Pea — The  flowers  of  grey  peas  have  the 
upper  petal  of  a  red  or  purplifli  white,  and  the  iidc 
ones  either  a  deep  red  or  purple:  the  flowers  of  yellow 
leeded  peas  arc  white. 

2.  White  Boiling  Pea. 

3.  Blue  Pea. 

4.  Rouncev:.!  Pea. 

5.  '  (or  forty  day  fpecies)  fown  in  March,  will 
be  cu  in  July$  ana  turnep  feed  may  be  fown  immedi- 
ately after  itj  with  one  flight  ploughing. 

'   • 

1.    Soil. 

a.  The  bh\  J  fucceed  on  poor  land — the  lounce 
val  requires  a  rich  foil. 

b.  Light  warm  i. 


PEA.  245 

A  calcareous  manure  the  bell. 
c.  Suopofed  a  proper  crop  for  frefh  land. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  From  three  to  five  bufhels  Town  broad-caft. 

b.  If  drilled  at  22  inches,  16  gallons  of  feed  to  an  acre 
— Drilled  at  16  or  18  inches. 

c.  White,  blue,  or  Hotfpur  peas,  fown  in  April  or  May, 
in  drills  6  feet  afunder,  in  the  intervals  Dutch  turneps 
fown  broad  caft,  or  drilled  in,  and  afterwards  hoed — ' 
The  land  to  be  cleared  in  time  for  wheat. 

d.  The  various  forts  are  fown  from  October  to  the  mid- 
dle of  May. 

3.  Plant. 
Ui  The  drilled  peas  earthed  and  weeded  twice ;    firft, 
when  about  an  inch  above  ground ;  and  fecondly,  when 
4  inches  high. 
b.  Some  farmers  fow  feveral  (Ironger,  and  upright  grow- 
ing  plants  among  peas,    to  fupport  them   and  make 
them  kid  better;   fometimes  oats,  but  mod. commonly 
beans ;   the  latter  fucceed  bed  with  grey  peas. 
4.  Use. 

a.  Peas  are  ufed  for  boiling,  and  for  fattening  hogs  j 
and  were  formerly  given  to  horfes  in  their  provender. 

b.  Pea  haulm  or  ftraw,  faved  in  a  favourable  feafon, 
makes  excellent  food  for  horfes,  cattle,  and  fheep. 

A  large  load  of  dry  pea-flraw,  will  burn  from  400 
to  450  weight  of  pot-afh. 

c.  Grey  peas,  fown  the  end  of  March,  and  ploughed  in 
juil  before  flowering,  proved  an  excellent  drefling  for 
wheat. 

Garden-    Peas. 
1.  Golden  Hotfpur. 
1.   Charlton. 

3.  Reading  Hotfpur. 

4.  Mailer's  Hotfpur. 

Thefe  are  the  earlieft  natural  peas,  and  are  fown  on 
warm  borders  towards  the  latter  end  of  October.  If 
cultivated  for  three  or  four  years  in  the  fame  place  they 
are  apt  to  degenerate,  and  be  later  in  fruiting;  for  which 
reafon  they  lhould  be  had  from  a  poorer  foil,  than  that 
in  which  thev  are  to  be  fown, 


246  PEA. 

5.  Efiex  Hotfpur. 

6.  Dwarf  Pea.  This  is  fown  the  middle  of  October 
under  walls  or  hedges,  and  at  the  latter  end  of  Janua- 
ry or  beginning  of  February  tranfplanted  into  hot-beds: 
the  reaibn  for  lowing  them  in  common  ground,  is  to 
check  their  growth. 

a.  About  half  a  foot  high,  and  does  not  cover  more 
ground  than  6  or  7  inches  fquare. 

b.  A  variety  double  the  fize  of  a. — It  is  frequently  fown 
in  the  open  ground :  the  pods  24-  inches  long,  contain 
fix  good  fized  peas. 

7.  Sugar  Pea. 

8.  Sugar  Dwarf. 

9.  Marrozvfat.  This  and  other  late  peas  mould  be 
fown  every  two  or  three  weeks. 

10.  Rofe,  or  Crown  Pea.     Grows  very  large. 

11.  Rouncival,  Egg  Pea  or  Dutch  Admiral. 

12.  Pruflian  Pea.     The  iced  when  dry  alight  green. 
1.7.  SpaniJIj  Merc! to.     A  great  bearer,   and  io  hardy  as 

to  be  fown  the  middle  of  February ;  the  rows  about  2 
feet  afunder,  and  the  feed  an  inch  apart. 

14.  Nonpareil. 

15.  Sickle  Pea.  Moftly  cultivated  by  curious  gentle- 
men for  their  own  tables;  and  are  rarely  brought  into 
the  market. 

16.  Bengal  Pea.  Grows  about  3'-  feet  high  ;  the  upper 
petal  purpiifh  white,  fide  ones  a  deep  purple ;  the  pods 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  contain  three  or  four 
green  feeds,  about  the  fize  ot  a  ve: 

The  feeds  of  this  was  brought  from  Bengal,  by  an 
Eaft  India  (hip,  to  feed  the  poultry;  it  grew  and  ri- 
pened its  feed,  in  the  open  ground. 

If  peas  are  not  very  carefully  managed,  I  away 

all  thole  plan:s  that  have  a  tendency  to  alter  before  the 
feeds  are  formed,  they  will  degenerate  into  their  origi- 
nal (late;  therefore  all  thofe  perfons  who  are  curious  in 
the  choice  of  their  feeds,  fhould  look  car. 
thofe  which  they  defign  for  feeds  at  the  time  when  they 
begin  to  flower,  and  draw  out  all  the  plants  whi 
they  dillike  from  the  others.  Thii  h  what  they  call 
Roguing  their  Peas,   meaning  hereby,   the  taking  oui 


PEA.  247 

all  the  bad  plants  from  the  good,  that  the  farina  of  the 
former  may  not  impregnate  the  latter ;  to  prevent 
which,  they  always  do  it  before  the  flowers  open ;  by 
thus  diligently  drawing  out  the  bad,  referving  thole 
which  come  earlieft  to  flower,  they  have  greatly  im- 
proved their  Peas,  and  are  conftantly  endeavouring  to 
get  forwarder  varieties. 

Culture,   &V, 

i.  Seed. 

a.  Should  be  faved  from  plants   in   full  perfection  in 

July. 

b.  When  the  feafon  is  dry,  the  peas  fhould  be  foaked 
in  water  the  night  before  they  are  fown  -,  or  the  drills 
watered  :  this  will  promote  their  growth,  and  caufe 
them  to  come  up  with  greater  evennefs,  and  regula- 
rity. 

c.  Sown. 

(i)  The  tall  ones  in  drills  2  feet  or  i\  afunder,  and 
the  feeds  1  inch  ;  the  Rofeor  Crown  Pea  4r  feet  afun- 
der, and  the  feeds  8  or  10  inches. 
(2)  The  dwarfs  in  drills  1  feet  apart,  and  the  feeds  an 
inch  apart;  though  frequently  they  are  thrown  in  pret- 
ty thick. 

The  drills  of  the  winter  peas  to  run  N.  and  S.  and 
higheft  earthed  on  the  E.  fide. 

d.  The  early  fown  produces  the  fweeteft  peas. 

e.  Beginning  of  Auguft  the  lateft  time  to  fow  peas  to 
bear  the  fame  year. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  When  they  break  the  ground,  may  be  protected  from 
birds  by  drawing  the  earth  over  them  :  they  will  then 
branch  under  the  loofe  earth  and  be  fafe. 

b.  To  be  weeded  and  earthed  like  the  field  peas. 

c.  To  be  flicked  when  eight  or  ten  inches  high. 

The  flicks  to  be  cut  fan  fafhion ;  for  Rouncevals  7 
feet,  for  Marrowfats  6,  and  for  others  of  lefs  growth 
3  feet  high. 

If  the  rows  range  E.  and  W.  the  fticks  fhould  be 
placed  on  the  S.  fide,  as  the  plants  will  naturally  in- 
cline towards  the  fun  ■,  a  few  fticks  fhould  alfo  be  pla- 
ced on  the  oppofice  fide  to  keep  the  plants  up  till  they 


PIIE. 

•  e  fattened  The  common  method   is 

to                  m  on  b  crofting  at  : 

d.  I               :s  have  been  cv\  or  three  times, 

and  each  time  fho:  -5. 

- 
c.    j  he  feed  for  the  table,   both  when  green  and  d 
rkham,  book  on    Hufbandr 

his  time  (1635)  *  e   ufed  in  bread  :n  L>eicef- 

terihire,    Line  uhair.mire,    and    many 

o:her  c  ;.:../   were  ground   into 

meal. 

d  to  lupply  the  place  of 

ikle  Pea  are  eaten  like  ki_ 

.'.  The  is,  and  alfo  bo 

Kale. 

Take  a  fmaJJ  tea-cup  cr  w'u 
g]af>  full  of  \.  3S,  pour  on  it  a  pir.: 

iling    racer,  ;e  in  a  veftel   all  night 

on  the  hearth,  or  any  other  warm  place  ;  and  the  wa- 

oth  on   its  top  the  next    morning, 

be  good  yeaft.     Th  -'.her  the 

J  ftand  : 

"  PEAT— (S^  ¥-tY).Ci 

PH:  :T.     [Phat  -:/j.) 

It  appears  from  HarU  'gacy,  that  in   h 

5   )  theie  b  bcrs 

poor  p.  rs  ;  and 

:ed    him,    that    (he 
.bring;  whereof 
iter  part  came  to 
tion  :  The  greatc 

:  to 
-.,   bour. 

ofe  of  a 

Jer; 
. — The 


PIG. 


!249 


pheafant  frequently  breeds  '  with  the  common  poul- 
try ;  and  there  is  an  inftance  of  their  breeding  with  the 
Turkey. 

Befides  the  common  wild  Pheafant  which  was  ori- 
ginally brought  into  Europe  from  the  banks  of  the 
Phafis,  a  river  of  Colchis  :  we  breed  in  our  menage- 
ries a  variety  called  the  Ring  Pheafant,  and  alio  the 
Golden  P.  (P.  Piclus)  brought  from  China,  where  it 
is  called  Kin-ki,  and  the  Pencilled  P.  (P.  Nyfibeme- 
rus)  alio  a  native  of  China.  Both  the  Ring  and 
Golden  Pheafants  have  been  found  at  large  in  this 
kingdom. 

It  is  definable  that  as  much  pains  were  taken  to  in- 
troduce ufeful  birds,  as  is  taken  to  bring  over  Par- 
rots, &c. — Among  others* may  be  pointed  out  the 
Crefted  Ph.  in  a  domeitic  flate  among  the  inhabitants 
of  Mexico  -,  and  the  tame  Parraka  Ph.  of  Cayenne. 

PIGEON.     (Columba  jEnas.) 

i.  Common  blue  P.  i.  e.  the  rock  P.  domefticated. 
i.  Rough-footed  P. 

3.  Head  crefted. 

4.  Jacobin  P.  The  feathers  of  the  head  and  neck 
turn  forwards,  giving  the  appearance  of  a  cowl. 

5.  Laced  P.  The  feathers  looie  in  their  webs,  and 
curled. 

6.  Turbit  P.  The  feathers  of  the  breaft  reflected  both 
ways. 

7.  Fan-tail  P.  This  variety  has  a  greater  number  of 
feathers  in  the  tail,  which  it  always  carries  erect — 
There  is  a  var.  with  fewer  feathers  in  the  tail — 
The  Fan-tail  is  the  kind  ufually  kept  in  the  Weft 
Indies. 

3.  Tumbler  P.  Tumbles  round  while  flying  ;  of  thefe 
the  Almond  Tumbler  is  molt  valued,  80  guineas  ha- 
ving been  given  for  one. 

9.  Carrier  P.  This  is  extremely  tuberculated  about 
the  eyes  and  bill — This  fort  is  lbmetimes  made  ufe  of 
for  carrying  letters  ;  this  is  eafily  effected,  for  after 
one  has  been  confined  for  fome  time,  it  is  carried  to  a 
di fiance  and  let  fly,  and  never  fails  to  find  its  wav  home 
[  3*  ] 


FIX. 

again.     The*  letter  is  fattened  under  its  wing.     Is  faid 
ro  flv  miles  in  an  hour. 

id.   Powter  P.     This  has  the  faculty  of  filling  its  crop 

l  wind  till  it  appears  of  a  monftrous  f:ze. 
J  i .   Horfeman  P.     Thefe  partake  of  the  two  laft  ;   arc 
i  to  be  excellent  breeders,  and  never   to  for  fake  the 
piece  where  bred.     On  this  principle  ihey  become  good 
Carriers — iz  is   recorded   of  a    Dragoon   P.  which  is 
bred  between  .he  Horfemar.   and  C  that  it'fltw 

from    St  v    to   Bijhopfgatt  ,  in    2{- 

mile^. 
J  :.  :.mon  Spot  P.     This  has  a  fpot  above  the 

.  fame  colour  as  the  tail.  (2)  Eaft 
P.  D.ffcrs  from  the  former  in  having  a 
oiack  fpot  on  the  crown  of  the  head,  another  on  the 
hind  part  of  the  neck,  and  only  fome  of  the  middle 
feathers  of  the  tad  black.  A  good  breeder. 
Jj.  The  Great-crowned  P.  (C.  Cor  on  at  a)  which  is  of 
the  fizc  of  a  Turkey  ;  and  is  faid  to  be  kept  in  the  E. 
Indies,  in  court  yards;  has  laid  eggs  in  a  menagery 
in  Europe. 

Pigeons  breed  ten  or  tw?elve  t'nres  a  year ;  fcldom 
never  lay  more  than  two  eggs  at  a  time,  and  let 
from  fourteen  to  feventeen  days  ;  it  is  obferved  that  one 
generally  proves  a  male,  the  other  a.  female — On  a  fup- 
pofition  that  we  allow  Pigeons  to  breed  nine  times  in  a 
produce  from  a  fingle  pair,  at  the  end  of 
four  years,  may  amount  to  the  number  of  14,762  : 
UntutHS   makes    the  number  amount   to   more  than 

i  8,000. 

Befides  Pigeons  being  efteemed  as  a  delicacy  for  the 
table;  they  are  valuable  on  accounc  of  their  dung, 
which  is  a  good  manure,  and  is  alfo  ufed  for  tanning 
(he  upper  leather  of  fnoes — If  the  dove-houfe  is  cleaned 
L>r .  .:,  the  Pigeons  will  be  but  little  dif- 

j-zd  by  it.     (See  page  102.) 

PIXASTER.     (Pinus  Cembra.) 

1.  Soil. 
moft   trees  in   growth,  upon  a  poor  light 
land. 


PIN.  251 

b.  Flourifhes  well  on  the  fea-coaft,  although  expofed  in 
winter  even  to  the  fpray  of  the  Tea. 
1.  Increased 

a.  By  feed — Nurferymen  fow  the  feed  in  the  fpring, 
but  from  the  cones  naturally  opening,  and  dropping 
their  feeds  in  June  ;  that  month  is  doubtlefs  the  proper 
time. 

b.  By  cuttings. 

There  are  fome  perfons  who  are  fond  of  propagating 
fir-trees  from  cuttings,  which,  if  properly  planted, 
will  take  root  j  but  the  plants  fo  raifed,  will  never  ar- 
rive to  near  the  fize  of  thofe  raifed  from  feeds  :  they 
are  alfo  never  inclined  to  an  upright  growth,  fending 
out  lateral  branches,  and  becoming  bu'hy,  Therefore 
this  practice  is  not  worthy  of  imitation  ;  and  unlefs  for 
fake  of  multiplying  a  curious  fort,  whole,  feeds  can- 
not be  etfily  procured,  fhould  never  be  attempted  ; 
nor  fhould  the  inarching  of  one  fort  upon  another  be 
practifed  for  the  fame  reaibn ;  for  the  trees  fo  pro- 
pagated will  be  of  flow  growth  and  of  fhort  dura- 
tion. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Frequently  grows  as  fait  as  an  alder,  or  an  afh. 

b.  Grows  to  a  very  large  fize,  and  admits  of  being  cut 
into  very  large  fcantlings,  which  are  finer  grained  than 
other  deal. 

c.  In  about  40  years  has  grown  uowards  of  70  feet 
high. 

4.   Use. 

a.  From  the  quicknefs  of  its  growth  it  has  been  thought 
worth  planting,  with  a  view  of  being  cut  down  for 
fuel. 

b.  From  it  is  extracted  (by  boring)  the  common  turpen- 
tine, which  is  chiefly  ufed  by  the  farriers,  and  from 
which  is  diftilled  the  oil  of  that  name.  The  finer  and 
more  valuable  part  of  the  distillation  comes  firft,  and 
is  called  the  fpirit  ;  what  is  left  at  the  bottom  of  the 
(till  is  the  common  refin. 

c.  Pitch  is  drawn  from  it  by  fire  after  the  trees  ceafe  to 
afford  turpentine  5  as  by  frequent  boring  they  can  be 
put  to  no  ufe  as  timber,  The  refufe  wood  may  be 
charred. 


252  PIS.     PLA. 

Trees  afford  turpentine  after  twenty  years  growth, 
and  continue  to  do  ib  for  the  fpace  of  twenty  years 
longer. 

d.  Candles  are  made  of  the  turpentine. 

e.  The  kernels  make  a  part  fometimes  in  a  Szvij's  def- 
fert — They  fupply  the  place  of  muihroom-buttons  in 
ragouts — And  are  recommended  in  confumptive  cafes, 
on  account  of  their  balfamic  oil. 

PISTACHIA.     (Piftacia  Terebintbus.) 

i.  Increased. 
a.  By  nuts  planted  in  pots,  and  plunged  into  a  mode- 

te  hot- bed. 
h.   By  fuckers. 

2.  Tree. 

a.  When  firft  raifed  from  the  nuts  to  be  gradually  in- 
ured to  the  open  air,  to  which  they  mould  be  wholly 
expofed  the  beginning  of  June,  and  at  the  approach 
of  winter  fcreened  from  the  froft  under  a  hot  bed 
frame,  conftantly  expofing  them  to  the  air  in  mild 
weather. 

b.  When  the  trees  have  been  gradually  inured  to  our 
climate  for  three  or  four  years,  they  are  to  be  planted 

;inll  walls,  or  in  a  fheltered  firuation. 

c.  Is  a  native  of  Arabia,  Perfia,  and  Svria. 

3-  Use. 
a.  The  fru:r  ;   which   r:  i   England   in  favour 

ieafons. 

"  This  tree  might  well  be   introduced  from   Et 
in:  anil  very   agree- 

le.** 

PLAXE-TRI 
i.  Eaftern  Plane-tree.     (Plaranus  Orientalis.)     Var. 

jpapifh  -veri  P.     Leaves  larger  and  not 

deeply  cut. 
z.   Occidental  or  Virginian  P.      (P.   C.  J.) 

•  Eaitcm  Plane-tree. 

i.   Soil. 
">il  near  rivt^ 


PLA.  153 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed ;  which  makes  the  beft  trees. 

b.  By  layers ;  thefe  will  take  root  in  one  year,  and  then 
mould  be  planted  in  a  nurfery  for  two  or  three  years. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  The  younger  they  are  planted  where  they  are  to  re- 
main, the  better  they  will  thrive. 

b.  Has  grown  in  Cornwall  to  a  very  large  fize. 

3.  Use. 
a.  The  wood  is  as  firm,  and  folid  as  the  beech. 

This  tree  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  introduced  by  the 
great  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,  who  planted  them  at 
Ferulum,  near  St.  Albans. 

Culture,  &V.  of  the  Virginian  Plane-tree. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  Like  the  above,  and  alfo  from  cuttings,  planted  the 
beginning  of  October  in  a  moift  foil. 
2.  Tree. 

a.  The  trunk  perfectly  {trait,  and  nearly  of  the  fame 
fize  to  a  confiderable  height. 

b.  Has  grown  in  England  near  40  feet  high,  and  a  fa- 
thom in  circumference. 

PLANTAIN. 

1.  Ribwort  Plantain  or  Rib-grafs.  (Plantago  Lanceo* 
lata.)  The  feed  of  this  plant  is  frequently  fown  with 
clover,  &c.  in  laying  down  land  for  pafture,  in  the 
following  proportion,  viz.  2  lb.  or  3  lb.  of  ribwort, 
3  lb.  of  red  clover,  4  lb.  of  white  3  and  one  bufhel 
of  rye-grafs  per  acre. 

Cattle  is  laid  not  to  eat  the  leaves  of  this  plant 
alone;  but  to  be  particularly  eager  after  the  heads  when 
in  feed.  They  are  given  to  Linnets,  and  other  fmall 
birds,  in  cages. 

Dr.  Haller,  in  his  Iter  Helveticum,  attributes  the 
extraordinary  richnefs  and  plenty  of  the  milk,  in  fome 
parts  of  Switzerland,  chiefly  to  this  and  two  other 
plants;  viz.  Ladies  Mantle  (Alchemilla  Vulgaris), 
and  the  Muttelina  of  Gefner  and  Camerarius. 

2.  Marine  Plantain.  (Plantago  Marine.)  This  is  cul- 
tivated, and  fown  with  clover,  in  North  Wales  •,  it  is 


254  PLA.     PLO. 

greedily  eaten  by  horfes,  cows  and  fheep,  the  laft  are 
alfo  very  fond  of  the  roots.  The  inhabitants  of  Ice- 
land eat  it. 

The  Ribwort  Plantain;  Yarrow  (Achillea  Millefo- 
lium),  and  Creeping  Tormentil  (Tormentilla  Reptans), 
were  among  the  few  plants  that  preferved  their  vegeta- 
tion in  paftures  during  the  dry  fummer  of  1 800. 
3.  Buckthorn  Plantain  (P.  Ccronopus.)  This  was  for- 
merly cultivated  in  gardens  as  a  fallad  herb,  and  the 
feeds  fown  very  thick  in  March;  but  having  a  rank  dif- 
asreeable  flavour,  it  was  banifhed  on  the  introduction 
of  better  plants.  It  was  alb  in  repute  as  an  antidote 
againft  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog,  but  is  now  partly  fallen 
into  difufe. 

"  The  Narrow-leaved  Ribwort    is  a  vile  weed  in 
the  grounds  of  America — nothing  eats  it." 

PLOUGHS. 

1.  Without  wheels — fuited  to  ftoney  uneven  foils  where 
the  wheel  ploughs  cannot  act, 

a.  Suffolk  iron  plough,  worked  by  two  horfes,  or  two 
oxen,  and  one  man;  fuited  to  heavy  land. 

b.  Rotheram  P.  fuited  to  all  foils. 

c.  Turn-wrift  P.  is  adapted  to  hilly  or  banky  land,  the 
mould  board  turning  fo  as  to  fufFer  the  plough  to  make 
good  work  on  its  return,  and  ftill  lay  the  furrow  down 
the  hill. 

2.  With  one  wheel.  The  advantage  of  wheels  are,  that 
they  keep  the  (hare  at  an  uniform  depth. 

a.  One-wheeled  ploughs  are  to  be  met  with  in  mod 
counties,  of  different  conft.ruCt.ions. 

3.  With  two  wheels. 

a.  Norfolk  P.  the  end  of  the  beam  is  raifed  high;  it  is 
fuited  to  light  foils,  and  is  worked  by  two  horfes  and 
one  man. 

4.  With  two  fhare<=.  The  hxkjkims  the  turfy  and  lays 
jr  in  the  bottom  of  the  former  furrow;  and  the  other 
brings  up  frefh  mould,  in  order  to  cover  the  turf,   by 

.ich  eafy  procefs  the  land  is  immediately  prepared  to 
receive  the  grain,  &c. 


PLO.     PLU.  255 

.1.  f  hefe  have  been  made  by  different  perfons,  and  the 
end  of  the  beam  is  fupported  either  by  one  or  two 
wheels. 

5.  With  a  double  mould  board — ufed  for  earthing  plants 
and  forming  drains. 

6.  Double  Plough,  (fee  plate,  figs.  13.)  This  is  ufed 
in  Roxburgfhire  to  clean  and  earth  turnips,  and  either 
divides  by  means  of  bars  into  2  ploughs,  to  take  the 
earth  from  the  plants  previous  to  hand-hoeing;  or  clo- 
fes,  and  forms  a  fingle  double-moulded  plough  for 
earthing  them  up.  See  the  Farmer's  Magazine,  No. 
IV.  p.  412,  for  a  defcription  of  it. 

The  Reverend  Mr.  Lucas  has  made  an  improvement 
to  the  EfiTex  plough,  by  a  double  fwillyard,  and  double 
foot  chain,  which,  he  fays,  affords  fo  much  additional 
fteadiment,  as  it  is  called,  that  it  will  turn  a  ftraight 
deep  furrow,  40  yards  long,  without  being  touched  by 
the  ploughman. 

PLUM.     (Prunus  Domejiica.) 

1.  Ripening  in  July. — Early  white,  or  Primordium  P. 
Early  black  damafk. 

2.  Ripening  in  Auguft. — Little  black  damafk.  Orleans, 
a  large  round  red  fruit.  Great  damafk  violet.  Green 
Gage.  White  Perdrigon.  Blue  Perdrigon.  Black 
Perdrigon.  Roche  Courbort  (red).  Mirabelle  (green- 
ifh-yellow).     Royal  Red. 

3.  Ripening  in  September. — Queen  Claude  (green), 
Little  ditto  (yellowifh).  Blue  Gage.  Drap  d'Cr,  or 
cloth  of  gold  (bright  yellow).  White  Bonum  Mao-- 
num,  or  egg  plum  (very  large).  Red  Bonum  Mag- 
num, or  great  imperial  (very  large).  Fotheringham 
(large  dark  red).  Brignole  (yellowifh).  Wentworth 
(yellowifh).  St.  Catharine  (yellowifh  amber.)  Chef- 
ton  (blackilh).  Imperatrice,  or  Emprefs  (dark  red). 
Apricot  (large  yellow).  Pear  (whitifh  yellow).  Lit- 
tle green  damafk.  St.  Julian  (dark  violet).  Damaf- 
cene  (dark  blue). — The  four  laft  are  of  an  inferior 
kind. — There  is  another  kind  of  plum,  called  the 
Cherry  P.  valued  chiefly  as  a  curiofity  ;  it  blofibms 
early,  and  is  often  cut  olr  by  the  cold. — In  Yorkfhire 


256  PLU. 

is  a  fpecies  of  plum,  called  the  Wine-Jour,  which  feih 
when  found,  for  i\J.  per  peck;  that  is,  4  guineas  per 
bufhel! 

We  are  indebted  to  John  Tradefcant,  gardener  to 
king  Charles  the  firft,  for  many  kinds  of  our  plums, 
which  he  procured  from  Turkey,  and  other  parts  of  the 
world;  he  alio  introduced  the  Algier  Apricot. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.    Soil. 

a.  Gravelly  light  foil  produces  the  richefr,  but  not  the 
largeft  fruit. 

b.  Strong  foils  fhould  be  lightened  by  a  fandy  or  gra- 
velly mould.      Clay  is  particularly  unfit  for  plums. 

Increased. 
a.  By  grafting  or  budding  on  its  own  (to 

Tree. 

a.  Grows  15  or  20  feet  high;  the  green  gage,  Orleans, 
&:c.  have  a  fpreading  head  like  that  of  the  apple  tree, 
while  fome  of  the  dark  violet  oval  plums  have  their 
branches  ftraiter,   and  more  upright. 

b.  The  Orleans,  green  gage,  and  fome  others,  are  often 
planted  in  the  orchard  manner,  at  25  or  50  feet  dif- 
tance,  and  they,  as  well  as  other  kinds,  as  wall  and 
efpalier  trees,    18  or  20  feet  afunder. 

c.  Produces  fruit  from  the  eyes  of  the  fhoots,  and  on 
fpurs  a-ifing  on  the  fides  and  ends  of  the  branches,  of 
from  two  or  three,  to  many  years  old. 

d.  Pruning. 

(1)  Summer — Should  be  performed  in  June  and  July, 
retaining  only  fome  of  the  regular,  moderate  growing, 
fide  fhoots,  and  main  leaders,  at  full  length. 

(2)  Winter — Retain  at  full  length  all  regular  laft  fum- 
mer  moots,  advancing  below  in  vacancies,  preferving 
all  the  fhort  natural  fpurs  on  the  fides  of  the  branches, 
&c.  but  cut  out  too  long,  fore-right,  projecting  ones, 
old  ragged  fnags  and  (lumps. 

(3)  Standards — Retrench  occafionally  any  very  irregu- 
lar and  fuperabundant  crowding  growths,  very  long 
ramblers,  and  dead  wood,  with  all  fuckers  from  the 
root  and  item,  end  rambling  fhoots  in  the  middle  of 
the  head. 


POL.     POM.     PON. 


257 


e.  Gardeners  haften  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  by  collect- 
ing it  in  bafkets;  and  covering  them  with  nettles. 
4.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit. 

b:  The  wood  is  in  requeft  for  handles  of  knives,  an 
colour  is  improved  to  an  elegant  redn.fs  by  boil. 
lye,  or  with  quicklime  and  urine. 

c.  T.e  bark  is  ufed  by  country  people  to  dye  yello 

POLECATS,    fee  Vermin. 

POMEGRANATE.      (Punica  Granatum). 

Culture j   &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  A  rich  ftrong  foil,  and  a  warm  fituation. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  layers  in  the  fpring,  which  will   take  fufficient 
rooc  in  a  year's  time. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Grows  18  or  20  feet  high. 

b.  Belt  feafon  for  tranfplanting  is  in  the  fpring,  but  may 
be  performed  in  autumn. 

c.  It  is  fo  hardy  as  to  refill  the  fevereft  cold  of  our  cli- 
mate. 

d.  Bears  fruit  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches. 

e.  Pruning  when  trained  as  wall  trees. 

(1)  Summer — Cutting  off  fore-right  moots. 

(2)  Michaelmas — Cutting  out  weak  branches  of  the 
former  year,  and  fhorten  the  ftronger. 

The  branches  to  be  laid  4  or  5  inches  afunder. 

4.  Use. 

it.  The  fruit ;  which  the  tree  often  produces  in  great 
quantities  in  England,  and  of  a  full  nze^  but  not  quite 
fo  well  flavoured  as  the  foreign.  "  The  rind,  a  ftrong 
aftringent,  fixes  or  binds  ink  with  a  glofs  not  removed 
eafily,  and  the  ink  flows  well." 

PONDS. 

I.     HOW    MADE    IX    DRY    PASTURES    FOR    CATTLE. 

a.  After  removing  the  earth  and  forming  a  proper  bafon, 
take  a  auantity  of  lime,  (allies  of  lime  will  anfwer  the 
[  33  3 


2$|  PON. 

lame  purpofe)  and  fpread  the  fame  over  the  whole  fur- 
face,  about  5  inches  thick;  upon  this  bed  of  lime  lay 
a  coat  of  well  tempered  clay,  8  inches  thick ;  this  muft 
be  beat  down  extremely  well  with  wooden  hammers,  to 
prevent  the  clay  from  cracking.  Upon  the  top  of  the 
clay  lay  a  fecond  coat  of  lime,  of  the  fame  thicknefs 
as  the  firft;  the  whole  is  then  paved  or  pitched  ^ 
fmall  ltones,  to  prevent  the  cattle  from  injuring  the 
materials  of  the  pondj  the  chy  will  naturally  hold  up 
the  water,  and  the  lime  prevents  the  worms  from  ftri- 
king  upward,  or  penetrating  downwards  to  injure  the 
clay. 
b.  Situated  (if  pofiiblr)  where  the  corner  of  four  grounds 
meet.  The  pond  mould  be  made  about  20  yards 
fquare,  10  feet  deep  in  the  middle,  and  doping  on  all 
fides.  As  a  fecurity  for  the  water  not  running  out,  it 
mould  be  puddled,  or  fecured  with  clay,  over  which 
muft  be  thrown  loofe  ftones  or  foil,  and  afterwards  a 
pavement.  The  pond  will  fill  by  the  rain  in  winter, 
and  be  repleniftied  by  the  fogs  during  fummer. 

Geefe  are  by  fome  farmers  reckoned  healthful  th 
among  cows;  not,  however,  by  wav  of  fweetening  the 
grals;  but  of  purifying  the  water:  The  idea  feems  to 
be  founded  in  nature;  and  the  practice  may  have  been 
raifed  on  experience;  the  violent  agitation  which  geefe 
and  other  water  fowls,  fometimes  communicate  to  wa- 
ter, may  be  laid  to  be  nature's  procefs,  in  purifying 
flagrant  pools — Such  water  gives  to  the  milk  and  but- 
ter of  cows,  which  drink  of  it,  a  very  bad  tafle. 
1.    For  Fish. 

a.  The  bed  fuuation  is  betwixt  two  hills,  as  near  a  flat 
as  pofiible. 

b.  The  head  to  be  bui!:  with  clay  from  a  foot  or  two 
below  the  furface  of  the  ground,  3  feet  thick,  and 
rammed  down  clofe,  and  Hoped  inwards  ;  the  top  and 
fides  to  be  covered  with  earth — The  befl  time  for  be- 
ginning the  work  is  the  end  of  June,  or  early  in  July. 

c.  To  prevent  an  overflow  of  water  carrying  away  the 
filh  ;  either  place  at  the  end,  grates  with  clofe  bars,  or 
make  channels  of  divtrfion  higher  than  the  current  that 
leads  to  the  pond — The  laft  v.  ill  alfo  be  cf  lei vice  to 
keep  off  the  water,  when  the  pond:  are  laid  dry. 


PON.     POP.  259 

d.  The  fluices  for  emptying  the  ponds  mould  have  vent 
holes  guarded  with  boxes,  perforated  fo  as  water  but 
not  fifh  may  pafs. 

<?.  Small  ponds  of  Handing  water  fliould  be  cleanfcd 
once  in  feven  or  eight  years,  and  left  dry  one  fummer 
— Large  ponds  every  two  or  three  years,  in  Ottober, 
when  the  bottom  may  be  ploughed  and  fown  with  Oats, 
and  the  water  returned  the  Michaelmas  following. 

Where  there  are  two  or  three  ponds  above  each  o- 
cher,  only  one  to  be  drained  at  a  time :  If  the  mud  is 
very  deep,  it  may  be  removed,  but  not  quite  down  to 
the  dead  earth. 
/.  No  trees,  except  ofiers  or  willows,  fhould  grow  near 
the  pond,  as  the  fallen  leaves  and  rotten  wood,  are  per- 
nicious to  the  fifh  j  as  is  water  running  from  hemp, 
dunghills,  ftables,  and  wafh-houfes. 

!  POPLAR. 

1.  White  Poplar.     (Populus  Alba.) 

1.  Trembling  Poplar.     (Populus  Tremula.) 

3.  Black  Poplar.     (Populus  Nigra.) 

4.  Carolina  Poplar.  Linnaeus  makes  this  a  variety  of 
the  Tacamahacca. 

5.  Lombardy  or  Po  Poplar. 

6.  Black  ditto. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  White  Poplar. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Will  thrive  on  a  gravelly  foil,  and  lofty  fituations. 

b.  Flourifhes  in  clay. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  young  trees  mooting  from  the  roots. 

b.  By  cuttings  of  one  or  two  years  growth  planted  in 
rows  3  feet  afunder;  18  inches  in  the  row;  and  1  foot 
in  the  ground ;  in  two  years  they  may  be  planted  out 
— This  will  apply  to  the  other  poplars. 

3.  Tree, 

a.  Of  fo  quick  a  growth,  that  in  fome  fituations  it  will 
attain  to  full  maturity  in  twenty  years. 

b.  Subject  to  warty  excrefcences,  which,  when  large, 
imbibe  moifture  and  bring  on  decay. 


260  POP. 

c.  The  wood  is  white,  foft,  and  ftringy;  and  not  fubje<5t 
ro  rhe  ravages  of  the  worm. 

d.  If  any  of  the  Poplars  are  planted  for  walks,  take  on- 
ly the  male  plants,  for  the  female  will  multiply  fo  faft 
as  to  form  a  nxove  inftead  of  a  walk. 

4.  Use. 
a.  The  wood  makes  good  wainfeoating,  being  but  little 
fubjeel:  to  (well  or  fhrink. — Floors,  laths,  packing  box- 
e1:,  and  turners  wares,  are  made  of  it.  As  it  burns 
flowly,  and  witft  difficulty,  it  is  well  fuited  for  laundry 
floors.     It  alfo  makes  very  good  light  carts. 

Turners,  as  foon  as  they  have  cut  their  work  out 
rorigh,  throw  it  into  boiling  water,  which  directly 
N  :ngs  out  the  fap,  and  then  it  will  keep  its  white  co- 
I01 

Culture,   &c.  of  the  Trembling  Poplar.     (Afpen.) 

1.    Soil. 
'ill  not  grow  well  in  clay;  thrives  in  all  other  foils, 
and  fuccee  Is  beft  in  moift  fituations. 
2.   Increased. 
^5  trees  fhooting  from  the  roots. 
3.  Tree. 
planted,  and  of  fpeedy  growth. 
w  umler  it. 

idy  light,  white,  fmooth,  wool- 
iurabie  in  r]ic  air. 
4.  Use.' 
od  is  ufed  ro  make  pannels  or  pack-faddles, 
ins,  milk  pails,  clogs,  pattens,  &c. 
lis  tree  provrs  to  be  almoft  incorruptible  in  the 
or  humid  ground,  when  it  is  laid  down  without 
ftripped  of  jrs  bark,  and  is  therefore  much  ufed 
•  water  pipes,  and  gutters  under  ground. 

,  &c.  of  the  Black  Poplar. 
1.    Soil. 
a.  Loves  a  moift  black  foil. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  fuckers. 

3.   Tree. 

a.  Grows  rapidly  and  bears  cropping. 

b.  The  wood  is  light  and  foft,  and  not  apt  to  fplinter. 


POP.  161 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  buds  yield  a  yellow  relinous  unguent,  formerly 
ufed  in  medicine. 

b.  Of  the  cotton  down  of  the  feeds  paper  has  been  made. 

c.  The  wood  is  fometimes  ufed  by  turners. 

d.  The  bark  being  light  like  cork,  ferves  to  fupport  the 
nets  of  fifhermen. 

e.  The  roots  have  been  obferved  to  difTolve  into  a  kind 
of  gelatinous  fubftance,  and  to  be  coated  with  a  turbu- 
lar  cruftaceous  fpar,  called  by  naturalifts,  Ofleocolla, 
formerly  much  efheemed  for  bringing  on  a  Callus  in 
fractured  bones. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  Lombardy  Poplar. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Thrives  bed  in  a  dry  foil,  but  will  grow  very   well 
in  a  moift  one. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  Readily  by  cuttings. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Is  of  a  high  towering  fhape,  and  very  quick  growth, 
attaining  in  a  few  years  maturity — One  year's  (hoot 
from  a  pollard  tree  was  S  feet  high. 

b.  The  wood  is  white,  foft,  and  very  foon  decays  in  the 
air,  but  is  more  durable  under  cover. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Flooring  of  granaries  with  the  wood,  preferves  the 
corn  from  the  Wevil :  For  firing,  the  wood  is  little 
inferior  to  deal. 

b.  The  branches  are  ufed  for  making  bafkets,  but  for 
which  purpofe  they  are  too  brittle. 

c.  The  inner  bark  is  a  weak  kind  of  bafs. 

d.  In  Tufcany  it  is  planted  to  fupport  the  common 
vine".      (See  tulip-tree). 

POPPY. 

1.  Opium  Poppy.     (Papaver  Scmniferum.) 

2.  Oriental  or  Eaftern  Poppy.      (P.  Orient  ale. ~) 

3.  Corn  Poppies.     (P.  Rh<eas  &  Dubium.) 

4.  Sprattling  Poppy.  (Cucubalus  Beben.)  A  native 
plant.     The  leaves  have  fomething  of  the  flavour  of 


zoz  POP. 

peas,  and  proved  of  great  ufe  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Minorca  when  the  Locuft  had  deftroyed  the  harveft. 

Culture,  csV.  of  Opium  Poppy. 
i.  Plant. 

a.  Mr.  Jones  of  Enfield  fowed  in  1799  five  acres,  kept 
the  plants  well  weeded  ;  and,  notwithstanding  they 
were  injured  by  unfavourable  weather,  in  May  and 
June,  he  procured  21  lbs.  of  Opium  from  the  Survi- 
ving plants,  and  obtained  abundant  teftimony  of  the 
fuperior  quality  of  it. 

b.  Opium  is  got  by  making  incifions  into  the  heads 
when  come  to  maturity,  and  the  milky  juice  which 
ifTues  from  the  wounds,  is  foon  thickened  by  the  heat 
of  the  fun,  and  is  then  gathered  and  made  up  into 
lumps. 

c.  Grows  wild  in  England  in  uncultivated  places. 

3.   Use. 

a.  Opium  is  a  well  known  drug. 

b.  The  feeds  are  fold  in  the  (hops  by  the  name  of  Maw- 
feed — The  feeds  have  not  the  narcotic  virtues  of  other 
parts  of  the  plant. 

Culture ',  fcff.  of  Eaftern  Poppy. 
1.   Plant. 
a.  This  is  cultivated  in  our  gardens  as  a  flower,  and  is 
increafed  either  by  (ctd  fown  in  September,  or  by  part- 
ing of  the  tools,  being  a  perennial. 

2.  Use. 
4.  The  Turks  eat  the  heads  by  way  of  delicacy  when 
they  are  green,  though  very    acrid,    and   of    a   hot 
taft'e. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Corn  Poppies, 
1.  Plant. 
Thefe  two  forts  of  Poppies  grow  wild  among  corn. 
1.  Use. 
a.  Sheep,  Goa's,  and  efpecially  Hogs,  are  very  fond 
of  thefe  plants.      Sheep   and  Hogs  have    been  even 
turned  into  the  field  to  clear   the  corn  of  them.     In 
Berkfhire,  where  they  are   called  Rediveed,  the   inha- 
bitants pull  them  to  feed  their  fwine  at  home  ;  and  it 
is  faid  'hat  they  v/ill  increafe  fo  much  the  milk  of  a 


POP.     POT.  ib3 

Sow,  as  to  enable  her  to  bring  up  a  litter  of  fucking 
pigs  for  the  marker,  with  very  little  other  help. 

b.  Rabbits  thrive  equally  well  on  thefe  plants,  for  whom 
they  have  been  pulled  up  when  in  flower,  and  made 
into  hay. 

c.  The  flowers  of  the  P.  Rhxas  are  ufed  medicinally. 

d.  In  fome  parts  of  France  they  eat  poppy  oil,  drawn 
from  the  feeds  in  their  fallets,  without  any  ill  effects — 
The  wild  poppies  of  France  are  the  fame  as  thole  that 
grow  in  our  own  fields. 

POTATOE.     (Solanum  Tuberojum.) 

i.  Aylefbury  White,  moitly  planted  for  the  table. 

2.  Ox-noble,  cultivated  for  cattle ;  planted  as  late  as 
April  in  gardens. 

3.  Surinam. 

4.  Red ;  not  fubject  to  the  curl — This  kind  is  faid  to 
have  borne  better  for  the  beds  being  nearly  covered 
with  (tones,  bricks,  &c. 

5.  Kidney. 

6.  Howard,  or  Cluttered  Potatoe  :  a  very  productive 
and  hardy  fort. 

7.  Red  American  Kidney  Potatoe.  Diftinguifhed  by 
its  good  qualities,  and  large  quantity  of  its  produce. 

8.  Chinefe — A  very  productive  fort  -,  the  roots  whitifh, 
8  or  10  inches  long,  and  of  a  (lender  fhape ;  keeps 
good  till  Midfummer ;  as  the  roots  fpread  they 
ihould  not  be  planted  clofe  ;  are  not  fubject  to  the 
curl. 

9.  Altringham  Early  White  ;  never  blows.  The  early 
Potatoe  is  fuppofed  by  fome  to  be  a  diftinct  fpecies. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  late  Potatoes. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  The  beft  a  ftrongim  loam  not  quite  approaching  to 
clay. 

b.  On  boggy  ground  potatoes  are  not  fubject  to  the 
curl. 

c .  Sheltered  by  woods  and  hedges  are  more  fubject  to  be 
blighted  than  in  expofed  fituations. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  From   feed — This   is  got   by  hanging    the   apples, 


POT. 

crabs,  or  oukl.  re  varioufly  called)  in  Octo- 

ber in  a  warm  D  Chriftmas;  then  wafti  out  the 

feeds,  fpread    i  them  on  paper,  and    preferve 

them  from  damps  till  March  or  April,  when  they 
fhould  be  fown. 

From  the  feed  of  one  plant,  Potatoes  are  often  pro- 
duced, in  fhape  and  colour  relembling  all  the  varieties 
nov. 

Seed  Potatoes  do  not  blow  till  the  third  year. 

b.  From  cut  roots,  each  having  one  or  two  eyes. 

Some  advife  their  being  cut  a  week,  before  planting. 
It   requires   10  bufhels   and  a  half  to    plant  an    acre 
j   and   37    buihels  and  a  quarter  of 
whole. 

c.  From  whole  potatoes — Small,  as  being  riper,  are  by 
many  preferred  to  i-rge;  even  though  no  bigger  than 
peas.  Putrefaction"  does  not  always  erifue  with  whoje 
DOtaroes. 

e  eyes  or 

Three  kinds  of  icoops  have  been  invented  for  cut- 

tki  >uti  one   refemblcs  the    half  of  a   bullet- 

mould,  another  a  cheefe  knife,  and  a  third  has  a  fhort 

cu:  :hc  laft.  is  reckoned  the  bed ;   (fee  plate, 

ng.  15.)  When  the  eyes  are  cut  out  at  a  feafon  of  the 

it  would  be  improper  to  \cz  them,  they  are 

to  be  laid  on  a  dry  table  or  floor  for  48   hours,   by 

which  time  the  outfide  of  the  icooped  part  will  become 

v  and  covered  with  a  faccarinc  powder,  after  which 

Treated  like  the  earlv  Lancashire  potatoe  s 

the  :.u!d  be  planted  clofer  than  lets. — The 

ving  upon  large  potatoes  has  been  ei  ar  upwards 

or"  upon  fmall   at   leait  one-fourth; 

been  rcC- 
only  about  half ;  the  produce  from  tl 
gre... 
e.  From   t 
anv 

rom  potatoes  left   in  the 
.ant  put 

oni  the  main  ones,  ever,  if  open- 
ir   wdl.     When  a  crop  fails 


POT.  i6$ 

in  part,  amends  may  ftill  be   made  by  laying  a  little 
dung  upon  the  knots,  and  covering  them  with  mould ; 
when  each  knot  will  produce  potatoes. 
3.   Plant. 

a.  Should  be  changed  every  year. 

b.  Not  to  be  planted  deeper  than  4  inches  and  a  half. 

c.  Planted  from  March  till  May  or  evtn  June. 

The  early  planted  are  the  moft  mealy  and  bed.  tafted; 
the  late  the  fureft  crop,  as  they  run  no  rifk  of  being 
injured  by  the  froft. 

d.  Hand-earthed  three  or  four  times  ;  or  hand  and 
horfe-earthed  once  each. 

<?.  Pieces,  planted  18  inches  fquare — Whole,  3  feet  or 
2  feet  and  a  halfl 

f.  Set  at  12  or  14  inches,  and  the  rows  13,  which  gives 
room  for  the  horle-hoe.  Set  1  foot,  rows  2  feet  afun- 
der. 

g.  Various  methods  of  planting  in  beds,  &c. 

(1.)  The  earth  dug  12  inches  deep,  after  this,  a  hole 
inould  be  opened  about  6  inches  deep;  horfe-dung, 
or  long  litter  mould  be  put  therein,  about  3  inches 
thick ;  this  hole  mould  not  be  more  than  12  inches 
in  diameter;  upon  this  dung  or  litter,  a  whole  potatoe 
mould  be  planted,  upon  which  a  little  more  dung 
fhould  be  fliook,  and  then  the  earth  mud  be  put 
thereon  ;  in  like  manner  the  whole  plot  of  ground 
muft  be  planted  j  taking  care  that  each  potatoe  be  at 
lead  16  inches  apart.  They  muft  be  twice  earthed. 
(2.)  Where  weeds  much  abound  and  have  not  been 
cleared  in  the  winter,  a  trench  may  be  opened  in  a 
ftraight  line  the  whole  length  of  the  ground,  and 
about  6  inches  deep  ;  in  this  trench  the  potatoes  fhould 
be  planted  about  10  inches  apart;  (cuttings  or  fmall 
potatoes  will  do  for  this  method) ;  when  they  are 
laid  in  the  trench,  the  weeds  that  are  on  the  furface 
may  be  pared  off  on  each  fide,  about  to  inches  from 
it,  and  be  turned  upon  the  plants;  another  trench 
mould  then  be  dug,  and  the  mould  that  comes  out  of 
it  turned  carefully  on  the  weeds.  It  muft  not  be  for- 
go^ that  each  trench'ihould  be  regularly  dugx  that  the 
potatoes  may  be,  throughout  the  plot,  10  or  12  inches- 

[  34] 


266  POT. 

from  each  other;  they  fhould  be  twice  hoed,  and  earth- 
ed up  in  rows. 

(3.)  A  good  crop  may  be  obtained  by  laying  pota- 
toes upon  turf,  at  about  1 2  or  14  inches  apnrr,  and 
upon  beds  of  about  6  feet  wide;  on  each  fide  of  which 
a  trench  fhould  be  opened  about  3  feet  wide,  and  the 
turf  that  comes  from  thence,  fhould  be  laid  with  the 
graffy  fide  downwards  upon  the  potatoes;  a  fpit  of 
mould  fhould  next  be  taken  from  the  trendies,  and  be 
fpread  over  the  turf,  and  in  like  manner  the  whole  plot 
of  ground  is  to  be  treated.  When  the  young  fhoots 
appear,  another  fpit  of  mould  from  the  trenches  fhould 
be  ftrewed  over  the  bed.s,  fo  as  to  cover  the  fhoots.  It. 
will  be  right  to  remark,  that  from  the  fame  ground  a 
much  better  crop  of  potatoes  may  be  obtained  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

(4.)  Planted  in  beds  5  feet  wide,  intervals  or  alleys  3 
feet,  dug  and  thrown  on  the  bed,  and  the  fets  1  foot 
apart. 

b.  Planted  with  the  plough. 
(1.)  Beginning  of  April  draw  furrows  with  a  double- 
breafted  plough,  at  about  2  feet  8  inches  diftance  from 
each  other,  in  which  the  potatoe  fets  are  to  be  dropped 
by  hand,  at  the  diftance  of  from  t  2  to  15  inches,  and 
covered  by  fplitting  the  ridges  with  the  plough;  when 
the  weeds  appear  in  great  abundance,  a  final]  common 
one-wheeled  plough  is  paft  up  and  down  each  fide  of 
the  rows;  this  operation  raifes  high  ridges  in  the  inter- 
vals between  the  rows;  when  the  weeds  appear  again, 
the  double-breafted  plough  pafTes  again  between  the 
rows. 

(2.)  Planted  upon  every  furrow  at  the  diftance  of  10 
inches,  and  about  4  inches  deep;  to  be  once  hoed  and 
moulded  up. 

7.  When  cultivated  on  a  fmall  fcale,  potatoes  are  taken 
up  with  a  three-pronged  fork,  with  flat  tines — On  a 
large  fcale,  with  a  plough,  the  coulter  being  fir  ft  ta- 
ken out  that  it  may  not  cut  them;  when  thofe  that  ap- 
pear to  view  are  picked  up,  a  pair  of  drags  is  run  over 
the  whole,  which  feparatcs  and  expofes  the  potar< 
that  happen  to  adhere  to  the  clods. 


POT.  267 

Should  be  taken  up  in  dry  weather. 

k.  How  kept  out  of  doors. 
(1.)  When  fuffieiently  dry  they  are  to  be  put  together 
in  heaps,  in  the  ihape  of  a  roof  of  a  building,  cover- 
ed clofely  wirh  ftraw,  drawn  ftraight  and  to  meet  from 
each  fide  in  a  point  at  the  top,  about  fix  inches  in  thick- 
nefs,  and  thin  covered  with  mould,  clofely  compacted 
together,  by  frequent  application  of  the  fpade ;  fome 
make  holes  in  the  mould,  at  the  fides  and  top,  as  deep 
as  the  ftraw,  for  the  air  to  efcape  which  arifes  from  the 
fermentation;  after  the  fermentation  has  ceafed,  the 
holes  are  doled  to  prevent  the  effects  of  froft  or  rain. 
(2.)  The  greater  part  of  the  potatoes  put  in  a  large 
hole,  lined  with  ftraw,  and  roofed  as  above;  and  alfo 
thatched  with  ftraw  or  the  haulm  of  the  potatoe. 

If  frozen,  they  fhould  be  put  into  cold  water,  which 
will  reftore  them ;  but  if  put  fuddenly  into  hot  water, 
they  will  be  deftroyed. 

/.  Potatoes  are  fubject  to  a  difeafe  called  the  Curl. 
(1.)  Suppofed  to  arife  from  one  or  more  of  the  follow- 
ing caufes,  either  fingly  or  combined :  1 .  By  froft,  ei- 
ther before  or  after  the  fees  are  planted — 2.  From 
planting  fets  from  large  unripe  potatoes — 3.  From 
planting  too  near  the  furface,  and  in  old  worn  out 
ground — 4.  From  the  firftfhoots  of  the  fets  being  bro- 
ken off  before  planting,  by  which  means  there  is  an 
incapacity  in  the  planta  Jeminalis  to  fend  forth  others 
fuffieiently  vigorous  to  expand  fo  fully  as  they  ought — 
and  5.  To  a  white  grub  or  infect  feeding  on  the  roots. 
(2.)  it  is  alfo  imputed  to  ferting  potatoes  grown  in  ve- 
ry rich  and  highly  manured  land;  and  to  earthing  very 
high. 

(3.)  Dr.  Darwin  fuppofes  it  to  be  owing  to  too  long 
continuing  to  increafe  them  from  cutting. 

To  prevent  the  curl,  it  has  been  advifed  to  fteep  the 
fets  in  a  brine,  made  of  W  hitters'  allies,  for  two  hours. 
Deep  letting  is  always  recommended ;  and  fait  is  laid 
to  be  che  beft  preventative  againft  the  grub  or  infect. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  early  Potatoe. 

1.  The  Altringham  (in  Chefhire)  white. 

a.   Planted  in  January,  or  as  foon  as  the  earth  is  dry, 
and  the  weather  mild. 


268  POT. 

b.  Planted  in  October,  and  if  there  come  any  fevere 
froft,  without  fnow,  they  are  covered  with  peas  haulm, 
ftraw,  or  other  light  covering.  The  whole  crop  is  crflg 
up  in  May,  and  another  fort  immediately  put  in,  which 
is  dug  up  in  October  following.  New  potatoes,  of  the 
firft  crop,  have  been  brought  to  table  in  April. 

2.  Method  of  raifing  early  potatoes  in  Lancalhire. 

a.  Early  Iced  potatoes  are  in  fome  places  planted  upon 
the  fame  ground  from  which  a  crop  has  been  already 
taken,  and  which  after  having  got  up,  about  Novem- 
ber are  immediately  cut  up  into  fetc,  and  prefervtd  in 
oat-fhells  or  faw  duft,  where  they  remain  till  March, 
when  they  are  planted;  after  having  taken  off  one  fprit, 
it  is  to  b-  planted  with  another  of  lufficiem  length  to 
appear  above  ground  in  the  fpace  of  a  week. 

b.  Another  and  more  approved  method,  is  to  cut  the 
fets  and  put  them  on  a  room-floor,  where  a  ftrong  cur- 
rent of  air  can  be  introduced  at  pleafure;  the  lets  laid 
thin,  viz.  about  two  lays  in  depth,  and  covered  with 
the  like  materials,  ((hells  or  faw  duft)  about  2  inches 
thick;  this  fcreens  them  from  the  winter  frofts,  and 
keeps  them  moderately  warm,  cauHng  them  to  vege- 
tate; but  at  the  fame  time  admits  air  to  ftrengthen 
them,  and  harden  their  fhoots,  which  they  improve  by 

-ning  the  doors  and  windows  on  every  opportunity 
of  mild  foft  weather;  they  frequently  examine  them, 
and  when  the  moots  are  fprung  an  inch  and  a  half  or 
two  inches,  they  carefully  remove  one  half  of  their  co- 
vering with  a  wooden  rake,  or  with  the  hands,  taking 
care  not  to  difturb  or  break  the  (hoots:  In  this  manner 
they  remain  till  the  planting  feafon,  giving  them  all 
the  air  pofTible  bv  the  doors  and  windows,  when  it  can 
be  done  fafely  from  froft;  by  this  method  the  (hoots  at 
the  top  become  green,  leaves  are  fprung,  and  mode- 
rately hardy.  They  are  planted  in  rows  in  the  ufii.il 
method,  by  a  fetting-ftick,  and  the  cavities  made  by 
the  fetting-ftick  carefully  raked  up;  by  this  method 
they  are  enabled  to  bear  a  little  froft  without  injury. 
The  earlieft  potatoe  is  the  iuperfine  white  kidney;  from 
this  fort,  upon  the  fame  ground,  have  been  railed  four 
crops;  having  fets  ready  from  the  repofitory,  to  put  in 
as  loon  as  the  other  were  taken  up ;  and  a  fifth  crop  is 


POT.  269 

fometimes  raifcd  from  the  fame  land  of  winter  lettuce. 
3.  Near  Penzance  in  Cornwall,  two  crops  are  got  in  a 
year;  by  planting  the  kidney  P.  about  Chriftmas  or  a 
few  weeks  before  it,  and  whkh  they  draw  in  May; 
and  plant  in  the  fame  ground  the  apple  P.  They  are 
enabled  to  do  it  owing  to  the  mildnefs  of  the  climate. 
4.  Use. 

a.  A  valuable  root  at  our  tables. 

When  potatoes  were  firft  introduced  into  this  king- 
dom, about  the  latter  end  of  the  16th  century,  they 
were  roafted  under  the  embers,  and  eaten  with  fack  and 
fugar,  or  baked  with  marrow,  fugar  and  fpices,  or  can- 
died by  the  comfit  makers;  in  all  which  ways  of  dref- 
fing  they  were  reckoned  delicate  meat.  The  poor  then 
eat  them  raw  ;  though  they  are  in  that  date,  in  a  verv 
fmall  degree,   poifonous. 

b.  For  making  bread. 

The  lofs  of  weight  in  the  baking,  and  the  time  and 
delicacy  of  the  procefs,  makes  it  far  from  eligible  ceco- 
nomy  for  the  poor.  Dr.  Cuthbert  Gordon  has  difco- 
vered  a  method  of  making  flour,  or  meal  of  potatoes, 
that  keeps  found  for  any  length  of  time,  (being  imper- 
vious to  the  air)  which,  together  with  the  bread  there- 
of, is  grateful  to  the  tafte. 

c.  Cheefe  is  made  in  Germany  of  potatoes  in  the  follow- 
ing manner — The  bed  mealy  P.  are  felecled,  and  half 
boiled  in  (team;  as,  by  burfting,  their  flavour  and  ef- 
ficacy are  diminifhed :  when  cool,  th&y  are  peeled,  and 
finely  grated,  or  beat  into  a  pulp  with  a  wooden  peftle; 
three  parts  of  this  foft  mafs,  and  two  parts  of  fweet 
curd,  after  exprefling  all  its  whey,  are  kneaded  toge- 
ther, and  allowed  to  (land  two  or  three  days  in  warm 
water,  or  four  or  five  days  in  cold  weather.  The  mix- 
ture is  then  formed  into  fmall  pieces,  like  thofe  of  Weft- 
phalia  cheefe;  dried  in  the  open  air,  being  fhifted 
from  place  to  place  every  day  on  the  board,  in  order  to 
promote  their  maturity. 

d.  As  food  for  horfes. 

To  every  300  lb.  of  potatoes,  warned  and  fteamed, 
is  added  half  a  pint  of  fait,  and  occafionally  a  fmall 
portion  of  fulphur  5  this  quantity  will  more  than  fup- 


*7o  POT. 

port  a  horfc  kept  conftantly  at  work  for  fix  days.  Hor- 
les  thus  fed  will  perform  with  the  greateft  eafe  all  the 
common  labour  of  the  farm,  without  hay  or  oats. 

*.  Bullocks  will  fat  fooner  on  them  than  on  cabbages  or 
turneps;  fame  mix  about  twice  their  bulk  of  cut  hay 
or  draw. 

/.  Cows  fed  on  them  will,  with  one  bufhel  per  day,  and 
a  fmall  quantity  of  hay,  yield  as  much,  and  as  fweet 
butter,  as  with  the  belt  grak. 

g.  Will  fat  fheep. 

b.  Excellent  for  hogs — But  for  bacon  and  hams  four 
bufhel s  of  pea-meal  fhould  be  incorporated  with  four 
bulhels  of  boiled  potatoes,  which  quantity  will  fat  a  hog 
of  i  2  ftone. 

Some  recommend  their  being  given  to  cattle  raw — 
others  boiled — In  Germany  they  are  baked  for  hogs. 

/'.  For  feeding  poultry,  when  boiled. 

k.  The  fkins  may  be  pounded,  and  prefTed  into  excel- 
lent cake,  for  cattle. 

/.  The  (lems  cut  for  cattle.  The  roots  are  faid  by  fome 
to  fcarce  grow  afterwards ;  by  others  not  to  be  inju- 
red. 

m.  As  a  fallow  crop-^-Frees  the  land  at  the  fame  time 
from  weeds,  and  the  quick  grafs. 

n.   The  apples  are  pickled; 

o.  Paper  has  been  made  from  the  haulm. 

The  haulm  is  alio  ufed  as  litter;  and  to  thatch  ho- 
vels. 

p.  It  was  not  uncommon,  till  forbidden  by  law,  to  ex- 
tract a  fpirit  from  them. 

In  an  equal  quantity  of  ground  occupied  by  potatoes, 
and  by  barley;  the  firft  will  yield  more  fpirits  by  fer- 
mentation, than  the  other,  in  the  proportion  of  566  to 
166. 

■j.  It  is  faid,  that  being  malted  and  managed  as  barley, 
-  liquor  like  ale  has  been  prepared  from  them. 

r.  for  making  ltarch;  but  is  inferior  to  common  (larch, 
the  lineo  n  ling  the  ftiffhefs  fo  long,  nor  acqui- 

rin  it. 


POT.    POU.  271 

SPJtflSTl  POTATOE.     (Convolvulus  Battatus.) 

This  plant  grows  very  well  in  the  open  ground,  and 
were  fome  pains  taken  with  it,  would  probably  pro- 
duce potatoes  in  England — The  roots  are  imported 
from  Spain  and  Portugal,  by  the  London  fruiterers, 
who  fell  them  for  fixpence  per  lb. 

"  POTTERY. 

'  The  quantities  ufed  in  country  families,  is  im- 
menfe,  and  all  glazed  with  lead,  a  bad  poiibn,  (lightly 
laid  on.  It  behoves  country  families  to  attend  to  its 
poifonous  effects.  Encourage  laying  on  better  gla- 
zing, or  avoid  the  ufe  of  this  ware." 

POULTRY.     (Phafianus  Gallus.) 

1.  Wild — Thefe  are  fometimes,  though  rarely,  found 
on  moors  in  the  northern  counties  of  Scotland.  The 
colour  is  commonly  red  or  brown,  mixed  with  fpots 
of  white  and  grey  ;  the  colour  of  the  chick  very  much 
refembles  that  of  a  partridge :  Both  cocks  and  hens 
are  round  crefted,  and  often  the  crefts  are  fo  large, 
that  they  hang  over  the  eyes,  and  mud  frequently  be 
clipped ;  the  legs  are  fmooth,  and  fhort  fpurred  -}  their 
eggs  nearly  double  the  fize  of  ordinary  eggs,  and  fo 
hard,  that  when  fet  under  another  hen,  care  muit  be 
taken  to  break  the  fhell,  after  it  is  chipped. 

1.  'Tame. 

a.  The  above  domefticated  :  In  thisilate  the  hen  con- 
tinues to  lay  for  a  long  time,  and  feldom  inclines  to 
hatch.  They  are  more  eafily  fupported  than  common 
fowls,  being  extremely  greedy  of  worms,  &c.  and 
will  leave  their  companions  of  the  dung  hill,  and  in 
fearch  of  worms,  &c.  follow  any  plough  that  may  be 
going  in  the  neighbourhood. 

b.  Crefted — Having  a  tuft  of  feathers,  inflead  of  a 
comb. 

c.  Darking — With  two  toes  behind  inflead  of  one.  A 
large  breed  one  has  weighed  nearly  14  lb. 

d.  Frizzled — The  ends  of  the  feathers  curled  up,  the 
Hem  faid  to  be  linn  and  delicate  ;  a  tender  kind  brought 
originally  from  the  Eaft  Indies. 


QUI. 

e.  Rumplefs — Without  tail  feathers. 
/.  Bantam — With  feathered  legs  and  toes,  a  fmall  race. 
g.  Silk — The  webs  of  the  feathers  are  fo  difunited,  that 

they  appear  like  hairs.     Brought  from  China. 
h.  Ships  bring  fowls  from  the  Eaft  Indies   and  China, 

fome  of  which  have  very  long  legs ;  others  have  black 

bones,  and  lay  light  brown  eggs. 
It  is  to  be    wiftied   fome  captain   of    a  fhip  would 
bring  home  Turkifh  cocks  and  hens,  which  are  defcri- 
bed  as  differing  from  ours;  efpecially  in  the  variety  and 
beauty  of  their  colours. 

Four  or  five  hens  fhould  be  kept  to  one  cock ;  the 
hen  fci*  21  days,  when  hatched,  the  flrongeft  chicks 
fnould  be  taken  away  and  fecured  in  wool,  till  the 
whole  are  hatched,  and  flrong  enough  to  be  cooped  ; 
to  be  fed  at  firft  with  fplit-grots,  and  afterwards  with 
tail  wheat ;  the  befl:  food  for  grown  fowls  is  barley ;  to 
fatten  them,  barley  or  wheat-meal  and  milk. — As  it 
requires  a  great  deal  of  food  to  fatten  cock  chickens, 
jt  would  be  mod  advifable  to  cut  them  for  capons. — 
Wherever  poulrry  abounds,  its  influence  is  confiderable 
in  keeping  down  butchers'  meat. 

The  eggs  of  thefe  fowls,  and  alfo  of  thofe  of  the 
turkey,  have  lately  been  hatched  in  England  by  an 
artificial  heat. — It  is  fuppofed  that  ducks  would  be  more- 
eafy  to  raife,  when  thus  hatched;  the  rearing  of  their 
chickens  is  attended  with  many  difficulties. 
j.  Guinea  Hens,   fee  page   149. 

QUICKSET.     (Crataegus  Oxyncantha.) 

}.  Varies,  with  the  leaves  and  fruit  larger;  or  large 
fcarlet  Hawthorn,  or  Quickfer. 

2.  With  double  hloffoms,  and  fmaller  fruit. 

3.  Blofibming  twice  a  year;  once  of  which  is  near  or 
at  Chriftmas.     Called  the  GL'Jionbury  Thorn. 

With  white  berries;  formerly  grew  at  Bampton  in 
Oxford  (hire. 

i.  Seed. 
a.   The  berries  to  be  buried  one  year  in  beds  or  pots  of 
land  before  they  are  planted. 


QUI.  273 

Four  buihels  to  be  fown  in  an  acre. 
1.  Tree. 

a.  Planted  on  the  flat  of  a  bank ;  or  on  the  front  or 
dope  of  it. 

b.  Planted  in  a  fingle  row  from  6  inches  to  a  foot  afun- 
der. 

c.  Planted  in  two  rows,  as  •.•.•.•.•.•.  » 

d.  In  ibme  parts  of  Scotland  in  a  barren  foil,  and  expo- 
fed  rituation,  it  is  common  to  plant  a  third  or  fourth 
part  of  beeches,  intermixed  with  the  thorns ;  the  for- 
mer being  found  to  be  a  hardier  and  more  thriving 
plant  than  the  latter,  and  confequently  better  adapted 
to  ihelter  a  ftormy  country,  as  well  as  to  ftrengthen 
the  fence. 

e.  Hedge  and  wall — This  is  performed  by  building  a 
{lender  wall  about  3  feet  high,  immediately  before  and 
clofe  to  the  row  of  young  thorns,  rifing  to  the  height 
of  18  inches  above  the  level  on  which  thefe  are  plant- 
ed, and  compofed  of  dry  (lone,  in  fome  cafes  pointed 
with  lime  ;  it  affords  a  complete  fneker  to  the  young 
plants,  and  as  thefe  grow  up,  their  branches  project 
over  the  wall,  and  being  trained  upon  a  line  with  it, 
the  united  effect  of  both  is  to  form  a  fence  imper- 
vious to  every  kind  of  cattle,  even  to  dogs  and  leffer 
anim.ls. 

This  fence  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  road  fides. 

/.  Planted  both  in  the  fpring  and  autumn. 
1.  Four  or  five  years  old  with  flrong  clean  ftems,  are 
always  to  be  preferred  to  thofe  that  are   younger  and 
fmaller. 

1.  In  fome  places  fences  are  made  by  grubbing  up 
quicks  in  the  woods  and  coppices  of  the  length  of 
4.  or  5  feet;  they  are  planted  in  November  or  March. 

g.  To  fill  up  gaps  ;  bend  down  (hoots  of  half  a  yard 
or  1  feet  long,  and  where  room  permits  make  a  hole 
in  the  bank  with  a  (hovel,  in  which  the  (hoots  are 
to  be  tied  down  with  hooked  (licks  and  covered  over 
with  earth,  where  they  will  take  root  and  form  a  new 
hedge. 

b.  Cut  down  to  the  ground  to  make  the  edge  thick  at 
bottom — Trimmed  to  a  point  at  top  makes  them  thick 

[  35  ] 


274  QlJf. 

at  bottom  ;  if  trimmed  with  an  indrument'like  a  reap- 
hook  with  a  long  handle,  a  man  will  do  a  great  quan- 
tity in  a  day. 

As  trees  fcarcely  grow  after  the  foldice,  Linnaeus 
advifes  that  hedges  fhould  not  be  clipped  after  that 
time. 

/'.  Defended  from  cattle — i,  with  pod  and  rails. — 2. 
with  a  double  or  fingle  dead  hedge,  in  the  latter  cafe 
the  quickfet  is  wattled  in<-o  it. — 3,  by  warning  the 
young  hedge  with  lime-water — and  4.  the  ha>r  from  a 
raw  hide,  with  all  the  impurities  adhering,  laid  in  fmall 
quantities,  near  the  roots  of  the  thorns,  has  been  found 
iumcient  fecurity  from  the  teeth  of  cattle. 

k.  A  tree  of  this  kind  has  grown  to  9  feet  1^  inch  in 
circumference,   4  feet  from  the   ground  -,   one  arm  of 
which  tree  extended  above  7  yards. 
3.  Use. 

a.  Makes  better  hedges  than  any  other  fhrub  ;  on  ac- 
count of  the  ftiffnefs  of  its  branches,  the  fharpnefs  of 
its  thorns,  its  roots  not  fpreading  wide,  and  its  ca- 
pability of  bearing  the  fevered  winters,  without  in- 
jury. 

b.  The  wood  is  tough,  and  is  formed  into  axletrees, 
and  handles  for  tools. 

c.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  with  copperas,  dyes  black. 

d.  In  Kamjchatca  thp  inhabitants  make  a  wine  of  the 
berries. 

QUINCE.     (Pyrus  Cydonia.) 

Var.      1,  Pear-fhaped.     2,  Apple-fhaped.     3,  Por- 
tugal with  a  tender  pulp.     4,  Eatable,  having  a  ten 
der  pulp,  and  is  fometimes  eaten  frefh. 

Culture,  fcfr. 

1.    Soil. 
a.  Will  thrive  almoft   any    where  ;  but  they  generally 
affect,  a  moid  fituation,  and  are  therefore  often  plant- 
ed along  ponds  and  ditch  fides  in  out  grounds,  &e. 
2.  Increased. 
a.  By  grafting  either  on  its  own,  pear,  or  hawthorn 
dock. 


RAB.  275 

h.  By  cuttings  of  the  young  (hoots  of  the  branches, 
planted  either  in  fpring  or  autumn. 

c.  By  layers  in  autumn,  which  will  be  fit  to  plant  off 
the  following  year. 

d.  By  fuckers  taken  in  autumn. 

3.    Tree. 

a.  Grows  10  or  15  feet  high. 

b.  Is  trained  as  efpalier  at  1 8  or  20  feet  diftance,  or 
planted  as  ftandards  at  20  or  30  feet. 

c.  The  branches  fhould  generally  be  permitted  to  ex- 
tend in  length,  without  fhortening  them  by  pruning  ; 
obferving  only  to  keep  their  ftems  clear  from  fuckers, 
to  cut  off  crofs  branches  and  upright  fnoots. 

d.  Dr.  Hales,  in  his  Statical  efiays,  fays,  he  has  ob- 
ftrvecj  the  canker  produced  in  this  tree  by  rotten  fruit 
being  left  hanging  on  it  all  the  winter. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit,  of  which  is  made  a  marmalade,  &c. 

b.  In  N.  America  they  make  a  wine  or  liquor  of  the 
fruit,  called  Quince-drink ;  and  hkewife  draw  a  plea- 
fant  and  grateful  fpirit  from  it. 

RABBITS. 
1.  Sorts. 

a.  Common  grey  wild  Rabbit. 

The  wool  is  pared  off  the  pelt  as  a  material  for 
hats. 

b.  Silver  haired  wild  Rabbit. 

The  colour  is  a   black   ground   thickly  interfperfed 

with  fingle  white  hairs.     The    fldn  of  this  is  dreffed 

as  a  fur  ;  and  as  the  (kins  fell  for  about  four  (hillings 

a  dozen  more  than  thofe  of  the  common  fort,  it  is   a 

icienc  inducement  for  propagating  it. 

c.  Orchard  Rabbits.  Thefe  are  kept  in  pits  dug  like 
faw-pits,  in  orchards,  &c.  and  lined  on  the  fidea  with 
hoards  or  bricks  ;  and  alio  boarded  at  bottom,  one 
plank  of  which  is  to  be  left  loofe,  ami  fet  on  end, 
for  the  Rabbits  to  burrow  ;  and    to   lerve  for  a   trap 

catch  them  when  wanted.  The  grey  is  the  proper 
kind,  and  grows,  kept  in  this  manner,  to  a  lage 
fize,  and  is  little  inferior  to  the  wild— Mud  be  regu- 

ly  fed. 


c;6  RAB. 

d.  Hutch  Rabbits — Thefe  are  kept  in  cellars,  fee.  in  a 
box  about   b{  feet,  by  i^,  and   2  feet  high,  with  a 
partition  for  the  doe  to  make  her  neft  in;  it  has  a  gra- 
ted door,  and  a  trough  for  dry   food. — Their  food   is 
bran,  grains,  or  oats,   and  cabbage  leaves,  malic 
&rc.     Too  much  of  the  green  food,  especially  if  given 
wet,  occafions  their  having  the  rot,  or  being  beared, 
as  it  is  termed.     If  fed  principally  with  Juniper,  it  will 
give  a  fine  flavour  to  their  flefb,  and  make  it  equally 
good  as  that  of  the  wild  rabbit.     A  frr.all  quantity  of 
milk  is  by  fome  given  to  the  does  when  they  have 
young. 

(i.)  The  hutch  Rabbits  vary  very  much  in  colour, 
as  white  (thefe  have  often  red  eyes),  black,  black 
and  white,  yellow ;  of  the  laft  they  are  always  fe- 
males. 

(2.)  French  Rabbits — Thefe  have  very  long  fine 
hair. 

2.  Warren. 

a.  Land  not  worth  more  than  two  millings  per  acre  p 
better  as  a  warren  than  if  cultivated. 

A  rich  foil  is  a  difadvantage,  as  a  flufh  of  grafs  af- 
ter a  dry  fcafbn,  is  found  to  produce  a  fcouring,  which 
carries  off  great  numbers. 

b.  In  (locking  a  warren,  artificial  burrows  are  in  fome 
places  bored  with  an  auger,  of  a  diameter  large  enough 
to  make  a  burrow  of  a  fufficient  width — Artif.  _ 
burrows  are  made  to  reconcile  the  rabbits  to  the  ground, 
and  to  preferve  them  from  vermin,  until  they  have 
time  to  make  their  own  burrows. 

c.  One  male  is  considered  as  fufficient  for  fix  or  ft 

nales  ;  :  rex  they  can  be  brought  to  that 

proportion,  the  greater  Hock  of  young  ones   may  be 
expected  ;  it  being  the  nature  of  the  males  (a;, 
as  it  may  feem)  to  deftroy  their  young ;  n  ci- 

ally,  perhaps,  when  their  proportional  number  is  too 
great.  The  above  proportion  of  fexes  is  to  be  at- 
tempted by  killing  at  the  clofe  of  the  all 
the  bucks  which  are  taken,  and  turning  loofe  all  the 
does. 


RAD.  277 

d.  Methcid,  in  Gamhridgejhire,  is  famous  for  the  bed 
fort  for  the  table;  the  foil  there  is  fandv,  arid  full  of 
moffes,  and  the  Car  ax  grafs. 

<?.  Faggots  have  been  partly  fubftitiited  for  hay  in  fnow, 
for  rabbits,  the  peal  of  which  they  eat. 

RADISH.     (Raphanus  Sativus.) 

1.  With  a  fpindle  fliaped  root. 

a.  Sallad  Kadilh. 

b.  Short-topped  R.     This  fort  is  fown  for  early  crops. 

c.  Long-topped  R.  Varies  in  the  colour  of  the  root, 
as  a  deep  or  light  red ;  the  laft  called  Salmon  R. 

d.  Naples  R.     Root  white. 

2.  With  a  round  root. 

a.  White  Turnep  R.  Sown  from  March  till  Septem- 
ber. 

b.  Red  ditto. 

c.  Black  Spanifh  R.     Sown  from  July  till  September. 

d.  White  ditto. 

Culturey  C5f.  in  fields. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Two  or  three  gallons  of  feed  per  acre. 

b.  Sown  in  March  on  furrows  made  with  a  two  or  three- 
cheped  plough  about  10  inches  apart. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  As  foon  as  the  plants  appear  every  other  row  is  cut 
up  with  a  horfe-hoe,  leaving  the  rows  20  inches  apart. 
When  the  plants  get  two  or  three  rough  leaves,  they  are 
hoed  out  to  the  diftance  of  from  10  to  15  inches  apart 
in  the  rows,  and  then  kept  clean  by  a  fecond  horfe  and 
hand  hoeing,  if  neceflai  y. 

b.  The  crop  is  feldom  fit  to  reap  till  October,  and  fome- 
times  is  out  in  the  fields  till  near  Chriftmas,  without 
receiving  any  injury  from  the  wet  weather;  it  being 
neceffary  that  it  mould  have  much  rain  to  rot  the  pods, 
that  it  may  threlh  well. 

'3.   Use. 
?.  The  radifh  is  cultivated  in  Kent  for  feed  for  the  Lon- 
m  market. 


27*  RAD. 

Culture,  (?c.  in  gardens. 

i.    Seed. 

a.  Sown  on  Hot-beds  in  January  and  Febri: 

b.  Sown  in  the  open  ground  for  winter  and  early  fpring 
crops. 

(i.)  In  September  among  other  crops;  thefe,  if  not 
deftroyed  by  froft,  will  be  fit  for  ufe  foon  after  Chrift- 
mas. 

(:.)  The  latter  end  of  October,  under  walls  or  other 
fences:  Thefe  will  be  fit  for  ufe  the  beginning  of 
March. 

(3.)  About  Chriftmas.  Thefe  are  not  to  be  quite  fo 
much  fheltered  as  the  laft,  and  covered  with  clean 
draw ;  will  be  fit  to  draw  the  end  of  March,  or  begin- 
ning of  April — Rows  of  beans  are  fometimes  planted 
with  this  crop. 

c.  Sown  with  Carrot  or  Spinagefeed;  in  the  former  cafe 
it  fometimes  happens,  that  the  Carrots  fucceed  when 
the  Radifhes  are  cut  off  by  the  froft;  when  both  fuc- 
ceed, it  is  neceflary  to  draw  the  radifties  when  very 
young. 

d.  For  full  crops  once  a  fortnight  from  March  till  Au- 
guft. 

2.   Pl, 
[n  frofty  weather  they  are  to  be  covered  with  clean 
fir  aw,  which  mould  be  raked  off  whenever  the  weather 
is  mild. 

b.  When  they  have  got  five  or  fix  leaves  to  be  hoed  to 
3  inches  if  it  is  intended  to  draw  them  very  young;  if 
not,   to  6  inches. 

c.  For  feed  :  The  beft  roots  to  be  planted  early  in  May, 
in  rows  2  or  3  feet  diftance,  and  the  roots  2  feet  afun- 
der ;  and  watered  till  they  have  taken  root. 

is,  when  ripening,  muft  be  protected  from 
birds. 

The  roots  may  be  preferved  for  ufe  during  winter, 
by  drawing  them  before  the  froft  fcts  in,  and  laying 
them  in  dry  fand. 

3.   I 
a.  The  roo'c  1 

e.  The  top*  boiled  like  fpinage. 


RAP.  279 

RAPE.     (Brafika  Napus.) 

Cidturey  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Will  grow  on  alinoft  any  foil. 

b.  Does  not  impoverifh  land. 

c.  Should  be  ploughed  N.  and  S.  for  the  advantage  of 
fun. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  The  beft  feed  is  large,  black,  and  free  from  red  ones 
— Should  be  kept  very  dry. 

b.  To  be  fown  in  June. 

c .  2  lb.  of  feed  per  acre,  broad  call. 

d.  Should  be  fown  with  two  fingers  and  the  thumb ;  to 
prevent  its  coming  up  in  patches. 

e.  Drilled  1  foot,  or  14  inches  apart. 

/.  The  practice  of  fowing  Rape  and  Turneps  together, 
improper. 

g.  Sown  the  middle  of  June,  and  the  plants  tranfplanted 
the  middle  of  Auguft,  in  ridges  2  feet  afunder,  and  16 
inches  between ;  the  plants  to  be  horfe  or  hand-hoed ; 
and  the  earth  drawn  round  their  Items. — A  rood  will 
raife  fufficient  for  10  acres. — In  the  fpring  this  crop 
may  be  fed  with  fheep. 

b.  The  feed  ripens  from  July  to  September. 

As  the  feed  very  loon  fheds,  it  is  either  threfhed  on 
cloths  in  the  field,  or  carried  to  the  threfhing-floor  in 
little  four-wheeled  waggons  made  with  poles,  and  cloths 
drained  over  them;  the  diameter  of  the  wheels  about 
2  feet;  the  cloth-body  5  feet  wide,  6  long,  and  2  deep; 
and  drawn  by  one  horfe;  the  whole  expenfe  not  more 
than  thirty  or  forty  millings.  This  method  is  ufed  to 
favc  turnep-feed. 

i.  Should  not  be  fown  two  years  running,  on  the  fame 
land. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Succeeds  bed  after  beans,  turneps,  or  cabbages. 

b.  One  acre  of  Rape,  fuppofed  to  be  equal  to  three  of 
turneps. 

c.  Does  not  injure  the  quality  of  the  wool  of  fheep  that 
feed  upon  it. 


23o  RAP.     RAS. 

d.  The  plants  railed  from  The  broad  caft  to  be  hoed  in 
September  to  about  i  footdiftance. 

e.  If  any  fail,  to  be  fupplied  from  other  parts  the  latter 
end  of  Oftober,  or  beginning  of  November. 

/.  To  deftroy  the  flugs  which  feed  voracioufly  on  the 
young  plants;  drew  over  them  a  mixture  of  Hacked 
lime  and  wood-aihes;  10  bufliels  of  lime  and  15  of 
afhes  will  do  for  an  acre. 
g.  Will  produce  frefh  leaves  after  the  firft  are  eat  off. 
In  Effex  they  feed  it  off  with  hogs,  and  then  let  it 
(land  for  a  crop. 

4.  U 

a.  The  (ccd  furnifh  a  large  quantity  of  exprelfed  oil, 
called  Rape  Oil — After  the  oil  is  expreffed,,  the  feeds 
are  ufed  to  fatten  oxen,  and  manure  land. 

0:l-cakes  are  apt  to  render  the  fat  yellow  and  rank; 
to  remedy  this,  the  cattle  fhould  be  fed  with  dry  fod- 
der for  a  fortnizht  or  three  weeks  before  they  are  kil- 
led. 

b.  Affords  winter  food  for  cattle,  and  is  the  mod  fatten- 
ing of  any  winter  food  for  (heep;  it  is  fown  alfo  for 
feeding  fheep  and  ewes  in  the  lpring. 

c.  The  draw  and  chaff  burnt  for  the  afhes;  which  are 
as  valuable  as  the  belt  pot-afhes. 

d.  When  the  draw  is  flrong  it  is  ufed  for  inclofing  fen- 
ces in  farm-yards;  and  is  always  excellent  for  littering 
the  draw-yards,  cow-fheds,  and  the  dall-fed  cattle, 

RASPBERRY. 
1.  Common  Rafpberry    (Rubus  Id.vus.) 
a.  With  red  fruit. 
.  u.  With  black  fruit. 

1.  With  white  fruit;   fleeter  than  the  red. 

d.  Double  bearing;  the  firft  crop  ripens  in  July,  and  the 
fecond  in  October;  but  thofe  of  the  latter  feafon  have 
fcklom  much  flavour. 

e.  Cane-rafpberry. 

/.  Without  prickles.     This  produces  but  few  fruit 
thofe  frnall. 

2.  \  1  flowering  Rafpberry  (R.  Occidentalh.) 
This  is  cultivated  more  for  its  flower  than  fru 

3  little  flavour. 


\ 


REE,  281 

Culture,  &c. 

i.    Soil. 
a.  The  bed  a  frefli  ftrong  loam. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  fuckers. 

£.  By  layers ;  trees  from  thefe  have  better  roots,  and 
are  not  fo  liable  to  fend  out  fuch  numerous  fuckers 
as  the  former. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Planted  2  feet  afunder,  in  rows  4  or  5  feet  apart — 
New  plantations  fhould  be  made  once  in  three  or  four 
years;  and  planted  in  March  or  October. 

b.  In  July  clear  off  draggling  fuckers  between  the 
rows,  to  admit  the  fun  and  air  to  the  fruit. 

c.  In  October  cut  out  the  dead  moots,  lad  fummer's 
bearers ;  and  thin  the  young  fhoots  to  three  or  four 
each  flock  ;  and  prune  them  at  top,  at  about  4  feet 
high. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit;  of  which  is  alfo  made  a  jam,  and  wine. 
The  juice,  or  a  fyrup  of  the  wild  fruit,  is  ufed  as  an 
agreeable  acid  for  making  punch,  inftead  of  oranges 
or  lemons  ;  and  the  didilled  water  is  cooling,  and  very 
beneficial  in  fevers. 

REED. 

1.  Common  Reed.  (Arundo  Phragmites.)  An  ex- 
cellent covering  for  barns  and  (tables,  as  it  will  pre- 
ferve  the  roof  twice  as  long  as  tile.  Screens  arc  made 
of  it  to  keep  off  the  cold  wind  in  gardens  ;  and  they 
are  laid  acrofs  the  frame  of  wood  work  as  the  founda- 
tion for  plaider  floors. 

The  inhabitants  of  Lapland   ufe  the  panicle  to  dye 
cloths  a  yellowim  green  colour. 

2.  Sea  Reed.  (Arundo  Arenaira.)  It  grows  only  on 
the  very  dried  land  upon  the  fea  fhore ;  and  it  pre- 
vents the  wind  carrying  the  fand  from  the  fhore,  and 
difperfmg  it  over  the  adjoining  fields ;  which  is  not 
unfrequently  the  cafe  where  this  reed  is  wanting.  Ma- 
ny a  fertile  acre  hath  been  covered,  with  unprofitable 
(and,   and  rendered  entirely  uielefs,  which  might  have 

E  36  !•" 


282  REN. 

been  prevented  by  Towing  the  feeds  of  this  plant  up- 
on  the   lho  e.     It  is  u  ed  for  thatching;  for  :. 
ropes ;  and  when  bleached,  for  ir 

Qjeca  El  z  icrs  to  fuch  of  herfub- 

jefti  .via  lived  on  findy   more-  :ed  the 

ex 

Fortunes  which  have  fincc  happened,    of   having 
the  parifh  buried  in  tnc  un  rage  of 

the  tor, 
3.   Reed-Grafs.      (Poa    Aquatica.*)      Is    an    ex- 
uk  or  brooks. 

Tne  Dutch   fow  Sea   Mattgrafs,  (Nardus 
on  their  Gind  banks,  that  the  fand  may  not  overwhelm 
the  neighbouring    p.irts.     And    the   London    Society 
for  the   encouragement  of  Arts,  &c.  allure   1 
have  been  credibly  informed,  that  land  has  been  gained 
on  the   coaft  of  Holland,  by   fixing    rows    of  whifps 
of  draw  upright  in  the  fand,  about  a  foot  diftant  from 
each   other,  or  by  fixing  ftak.es   at   proper    diftar 
from  each  other,  and   wactiu  -bands   between 

the  m. 

RENNET. 
Used  int  mak: 

1.  Gloucefter  Cheefe — To  two  gallons  of  water,  made 
fait  enough  to   bear  an   egg,  add  one  pennyworth  of 
mace — one  pennyworth  of  cloves — a  handful  of  f 
briar  and  hawthorn   buds — a  fmall  quantity  of  allum 
(about  the  bulk  of  a  fmall  walnut)  the  fame  quani 
of  fal  prunellas — a  fmall  quantity  of  cochineal  (a  fmall 
"  pinch,"  the  bulk  of  half  a  hazle  nut) — and,  if  tc 
had,  Euro  or  three  bay  leaves.      Pound  the  allum, 
prunel,  Sec.  and,  having  mixed  the  feveral  ingredients 
with  the  fait  and  |dd  five  veils ;  or,  if  fmall, 
fix  or  feven.     In  about  ten  days  the  R . 

for  ufe. 

Cheefe   (and  that   as  good    as  any  ether  mac: 
the  county)  h  1  by  putting  the  vellinto 

a  little  cold  water —  :  to  be  u:  jnd 

time. 

2.  Cottenham  Cheefe. — N  tthing  more  is  necefiary  than 
faking  down  the  bags,  in  which  fl  for 


RHU.  283 

twelve  months ;  about  fix  of  thefe  bags  will  make  two 
gallons  of  brine,  ftrong  enough  to  fufpend  a  new  laid, 
egg,  which  being  put  into  ajar,  is  fit  for  ufe  in  about 
a  month,  when  a  gill  of  it  to  every  four  gallons  of 
new  milk,  or  warmed  as  from  the  cow,  is  fufficient  : 
The  milk  mould  be  of  the  fame  age  or  mea!,  and 
much  depends  upon  breaking  the  cuid  with  the  hands, 
for  unlefs  that  is  done  very  completely,  the  whey  can- 
not be  expreffed ;  any  of  which  remaining  in  the 
cheefe,  communicates  a  harfh  fiery  tafte,  produces  blue 
mould,  and  leaves  the  cheefe  full  of  holes,  or  cells; 
like  a  honey-comb. 

It  has  been  obferved  of  the  effects  of  different  rennets, 
that  their  efficacy  reaches  no  farther  than  to  do  away 
the  faintnefs  of  the  veils ;  and  thereby  to  render  the 
rennet  perfectly  fweet. 

RHUBARB. 

1.  True  or  Officinal  Rhubarb.     (Rheum  Palmatum.) 
1.  Common  Rhubarb.     (Rheum  Rbaponticum  )     Has 
been  long  cultivated  in  Englifh  Gardens   for   the  fake 
of  the  foot-ftalks  of  the  leaves,  which  are  frequently 
ufed  for  making  tarts. 

This  and  the  Rheum  Undulatum>  were  at  one  time 
raifed  in  this  country  for  the  true  Rhubarb. — It  is  re- 
markable, that  if  the  Palmatum  and  the  Undulatum 
are  planted  near  each  other,  they  will  probably  pro- 
duce a  mongrel  plant,  the  feeds  of  which  are  not  fer- 
tile. 
Culture,  &c,  of  the  True  Rhubarb. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  fandy  foil,  and  fomewhat  elevated  fituation,  is 
thought  to  be  mofl  proper  for  it. 

The  manure  formed  of  one  part  good  rotten  dung, 
one  part  fifted  coal-afhes,  and  two  parts  lime,  which 
muft  be  previoufly  flacked,  and  mixed  with  a  proper 
quantity  of  mud  or  wafte,  taken  from  a  mill  pond, 
and  often  turned.     To  be  ploughed  in  very  deep. 

b.  At  Suchur,  a  province  of  Tartary,  where  it  flou- 
rifhrs  in  the  greatefl  abundance,  and  from  whence  the 
merchants  carry  it  all  over  the  world,  the  country  is 


2S4  RHU. 

rocky  and  mountainous,  the  foil  red,  with  a  ftratum 
of  fixne  under  ir,  fometimes  boggy,  being  every  where 
interfered  with  numerous  rivulets. 

2.    I.WREA5ED    FROM   SEED. 

c.  Sown  on  an  early  hot-bed;  rhe  plants  to  be  inured 
to  the  weather,  after  having  get  their  firft  leaves  j  in 
Oilober  or  November  they  arc  to  be  transplanted  into 
the  mould  intended  for  the  next  years  hot-bed  ;  and 
the  February  following  planted  in  very  deep  black  gar- 
den mould,  and  treated  like  artichokes. 

b.  Sown   in    the  natural  gound  March  the  16th,   i 
transplanted  where  they  are  to  remain  about  the  20th. 
By  fome  the  feed  is  fown  early  in  February,  and  trans- 
planted when  of  a  fize  that  cabbage  plants  are  fet  out 
for  a  crop. 

c.  The  feed  may  be  fown  where  the  plants  are  to  re- 
main. 

3.  INCREASED  FROM  BUDS,  OR  EVES. 

a.  The  taking  of  thefe  with  a  fmaii  part  of  the  root 
does  not  injure  the  root ;  h^s  the  following  advantages 
over  towing  of  feed  ;  a  year  is  gained  in  the  growth  ; 
is  in  lefs  danger  of  being  eaten  by  vermin  ;  not  fo 
uncertain  of  i.s  g.ow;ng  ;  is  not  fo  tender,  neither 
does  it  wa  '-her  care  than  keep- 
ins  the  ground  clear  of  wee 

b.  The  crowns  of  the  plants  will  produce  tolerable  good 
Rhubarb  in  four  or  five  years,  bu:  not  fo  large  and 
plentiful  as  from  feed. 

_.   Plant. 

a.  Bears  feed  in  three  or  four  years,  which  is  ripe  in 
Oitober. 

b.  If  the  roots  arc  covered  with  l;:ter,  or  the  earth 
drawn  over  them  in  winter,  t:  nfe  the  ftronger 
in  the  fpri: 

;.  Th«  earlicft  period  at  whi  -oors  are  ufeful  is  at 

f0j  but  they  are   fuppofed   to  increafe 

\-\  virtue,  g  in  the  earth  fever,  eight,  ten, 

or  even  twelve 

lit. 

e.  Rckt:  :rs  old  have  weighed  upwards  of  70  lb- 


RHU.  285 

5.  Method  of  curing  the  root. 

a.  At  Suchur  in  Tartary — The  roors  are  dug  up  in 
winter  before  they  put  forth  leaves,  becaufe  they  then 
contain  the  entire  juice  and  virtue  of  the  plant;  the 
root  being  thoroughly  cleaned,  is  cut  tranfverfcly,  and 

.  the  pieces  are  placed  on  long  tables,  and  turned  care- 
fully three  or  four  times  a  day,  that  the  yellow  vifcid 
juice  may  incorporate  with  the  fubftance  of  the  root. 
If  the  roots  are  not  cut  within  five  or  fix, days  after 
they  are  dug  up,  they  become  foft,  and  decay  very 
fpeedily.  Four  or  five  days  after  they  are  cut,  holes 
are  made  through  them,  and  they  are  hang  up  on 
fixings  expofed  to  the  air  and  wind,  but  are  fhekered 
from  the  fun-beams.  Thus,  in  about  two  months, 
the  roots  are  completely  dried,  and  arrived  at  their  full 
perfection. 

b.  In  England — The  roots  are  dug  up  from  fummer 
to  January  ;  in  warm  weather  they  are  dried  in  the 
fhade  ;  in  cold  an  artificial  heat  is  neceiTary,  as  a  hot- 
houfe  or  moderate  heated  oven  ;  if  dried  too  fail,  they 
become  wrinkled  and  horny  ;  if  too  flow,  they  become 
mouldy  and  ufelefs.  When  dug  up  they  are  clean 
warned,  the  f  nail  fibres  cut  off,  and  the  outer  rind 
pared  or  rafped  off";  then  divided  into  pieces  about 
one  ounce  weight,  and  the  middle  cut  out — Laftly, 
they  are  ftrung  on  packthread  to  dry,  none  of  the  pie- 
ces touching  each  other. 

The  rind  for  tinctures  is  full  as  good   as   the  bell 
part  of  the  root. 

It  is  the  practice  of  fome  to  take  the  roots  up  early 
in  the  fpring,  or  in  autumn,  when  the  leaves  are  de- 
cayed ;  the  roots  warned,  and  rubbed  over,  after  be- 
ing rafped  or  filed,  with  a  very  fine  powder,  which  the 
(mail  roots  furnifh  in  beautiful  perfection. 
6.  Use. 
a.  The  ufe  of  Rhubarb,  as  a  drug,  being  well  known, 
it  will  be  fuflic  ent  here  to  eftabliih  the  virtue  of  what 
is  raifed  in  this  kingdom. 

(1.)  Mod  of  the  apothecaries  in  Edinburgh  ufe  Rhu- 
barb raifed  in  Scotland,  (from  Siberian  {t^^l),  and  for 
isveral  years  there  has  been  no  other  ufed  in  the  Royal 


«86  RIC. 

Infirmary  there.  When  a  found  root  of  this  is  weli 
dried,  and  properly  drelfed,  it  is  in  r.c  reflect  inferior 
to  what  comes  from  Ruffia — Opinion  of  Dr.  Hope  of 
Edinburgh. 

(2.)  Rhubarb  raifed  in  Somerfetfhire  was  little  (if  at 
all)  inferior  to  the  beft  brought  from  RufTia,  or  Tur- 
key, and  fully  fufficient  to  P.ipply  the  place  of  foreign 
Rhubarb — Dr.  Falconer  of  Bath. 
(3.)  The  London  Hofpitals,  as  Gvy's,  St.  Tbcmas's, 
and  St.  Bartholomew's,  ali  ufe  the  Rhubarb  grown  by 
Mr.  Jones  at  Enrirld;  and  a  cpmrnitree  ac  .  1  ies 

Hr.ll  have  given  the  moft  deciiive  teftimony  or"  i:s  equal 
excellence  with  the  foreign  <J>rug. 

b.  The  feeds  of  the  ]  plant  contain  the  medicinal 
virtue  oC  the  root  in  an  eminent  degree. 

c.  A  ftrong  infuiion  in  \  ne  of  pieces  of  the  roots, 
not  thick  enough  for  drying,  has  been  given  with  fuc- 
cefs  in  the  dyfentery  in  cattle. 

d.  A  marmalade  \*  made  of  the  recent  item,  and  is  con- 
fidercd  as  a  mild  and  pleai  ;ve,  and  highly  fa- 
lubrious — It  is  prepared  by  (tripping  c  ff  the  baik,  and 
boiling  the  pulp  with  an  equal  quantity  of  honey  or 
fugar. 

e.  The  leaves  give  to  foup  an  agreeable  acidity,  like  that 
of  lbrrel. 

f.  It  is  fuppofed  that  it  would  afford  a  beautiful  red  dye 
— The  hulks  of  the  feeds  of  one  fort  of  Rhubarb  gives 
a  very  fair  and  deep  purple;  and  from  the  underiideof 
the  leaves  and  ftalks  exudes  a  hard  gum. 

RICE.       (Oryza  Sc.irji.) 

The  refult  of  fome  experiments  to  cultivate  Indi3  dry 
or  mountain  Rice,  was,  that  it  will  not  produce  grain 
in  this  climate  ;  but  as  the  quantity  of  the  blade  was 
uncommonly  great,  it  is  not  impo'Tibie  that  it  might  be 
advantageous  to  fow  it  as  food  for  cattle;  for  a  very 
large  proportion  or"  rtock  might  certainly  be  maintained 
upon  an  acre  or 

Though  the  dry  rice  did  not  fucceed,  p<  rhaps,  better 
fuccefs  would  ateend  an  attempt,  to  cultivate  in  England 
the  Spanifh  marfh  rice — Ellis,  in  his  voyage  to  Hudfon's 


ROC.     ROO.     ROS.  287 

bay,  mentions  a  kind  of  wild  rice  growing  in  abundance 
near  our  fettlemcnts,  by  the  fides  of  lakes  and  rivers; 
which  if  cultivated  would  make  good  food. 

ROCAMBOLE.     (Allium  Sccrcdcprafum  ?) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  Delights  in  a  fandy  loam. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  cloves  and  off-fcts  of  the  roots  planted  in  Septem- 
ber, 6  inches  apart. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  The  part  chiefly  made  ufe  of  is  the  heads  of  the 
flower  Item,  compofed  of  many  bulbs,  which  as  foon 
as  they  are  ripe  fnould  be  gathered  and  kept  dry.  The 
roots  are  alio  ufed. 

4.  Use. 

a  This  is  a  mild  fort  of  garlic,  formerly  highly  efteem- 
ed  for  its  high  relifh  in  fauces;  a  fmall  quantity  of  it 
going  further  than  many  onions. 

ROOT- GRAFTING 

Confifts  in  grafting  a  fine  fruitful  branch  upon  a  root 
— The  manner  of  performing  it  is  to  take  a  graft  of  the 
tree  you  defign  to  propagate,  and  a  fmall  piece  of  the 
root  of  another  tree  of  the  fame  kind,  or  very  near  it, 
or  pieces  of  roots  cut  from  fuch  tree  as  you  tranfplant, 
and  whip-graft  them,  binding  them  well  together. 

This  tree  may  be  planted,  where  you  would  have  it 
(land,  for  the  piece  of  root  will  draw  fap,  and  feed  the 
graft;  as  the  (lock  does  in  other  methods. 

ROSEMARY.     (Rofmarinus  Officinalis.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.    Soil. 
a.  Bears  fevere  weather  much  better  in  a  poor  dry  foil, 
than  a  rich  moifl:  one. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  flips  or  cuttings  taken  in  the  fpring  of  the  year, 
juft  before  the  plants  begin  to  lhoot;  thefe  fhould  be 
tranfplanted  where  they  are  to  remain  early  in  Septem- 
ber. 


288  RUS. 

3.  Use. 
a.  The  flowers,  leaves,  and  feeds,  are  ufcd  in  medicine. 
Hungary  water  is  made  of  the  flowers,  dirtilled  with 
reclined  fpirit  of  wine. 

There  are  feveral  varieties,  viz.  the  narrow  leaved 
(the  kind  ufed);  the  broad  leaved;  the  white  and  the 
yellow  ftriped.     (See  pa.  14.) 

RUSHES. 

1.  Destroyed 

a.  By  taking  a  fingle  crop  of  oats  in  the  following  man- 
ner ;   by  ploughing  one  furrow  with  a  good  dit  fling  of 
clung,   harrowed  in,  upon  which  the  crop  of  oats  v 
the  grafs  feed  only. 

With  the  hodding  fcythe.     This  imj  1   is  no- 

thing more  than  a  fhort  ftrong  fcythe;  the  blade  is  a- 
bout  20  inches  in  length,  but  curves  in  a  d.fTerent 
manner  to  the  common  fcythe;  the  edge  is  nearly*  one 
way  of  it,  in  a  ftraight  direction  from  Ik  el  to  point,  but 
the  flat  part  of  the  blade  forms  a  curvature,  which  va- 
ries about  4  inches  from  a  ftraight  line.  The  fneath, 
or  fneyd,  to  which  the  blade  is  fixed,  is  about  3  feet  6 
inches  long,  and  has  one  fey  the- like  handle  placed  a- 
bout  18  inches  from  the  top:  "When  the  wo;k  is  per- 
formed, one  hand  is  placed  upon  the  top  of  the  fncath, 
and  with  the  handle  in  the  other,  the  crown  of  the  rufn 
roots,  by  a  fnart  ftroke  of  the  implement,  is  fcooped 
out  by  the  convex  part  of  the  blade.  The  moft  pro- 
per feafon  for  this  bufmefs  is  early  in  the  fpring. — The 
rufh  roots  fhould  be  carried  off  to  form  a  compeft,  and 
the  hod  holes,  or  ca\ities,  filled  level  to  the  furface  of 
the  land  with  foil,  and  hay  feeds  to  be  fown  therein. 

c.   By  a  top  drefling  oi  coal  or  wood  afr.es. 

2.  Use. 

a.  The  pith  of  Clutter  flowered  Rufn    (Juncus  Ccrzlc- 

atus)  and  Common  Soft  Rum  (Juncus  Effk/us)  is 
ufcd  inllead  of  cotton  to  make  t;ie  wick  of  Rutti 
— And  both  plants  are  made  into  ropes  and  ba(ket$. 

b.  Bull-rufh.    (Scirpus  Lacuftris.}     Cottages  are  fome- 
times  thatched,  and  pick-f.iddics  fluffed  with  it.    E 

ns  of  chairs  are  very  commonly  made  of  this  ri  . 


RUS.    RYE.  289 

if  it  is  cut  at  one  year  old  it  makes  the  fine  bottoms  -, 
coarfe  bottoms  are  made  of  it  at  two  years  old ;  and 
thofe  that  are  ftill  older  mixed  with  the  leaves  of  the 
Yellow  Flag,  (Iris  Pfeud-dcorus),  make  the  coarfeft 
bottoms  of  all.  Mats  are  likewife  made  of  it,  alone 
or  mixed  with  the  aforefaid  leaves. — From  the  pith  a 
kind  of  paper  may  be  prepared,  by  preffing  it,  and  af- 
terwards giving  it  confiftence  by  a  proper  addition  of 
fize.  When  fodder  is  exhaufted,  cattle  will  live  upon 
it,  and  Twine  eat  greedily  the  frefh  roots. 

c.  Hares -Tail  Rufh  or  Cotton-grafs  (Eriophorum 
Vaginatum.')  Springs  in  February  and  March.  Sheep 
are  remarkably  fond  of  it,  not  only  of  the  leaves,  but 
of  the  roots  j  working  in  the  ground  up  to  the  eyes  for 
to  get  them.  Shepherds  afifert  that  fheep  reduced  by 
hunger  will  recover  fafter  and  thrive  much  better  upon 
this  plant  than  turneps.  It  is  a  valuable  plant  for  three 
or  four  weeks;  but  after  it  has  flowered  the  fheep  to- 
tally neglect  it.  Wicks  of  candles  are  made  with  it 
by  the  poor. 

Grows  naturally  on  moors  and  bogs. 

d.  Rufhes  and  fedge  are  mown  for  litter  and  for  fodder. 

e.  Common  foft  Rufh  (J uncus  Effufus)  are  near  Farn- 
ham  cut  about  Midfummer;  made  or  dried  as  hay; 
and  put  up  in  a  fort  of  mow,  under  cover,  until  the 
tying  feafon  of  Hops,  the  enfuing  fpring ;  when  they 
are  tough,  and  well  adapted  to  the  purpofe  of  making 
bands  or  ties. 

/.  Rufhes  were  fown  on  a  part  of  the  banks  of  the  Duke 
of  Bridgewater's  canal,  to  keep  the  earth  firm. 

g.  Rufhes  dug  up  with  all  their  roots  and  fome  foil, 
make  ftrong  banks  for  rivers. 

RYE.     (Secale  Cereale.) 

1.  Spring,  white,  or  filvery  Rye. 

2.  Winter,  or  black  Rye. 

Culture^  &c. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Two  Winchefler  bufhels  fown  or  two  bufhels  and  a 
half.. 

I  37  ] 


290  RYE. 

b.  White  or  filvery  rye  is  Town  with  fuccefs  in  the  fpring; 
i.  e.   in  March  or  April. 

V.  Winter  rye  lbwn  in  Auguft,  in  September,  or  Octo- 
ber. 

d.  Sown  with  wheat— one  peck  of  rye  with  one  bulhel 
of  wheat — This  is  called  mejlin;  it  appears  to  be  a 

ry  improper  mixture,  as  they  feldom  ripen  together. 

e.  Sown  among  a  thin  crop  of  turneps,  and  both  fed  off 
together. 

/.  Sown  with  winter  tares  for  foiling  cart  horfes — The 
Rye  nouriflies,  protects,  and  draws  up  the  Tares. 
1.   Use. 

a.  For  making  bread,  alone  (this  is  not  fo  general  as  it 
ufed  to  be),  or  mixed  with  wheat  flour;  the  effects  it 
has  in  the  latter  cafe,  is,  that  it  renders  the  bread 
fomewhat  more  moift,  and  preferves  it  fomewhat  long- 
er from  growing  ftale;  this  mixture  is  reckoned  both 
wholefome  and  nutritious. 

b.  Ufed  by  the  diftillers. 

c.  The  plant  as  early  fpring  food  for  fheep. 

Given  freely  and  in  large  quantities  to  fheep,  it  cures 
them  of  the  rot  in  a  few  days,  provided  they  are  not  far 
gone  with  the  diforder. 

d.  Fed  off  by  horfes  and  cows  in  the  fpring;  or  mown 
and  given  them  in  ftables. 

e.  In  North  America  it  is  cut  green  and  made  into  hay. 

f.  The  ftraw  is  excellent  for  thatching,  and  is  alfo  ufed 
by  brick-makers,  collar-makers,  and  for  packing. 

g.  Is  fo  much  the  aver/ion  g/  poultry  that  they  even  a- 
void  the  place  where  it  grows;  it  is  therefore  fometimes 
fown  in  head-ridges,  around  the  farm-houfes  and  ya: 

as  a  protection  to  the  other  grain. 
b.  It  is  laid  that  a  very  fmall  quantity  of  rye  fown  am. 

wheat,  prevents  the  wheat  being  blighted  or  mildewed. 
i.  The  grain  has  been  prepared  in  France  as  coffee,  of 

which  it  has  fomething  of  the  fmell,  and  fome  fay  of 

the  qualities. 

The  fpring  rye  was  inrr  .    2- 

bout  half  a  century  ago;  probably  from  Poland,  as  it 

is  fometimes  called  Dantzic  rve. 


SAF.  291 

SAFFRON. 

1.  True  Saffron    (Crocus  Sativus.) 

1.  Baftard  Saffron    (Carthamus  Tinfforius.) 

3.  Turkey  Saffron    (Colchicum  Varigatum.} 

Culture^  &c.  of  True  Saffron. 

r.  Soil. 

a.  A  temperate  dry  mould. 

b.  It  is  always  planted  upon  fallow  ground — That  is 
preferred  which  has  borne  barley  the  year  before. 

c.  The  land  to  be  ploughed  three  times,  1.  about  Lady- 
day,  2.  in  May,  and  3.  about  midfummer — The  fur- 
rows of  the  firft  ploughing  to  be  drawn  clofer  together 
and  deeper  than  for  corn — The  land  to  be  manured  be- 

.  fore  the  fecond  ploughing. 

1.    Increased. 
a.  By  off- lets  of  the  roots,    planted  commonly  in  the 
month  of  July,  a  little  fooner  or  later,  according  to 
the  weather. 

The  quantity  of  off-fets  tt»  an  acre  is  generally  about 
16  quarters,  at  3  inches  apart. 
3.  Plant. 

a.  When  they  begin  to  fpire,  and  are  ready  to  fhew 
themfelves  above  ground,  the  land  muft  be  carefully 
pared  with  a  fharp  hoe,  and  the  weeds,  &c.  raked  in- 
to the  furrows. 

b.  The  flowers  are  gathered  as  well  before  as  after  they 
are  full  blown,  and  the  molt  proper  time  for  it  is  early 
in  the  morning.  They  are  to  be  fpread  upon  a  table, 
and  the  chives  picked  out  with  a  good  part  of  the  ftyle, 
and  the  reft  of  the  flower  is  to  be  thrown  away. — The 
chives  are  to  be  dried  on  a  kiln,  and  laftly  made  into 
fquare  cakes. 

4.  Use. 
a.  In  medicine. 

The  beft  Saffron  comes  from  Smyrna,  but  Hajfel- 
quift  obferves,  that  it  is  frequently  adulterated,  and  as 
a  phvfician  is  not  certain  of  this  drug,  he  will  find  it 
confident  with  prudence,  to  prefcribe  Englifh  Saffron 
in  a  larger  dofe,  than  to  prefcribe  one  thing,  and  get 
mother. 


19*  SAF. 

Culture ,  csV.  of  Baftard  Saffron. 

i.  Seed. 
a.  Sown  fingly  in  drills  2{-  feet  afunder. 
2.  Plant. 

a.  At  three  weeks  old  the  plants  fhould  be  thinned  to  6 
inches  apart,  and  the  land  cleared  of  weeds;  at  the  fe- 
cond  hoeing  the  plants  to  be  left  i  foot  apart,  requi- 
ring afterward  a  third  hoeing,  after  which  they  need  no 
farther  care. 

b.  The  flowers  are  to  be  cut  off  when  in  perfection  and 
when  dry;  the  petals,  the  part  ufed,  is  to  be  dried  in 
a  kiln  like  the  true  Saffron. 

The  manner  of  preparing  them  in  Egypt  (from 
whence  Europe  is  generally  fupplied  with  it,  under  the 
name  of  Saffranon)  is  as  follows;  they  are  gathered 
frefh,  and  preffed  between  two  ftones,  to  extract  the 
crude  juice  which  is  thrown  away;  the  flowers  after  be- 
ing preffed,  are  wafhed  feveral  times  in  water,  which 
is  brackifh  in  Egypt;  by  this  the  remaining  acrid  juice 
is  warned  away ;  they  are  then  taken  out,  as  much  at 
a  time  as  a  perfon  can  hold  in  his  hand,  and  the  water 
is  fo  well  preffed  out  as  to  leave  the  impreflion  of  the 
fingers.  They  are  then  put  on  the  flat,  roofs  of  houfes, 
and  laid  on  mats,  being  now  of  a  yellow  colour.  In 
the  day  time  they  are  covered  with  rufhes  or  ftraw, 
left  they  fhould  dry  too  fail,  and  too  much  by  the  heat 
of  the  fun;  but  at  night  they  are  uncovered,  and  expo- 
fed  to  the  air  and  dew.  The  dew  changes  them  into 
deep  yellow;  they  are  dried  by  the  moderate  heat  of 
the  night;  and  for  this  reafon  there  are  people  conflant- 
ly  employed  in  turning  them. 
3.  Use. 

a.  For  dying  and  painting. 

b.  The  young  leaves  are  ufed  as  a  fall  ad  in  Egypt:  at 
Smyrna  they  powder  them,  and  put  them  into  milk  to 
coagulate  it;  and  in  this  manner  all  cheefe  is  made  in 
Egypt. 

The  feeds  are  eaten  by  the  Parrot  of  Alexandria, 
which  is  very  fond  of  them ;  to  other  birds  or  beafls 
they  would  be  a  mortal  poifon. 


SAG.  293 

Culture,  &V.  of  Turkey  Saffron. 
1.   Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  By  off-fets  from  the  roots,  which  fhould  be  tranf- 
planted  foon  after  the  leaves  decay. 

2.   Use. 
a.  The  root  is  fuppofed  to  be  Hermodactyl  of  the  fhops. 
This  is  cultivated  with  us  as  a  flower,  which  appears 
after  the  leaves  are  gone. 

SAGE.     (Salvia  Officinalis.) 

1.  Common  green  Sage.  Far.  1.  Wormwood  Sage. 
2.  Red  Sage.     3.   With  a  variegated  leaf. 

2.  Balfamic  Sage.  This  is  preferred  to  all  the  others 
for  making  tea.     Stalks  very  hairy  and  trailing. 

3.  Sage  of  Virtue.  Leaves  narrower  than  the  common, 
and  cut  into  ear- like  appendages  at  the  bafe.  Should 
be  cut  for  drying  when  full  of  young  ihoots,  in  the 
middle  of  a  dry  day,  and  laid  in  the  Ihade  to  preferve 
for  ufe. 

Culture,   &c. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  By  flips,  fuckers,  and  off-fets,  planted  early  in  A- 
pril,  in  a  fhady  border,  and  now  and  then  refrefhed 
with  water. 

2.  Plant. 
a.  When  the  flips,  Sec.  have  taken  root,  they  are  to  be 
tranfplanted  with  balls  of  earth,  into  a  dry  foil,    and 
where  they  can  have  the  benefit  of  the  fun. 
3.  Use. 

a.  For  medicinal  and  culinary  purpofes. 

Some  perfons  eat  the  frefh  leaves  with  bread  and 
butter. 

b.  The  juice  in  cheefe. 

As  the  wood  Sage  (Teucrium  Scordonia)  poffeffes 
the  bitternefs,  and  a  good  deal  of  the  aroma  of  Hops, 
Dr.  Withering  thinks  it  would  be  worth  while  to  try, 
if  it  may  not  be  ufed  for  the  fame  purpofej  it  was 
formerly  ufed  in  medicine — Will  grow  in  any  foil  or 
fituation.     (See  pa.  14.) 


SAL 

SAINTFOLV     (Hedyfarum  /j.) 

Var. — White  9  .    Purple  flov. 

ec  .J  flowered;    and  Long- leaved  r  iint- 

foin. 

The  French,   to  whom  we  owe  our  firit  kn 
of  this  plant,  call  : 

ng  wholefome,  and  foin  hay,   beca.  ob- 

ferve  that  it  agrees  ex.  -il  kinds  of 

Culture^  <s 

i. 

a.  Grows  beft  on  chalky,  and  dry  (tone  lhattery  land. 

b.  Drynefs  of  more  cc.  e,    than  ric. 
land. 

c.  Succ  ■  re  is  a  hardfub- 
J}rata>  near  the  fur  face,  t                                          I  the 
roors;  which  will  weeper  land, 
ftrike  to  an  amazing  d  its  ftrerr 
unproruabiy  be:.. 

:     :    :d. 

a.  The  hufk  fnould  be  of  a  bright  colour,    the  kernel 

,  of  a  grey  or  bluish  colour,  without,  and  if  : 

b.  Sown  in  March  or  b  g  of  Apr: I — 
four  bulhels  per  3cre. 

c.  .  feet  apa  h  faves  half 

\  one  bufhel  being  aft, 

and  only  half  that  c 

d.  S  th  barley  from  one  to  three  bufhels  per  acre  j 
to 

p:<  ::ing  a  head  till  :  has 

eft  .4 

e.  S  'i  clover,  with  cats,  or  buck 

/.  By  fbme  i  deep. 

g.  The  b  apt  to  ferment,  and  be 

is  neci  nong  clean  ftraw,    in  la 

ftr  \  keep  the  feed 

cool,  of  a  good  colour,  and  preven:  eming. 

a.  If  the  pi  oom,  a  finele  one  will  produce 

half  a  pound  of 


SAL      SAL.  295 

3.   Takes  more  time  than  any  other  hay  to  make. 

c.  Rich  land  produces  two  crops  in  a  year ;   but  a  good 
crop  is  not  to  be  expected  the  ft;  ft  year. 

No  cattle  mould  feed  it  the  firft  winter,  as  their  feet 
injures  it — (at  this  time  a  top-dreffing  of  foapers*  afhes 
will  be  of  fervice) — nor  mould  be  fed  by  fheep  the  fe- 
cond  furnmer,  as  they  bite  the  crown. 

d.  Will  laft  from  10  ro  15  years,   but  at  feven  or  eight 
requires  a  dreiling  of  dung,  or  if  fandy,  of  marie. 

e.  If  the  firft  feaf >n  for  cutting  proves  wet,    mould  be 
left  to  (land  for  feed. 

/.  Mowed  before  it  is  in  full  bloftbm  is  detrimental. 
g.  Should  be  cut  for  feed  when  the  firft  bloom  is  ripe 

and  the  laft  bloom  begins  to  open:  and  alfo  cut  in  the 

morning  or  evening,  when  the  dews  render  the  ftalks 

tender.  ' 
b.  Increafe  of  produce  exceeds  common  grafs  land,  a- 

bout  thirty  times. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Increafes  prodigioufly  milk  in  cows,  nearly  double ; 
the  milk  is  alio  better,  yields  more  cream  than  when 
fed  on  any  other  grafs ;  and  the  butter  alfo  better  co- 
loured, and  flavoured. 

b.  Cut  before  it  blooms  is  an  admirable  food  for  horn- 
ed cattle ;  and  will  yield  a  fecond  crop  the  fame  year. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  in  Kent,  that  the  aftermath 
of  Saintfoin  fhould  be  froft- nipped,  before  any  ftock 
be  put  upon  it. 

c.  Fattens  fheep  fader  than  any  other  food. 

d.  Horfes  require  no  oats,  though  hard  worked,  while 
they  are  fed  with  it. 

e.  A  peck  of  the  feed  will  go  as  far  as  a  peck  and  a  half 
of  oats  with  horfes. 

The  author  of  the  New  Syjiem  of  Agriculture  men- 
tions having  feen  in  feveral  parts  of  Berkfhire,  Wilt- 
fhire,  Somerfetfhire,  and  many  other  counties,  a  baf- 
tard  fort;  much  inferior  to  the  true;  the  feeds  of  which 
we  receive  from  France — The  French  call  the  baftard 
fort  Effarcet. 

S  ALL  AD,    fee  Lettuce, 


296  SAL.     SAV. 

SALT. 

1.  Rufhy  and  four  land  manured  with  it,  prevents  the 
rot  in  meep. 

2.  Dr.  Derwin  makes  the  following  obfervation  upon 
fait  as  a  manure — After  a  time  I  fufpeft  vegetables  will 
always  be  liable  to  difeafe  from  this  ftimulating  innu- 
tritive  material;  and  that  though  it  may  increafe  die 
early  growth  of  the  plant,  it  will  injure  its  flowering  or 
feed-bearing;  and  that  hence,  if  it  be  ufed  at  all,  it 
fhould  be  a  little  before  the  time  that  the  plant  would 
acquire  that  part  of  its  growth  which  is  wanted.  Thus 
if  the  herb  or  young  ftem  only  be  wanted,  as  in  fpi- 
nage,  mercury,  afparagus,  apply  fait  early;  if  the  flower 
be  wanted,  as  in  brocoli  and  artichoke,  or  in  tulip  or 
hyacinth,  moiften  them  with  a  flight  folution  of  fait, 
when  the  flower-bud  is  formed.  When  the  fruit  or 
feed  is  wanted,  as  in  melons  or  cucumbers,  or  peas  and 
beans,  apply  the  folution  of  fait  ftill  later,  and  at  all 
times  with  rather  a  parfimonious  hand. 

SAVORY. 

i.  Summer  Savory.      (Satureja  Hortenfis.) 
2.  Winter  Savory.      (S.  Montane.) 

Culture*   &c. 

i.    Soil. 

a.  The  Winter  Savory  bears  fevere  weather  better  in  a 
dry  lean  foil,  than  in  a  moift  rich  one. 

2.  Increased. 
*.  The  Summer  Savory,  by  feeds  fown  early  in  April. 

b.  The  Winter;  both  by  feeds  and  flips,  fown  and 
planted  in  the  fpring. 

3.  Plant. 
a.  To  be  thinned  or  tranfplanted  to  6  inches  diftance. 

4.  Use. 
a.  Cultivated  both  for  the  kitchen,  and  medicinal  ufe. 
(See  pa.  14-) 

SAVOY.     (Braflica  QUrccea  fabauda.) 
1.  Large  green  curled  Savoy:    This  is  to  be  preferred 
for  the  main  crop. 


SAV.     SCA. 


297 


2.  Dwarf  green  Savoy. 

3.  Yellow  curled  Savoy. 

4.  White  Savoy. 

The  Savoy  differs  from  the  Cabbage,  principally,  in 
having  wrinkled  leaves. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  To  be  fown  from  the  end  of  February  to  early  in  A- 
pril,  for  full  iized  plants;  and  in  June  for  Savoy  Cole- 
worts. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  When  they  have  got  eight  leaves,  to  be  pricked  out 
(in  a  fhady  border)  about  3  or  4  inches  fquare. 

b.  For  a  full  crop  to  be  planted  in  July  in  an  open  fitu- 
ation,  and  24-  feet  apart — The  Savoy  Coleworts  in  Sep- 
tember,  1  foot  apart. 

c.  Where  there  is  no  ground  vacant,  the  full  crop  may 
be  planted  between  rows  of  forward  beans,  early  cau- 
liflowers, or  fuch  like  crops  as  (land  diftant  in  rows, 
and  are  foon  to  come  off  the  ground. 

d.  In  January  or  February  fome  of  the  old  plants  to  be 
fet  out  for  feed,  in  the  manner  of  cabbages,  which  fee, 
page  49. 

3.   Use.  ^ 

a.  This  is  one  of  our  moft  ufeful  winter  vegetables;  anS 
is  efteemed  the  better  for  being  pinched  by  the  froft. 

SCALLION.     (Allium  Jfcalonkum?) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Increased. 
a.  By  parting  the  roots,   either  in  fpring  or  autumn; 
the  latter  feafon  to  be  preferred. 

Should  be  planted  three  or  four  in  a  hole,  at  about 
6  inches  diftant,  in  beds  or  borders  3  feet  wide. 
2.  Use. 
a.  Chiefly  ufed  in  the  fpring  for  green  onions. 

This  fort  of  Onion  being  known  to  few  people,  the 
gardeners  near  London,  fubftitute  thofe  Onions  which 
decay  and  fprout  in  the  houfe ;  thefe  they  plant  in  a 
bed  in  the  fpring,  which  in  a  fhort  time  will  grow  large 

[  38  ] 


298  SEA. 

enough  for  ufe;  when  they  draw  them  up,  and  after 
pulling  off  all  the  outer  coat  of  the  root,  they  tie  them 
up  in  bunches  and  fell  them  in  the  market  for  Seal- 
lions,  though  the  latter  never  form  any  bulbs. 

SEASONS. 

It  is  frequently  afTerted,  that  the  feafons  of  late  years, 
are  considerably  altered,  and  the  fummers  not  fo  warm 
as  they  have  formerly  been — The  following  obferva- 
tions  made  at  Greenlaw,  by  Paifley  (in  i792)>  feems 
to  confirm  that  afTertion. 

i.  Trees  and  Shrubs  that  have  not  outlived  the  winter, 
in  that  neighbourhood,  from  the  year  1777,  which 
they  did  prior  to  that,  viz. 

Tamarifk,  Siliquaftrum, 

Candle-berry  Myrtle,         Lauriitinus, 

Evergreen  Cytifus,  Pyracantha, 

Agnus  Callus,  Arbutus, 

Myrtle-leaved  Sumach,      Portugal  Laurel, 

Venus  Sumach,  Phylarea, 

Acacia,  Alaternus. 

2.  The  following  have  not  outlived  the  winter  fince 
1784. 

Sweet  Bay,  Cyprefs,  Rofemary. 

3.  The  following  feldom  outlive  the  winter. 
Jafmine,  Laurel  Bay,         Alh  leaved  Maple. 

4.  The  following  fruits  have  not  ripened  fince  1763,  in 
the  open  air,  which  they  did  before  that. 

Peaches,  Nectarines,  Apricots. 

5.  The  following  have  not  ripened  fince  1768. 
Walnuts,  Figs. 

6.  Goofeberrics  and  Currants  have  moftly  been  deftioy- 
ed  by  the  Caterpillar  fince  1784. 

7-  Oak-horn  (Acorns)  have  feldom  ripened  fince  1784. 
The  following  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  animal 
kingdom. 

1.  Bees  with  difficulty  get  through  the  winter. 

2.  The  horfe-fly  is  much  more  rare  than  formerly. 

3.  Houfe-flies  are  not  near  fo  numerous. 

4.  Bats  feldom  feen. 

5.  Swallows  not  near  (o  numerous. 


SEA.     SEE. 


299 


In  the  Phil.  Tranf.  Vol.  LVIII.  p.  58,  is  a  paper 
by  the  late  Hon.  Daines  Barrington,  wherein  it  is  pro- 
ved, that  countries  now  more  than  temperate,  were  in 
former  ages  intenfely  cold :  the  change  has  been  impu- 
ted by  fome  to  the  clearing  and  draining  of  land. 

SEA-WEED,    fee  Kelp. 

SEED. 

A  feed  is  defined  by  botanifts  to  be  a  deciduous  part  of 
a  plant,  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  new  vegetable. 

1 .  The  fooner  feeds  are  fown  after  the  ground  is  plough- 
ed or  dug,  the  quicker  it  will  grow. 

2.  Depth  to  be  fown. 

a.  Corn,  from  2  to  4  inches,  deepeft  in  light  foils. 

b.  Kidney  beans  an  inch,  garden  beans  i±,  acorns  two 
inches. 

:  Small  feed  only  on  the  furface,  and  raked  in. 

Evelyn  fays,  feeds  cannot  be  fown  too  fhallow,  fo 
they  are  prcferved  from  birds,  for  nature  never  covers 
them — The  following  curious  paffage  in  Robin/on 's 
Nat.  Hift.  of  Weftmoreland  and  Cumberland,  proves 
the  contrary  in  refpett  to  acorns ;  viz.  Early  in  the 
morning,  I  obferved  a  great  number  of  Crows  (Rooks) 
very  bufy  at  their  work,  upon  a  declining  ground  of  a 
moffy  furface  j  I  went  out  of  my  way  on  purpofe  to 
view  their  labour,  and  I  found  thev  were  planting  a 
grove  of  Oaks:  The  manner  of  their  planting  was  thus, 
they  firft  made  little  holes  in  the  earth  with  their  bills, 
going  about  and  about,  till  the  hole  was  deep  enough, 
and  then  they  dropped  in  the  Acorn,  and  covered  it 
with  earth  and  mofs:  This  young  plantation  grew  in 
about  25  years,  to  a  thick  grove  of  oaks,  fit  for  ufe, 
and  of  a  height  for  the  crows  to  build  in.  I  told  it  to 
the  owner  of  the  ground,  who  obferved  them  fpring 
upy  took  care  to  fecure  their  growth  and  rifing.  The 
feafon  was  the  latter  end  of  autumn,  when  all  feeds 
are  fully  ripe, 

3.  Length  of  time  in  the  ground. 

a.  Lefs  than  a  year — The  following  garden  feeds  fown 
the  firft  of  May,  came  up  thus;    Crefs  and  muflard  in 


3<do  SEE. 

fix  days;  lettuce,  broccoli,  turnep,  radifh,  in  eight; 
fpinage  nine;  peas  ten;  beans  fourteen;  dwarf  kidney 
beans  fifteen  ;  parfley  twenty. — Muftard  fown  the  20th 
of  February  was  thirteen  days  in  the  ground  with  mild 
weather. 

b.  One  year — Peach,  almond,  walnut,  chefnut,  &c. 

Many  kinds  of  feeds  that  remain  a  twelve  month 
in  the  ground,  if  fown  in  the  fpring,  as  foon  as  they 
are  ripe,  will  come  up  in  6  months. 

c.  Two  years — Hazel,  yew,  quickfet. 

Bradley  was  informed  by  Sir  JJaac  Newton,  that 
feeds  which  lie  long  in  the  ground,  may  be  forwarded 
in  their  germination,  by  mixing  them  in  a  bufhel  of 
bran,  wet  well  with  rain  or  pond  water;  and  let  remain 
for  ten  days  without  any  difturbance  in  a  veffel  of  wood 
or  flone.  About  three  days  after  the  mixture  has  been 
prepared  it  will  begin  to  heat,  and  fo  continue  to  fer- 
ment for  thirty  or  forty  days,  if  it  be  carefully  fprink- 
led  from  time  to  time  with  warm  water,  as  it  begins  to 
dry.  The  heat  of  this  wet  bran  will  prepare  the  ber- 
ries mixed  with  it,  to  a  vegetable  ftate,  in  about  a 
week  after  the  ferment  has  begun,  and  then  they  may 
be  fown  in  the  Nurfery. 
4  Will  degenerate  if  often  fown  in  the  fame  ground 
they  were  faved  from — The  change  of  feed  of  vail  con  - 
fequence  to  the  farmer. 
5.  Altered  by  plants  feeding  not  far  from  others  near 
akin  to  them. 

In  Ray's  Hift.  of  Plants,  we  have  the  following  a- 
necdote — One  Richard  Baal,  a  gardener  at  Brentford, 
fold  a  great  quantity  of  cauliflower  feed  which  he  rai- 
fed  in  his  own  garden,  to  feveral  gardeners  in  the  fub- 
urbs  of  London,  who  carefully  fowed  the  feed  in  good 
ground,  but  they  produced  nothing  but  the  common 
long  leaved  cabbage;  for  which  reafon  they  complain- 
ed that  they  were  impofed  upon,  and  commenced  a 
fuit  againft  the  aforefaid  Baal,  in  Wertminfter-hall;  the 
judge's  opinion  was,  that  Baal  muft  return  the  garden- 
ers their  money,  and  alfo  make  good  their  lofs  of  time 
and  crops — This  cheat  we  ought  not  to  lay  to  the  poor 
gardener's  charge,  for  it  is  wholly  to  be  afcribed  tc 


SEE.  301 

good  plants  being  impregnated  by  the  common  cab- 
bage: Wherefore,  if  any  one  has  an  excellent  fort  of 
cabbage,  he  ought  not  to  let  it  flower  in  the  fame  bed 
with  any  other  of  an  inferior  fort ;  lead  the  good  fort 
Ihould  be  impregnated  with  the  dull  of  the  other,  and 
the  feeds  produce  a  degenerate  race. 

6.  How  to  be  preferved. 

a.  The  dry  kinds  are  beft  kept  in  their  pods  or  cover- 
ing— Where  only  one  feed  is  in  a  hufk,  it  is  not  ne- 
ceflary  to  clear  the  feed  before  fowing. 

b.  The  feeds  of  foft  fruits,  as  the  cucumber,  melon, 
&c.  muft  be  cleaned  from  the  pulp  and  mucilage 
which  furround  them,  otherwife  the  rotting  of  thofe 
parts  will  corrupt  the  feed. 

c.  The  fruit  of  ftrawberries,  mulberries,  &c.  may  be 
fqueezed  together  and  dried. 

d.  Seeds  mould  be  hardened  in  the  air,  before  they  are 
houfed. 

7.  Duration  of  feeds. 

a.  Seeds  of  cucumbers,  melons,  gourds,  &c.  which  have 
thick  horny  coverings,  and  the  oil  of  the  feed  of  a  cold 
nature;  will  'continue  good  for  ten,  fifteen,  or  even 
twenty  years,  unlefs  they  are  kept  in  a  very  warm  place, 
which  will  exbauft  the  vegetable  nutriment  in  a  twelve 
month. 

b.  Oily  feeds,  whofe  coats,  though  they  are  not  fo  hard 
and  clofe  as  the  former,  yet  abounding  with  oil  of  a 
warmer  nature,  will  continue  good  three  or  four  years, 
as  radifh,  turnep,  rape,  milliard,  &c. 

c.  Seeds  of  umbelliferous  plams,  which  are  for  the  moft 
part  of  a  warm  nature,  lofe  their  growing  faculty  in 
one  or,  at  moft,  two  years,  as  parfley,  carrots,  parf- 
nips,  &c. 

d.  Fir  feeds  kept  in  the  cone,  will  grow  at  ten  or  twelve 
years;  but  when  they  are  out  of  their  cones,  they  fel- 
dom  grow  well  after  two  years,  and  fome  forts  after  one 
year. 

8.  How  to  be  kept  in  long  voyages. 

a.  Packed  up  in  abforbenr  paper,  furrounding  the  fame 
with  raifins,  or  brown  moiil  fugar;  which,  by  experi- 
ment, feems  to  afford  that  genial  moiflure,  requifite  to 
preferve  the  feeds  in  a  dare  fit  for  vegetation. 


SHE. 

"rom  diftant  parts,  even  from 
Uoran.v-B  .  .  •'orfoik-Ifland,    in  a  perfect  Itare  of 

iteration,  which  have  been  merely  wrapped  in  com- 
mon brown  p1.  is  of  feveral  kinds  of  feeds, 
carrier  ■  to  Orv  xd  with  rofin,  none 
grew  but  muftard  {^d. 

I'. 

'.Ing  bor-' 

T  .     V, 

a.  On  two  farms  in  Kintyre^  Invernefs-fhire;  two  of  the 
horns  rife  almo  rsdiculariy,  the  other  two  turn 
in  below  the  ears. 

2.     V 

a-  ,  ^rge  horns  ;  black  face  and  legs;  of  an  im- 

patien:  Jii'pofition  ;  good  turnep  fheep,  always  feeding 
quid;  j  murron  very  good  ;  fine  (hort  wool,  average 
weigh:  per  fleece  3  lb.  price  is.  5d.  per  lb.  weight  of 
:h.er3  per  quarter  18  lbs.  at  three  and  a  half  years 
old. 

b.  I  black  face  and  legs;  a  wild  look-* 
ing  eye,  an  1  a  fhor:  firm  carcafe;  are  an  active  and  har- 

I  the  befl:  adapted  of  all  others,   to 
high  expofed  heathy  ui.lricts  ;    coarfe  long  wool,  ave- 
gc  weight  per  fleece  3 {-lb.  price  6d.  per  lb.  weight 
of  wethers  per  quarter  r  5  lbs. 

c.  I  lire,    horr  >er  for- 

.-.];   nice  and  leg  ;   forehead  woolly;    a  com- 

t  breeJ,  and  h'r;b  early;    fine  (hort  wool,  average 
ni  the  fleece  31  lb.  price  per  lb.   is.  2d. 

d.  1  lite  face  and  legs;  long  wool;  average 
wei              .he  fleere  6  !b.   prtce  per  lb.   8d.  :  of 

-wo  and  a  half  vears 

ibnne  fpeckle J ; 
—  I  he  J.Vjv.n.  nave  been  in- 

troduce ,   and  anfwer  extreirdv  well, 

1  of  two  of  the  Hamplhire. 
tain  $.  a  ior  ;,   Iif.;ht  :  oc  1 

.   the  fleece;    mutton  exed- 
ns. 


SHIi. 


;o3 


g.  Highland  S. 
(i.)  Whice  faced;  long  legged;  weighs  about  8  lbs. 
per  quarter;  the  little  wool  they  carry  fine. 
(2.)  Black  faces  and  legs;  body  compact,  legsihort; 
carcafe  weighs  from  Bib.  to  141b.  per  quarter  when 
fed;  the  fleece  is  from  2  lb.  to  4  lb.  of  wool,  of  a 
coarfe  and  open  texture,  and  which  has  more  the  ap- 
pearance of  hair  than  wool,  and  fells  only  for  6s.  or  ys. 
per  flone;  probably  from  the  injury  it  receives  by 
fmearing.  The  lambs  are  dropped  covered  with  wool, 
which  enables  them  to  withftand  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather. 

(3.)  A  Crofs  with  Bakewell  rams  produced  a  dull  hea- 
vy animal,  unable  to  go  to  the  high  ground  in  queftof 
food. 

It  has  been  found  in  the  Wiltftiire  horned  S.  that  a 
crofs  with  hornlefs  tups,  have  produced  an  ofBpring 
which  never  have  horn::. 

3.  The  Rams  only  horned. 

a.  Spanifh,  a  flock  of  Marina  fheep  belonging  to  His 
Majefty  are  kept  in  Oatland  park,  the  wool  of  which 
fold  in  1796,  for  2s.  per  lb. — The  wool  of  the  Spanifh 
fheep  does  not  degenerate  in  quality  in  this  country,  as 
has  been  proved  in  fome  kept  live  years,  by  Sir  Jofeph 
Banks. 

(1.)  A  crofs  with  the  Mendip  fheep  appears  to  have 
been  a  great  improvement,  not  only  in  the  finenefs, 
but  in  the  weight  of  the  wool. 

Though  the  wool  of  the  Engllih  iheep  is  improved 
by  one  crofs  with  the  Spanifh  in  quality  and  quantity, 
no  extraordinary  improvement  takes  place  till  they  have 
at  lead  five-fixths  of  Spanifh  blood. 

h.  Drayton  (in  Shropfhire)  S.  legs  and  face  black;  car- 
cafe  light;  legs  rather  long;  wool  fine. 

4.  Hornlefs,  called  Nats. 

a.  Tees-water  face  and  legs  white;  cur  Jargclt  and  moil 
prolific  fheep  have  fine  bonr,  and  their  flefh  fine 
grained;  fine,  long,  bright,  foft  wool;  average  weight 
of  fleece  9 lb.  price  iod.  weight  of  wrthers  per  quar- 
ter, at  two  years  oldp  5c  Its, 


304  S  H  h. 

b.  South-Down,  grey  face  and  legs;  of  a  quiet,  gentle 
difpofition;  hardy,  enduring  wet  and  cold,  and  a  good 
turnep  fheep,  mutton  excellent;  fine  fhort  wool;  ave- 
rage weight  of  the  fleece  2  4-  lb.  per  lb.  2s.  weight  of 
the  wether  per  quarter,  at  two  years  old,   18  lbs. 

c.  Leicefterihire. 

(1.)  Old;  white  face  and  legs;  of  a  large,  thick,  hea- 
vy make;  long  combing  wool. 

(2.)  New;  Difhley  or  Bakewell;  a  refinement  on  the 
old,  by  crofting  with  a  finer-boned,  and  finer-wooled 
ram;  remarkable  for  fhape,  and  for  making  a  more 
profitable  return  for  what  they  con  fume,  than  other 
Iheep ;  long  wool,  average  weight  of  the  fleece,  at  two 
years  old,  8  lb.  price  per  lb.  ind.  weight  of  the  we- 
thers per  quarter,  at  two  years  old.  25  lbs. 

d.  Lincolnshire;  white  face  and  legs;  a  large  breed;  fa- 
mous for  a  great  quantity  of  long  wool,  average  weight 
per  fleece,  at  three  years  old,  1 1  lb.  price  per  lb.  iod. 
weight  of  wether  per  quarter,  at  three  years  old,  25  lbs. 
(1.)  Crofted  with  the  Nottingham  foreft.  S.  fleece  8  lb. 
— The  foreft  alone  bears  but  5  lb. 

(2.)  With  the  Welfh ;  when  fat  at  2  years  old,  weigh- 
ed 20  lb.  per  quarter  ;   fleece  6  lb. 
(3.)  With  the  Leicefter,  when  fat,  at  two  years  old, 
24.1b.  per  quarter;  fleece  81b. 

e.  Cheviot:  White  face  and  legs;  have  been  introduced 
with  fuccefs  into  Scotland,  being  fuited  to  a  moun- 
tainous country,  from  being  bred  on  a  ridge  of  moun- 
tains which  runs  from  N.  to  S.  through  Cumberland 
and  Northumberland;  fine  fhort  wool,  the  average 
weight  per  fleece  31b.  price  per  lb.  ud.  weight  of 
wethers  per  quarter,  at  four  and  a  half  years  old,  16  lbs. 

f.  Dartmoor;  White  face  and  legs;  long  wool,  average 
weight  per  fleece  9  lb.  price  per  lb.  8d.  weight  of  the 
wethers  per  quarter,  at  two  and  a  half  years  old,  30  lbs. 

g.  Herefordfhire:  White  face  and  legs;  very  fine fhorc 
wool,  average  weight  per  fleece  2  lb.  price  per  lb.  2s. 
9d.  average  weight  of  wethers  per  quarter,  two  and  a 
half  years,  3  lbs.  * 

(1.)  Improved  by  a  crofs  of  Wiltfhire  tups. 
b.  Herdwick:   Speckled  face  and  legs ;   fhort  wool,  a- 
verage  weight  per  fleece  2  lb.  at  four  years  and  a  half 


SIL. 


305 


old,  price  6d.   weight  of  wethers  per  quarter  at  four 
years  and  a  half  old  10  lbs. 
/'.  Dun-faced  j  dun  face  and  legs  j  fine  fhort  wool,  a- 
verage  weight  per  fleece  14,  price  per  lb.  3s.  average 
weight  of  wethers  per  quarter  at  four  years  and  a  half 
old   7  lbs. 
k.  Shetland  j  Colour  of  face  and  legs  various ;  fine  cot- 
tony wool ;  average  weight  of  fleece  per  quarter  i-ilb. 
price   per  lb.  3s.  weight  of  wethers,  per   quarter  at 
four  and  a  half  years  old  8  lbs. 
We  meet  with  the  following  objervation  on  wool  in 
the  general  view  of  the   Agriculture  of  the  county  of 
Radnor — It   is   found   experimentally,    that  the   fame 
fheep  will  produce  wool  of  different  degrees  of  finenefs 
on  different  farms.     The   wool-buyers  here  know  very 
well  on  what  farms  to  look  for  the  fineft  wool.     It  is 
the  wool  of  -particular  farms ,  more  than  any  -particular 
breeds   of  fheep.,    that    (hey   are   anxious    to   purchafe. 
When  a  farmer  moves  and  takes  his  fheep  along  with 
him,  a  change  will  the  firft  year  be  vifible  in  the  wool. 
That   bank  by  the  fide  of  the  river  Wye,  extending 
about  fixteen  miles  from  the  river  Edow  to  Hereford- 
fhire,  is  faid  to  be  very  congenial  to  the  growth  of  fine 
wool.     The  afpect  a  S.  E.  one.     The  flones  of   the 
mountains  are  of  ihefilicious  genus ;  and  the  prevailing 
feature  of  the  foil  is  a  red  fand,  mixed,  however,  with 
a  notable  quantity  of  clay. 

SILK- WORM.     (Phalcena  Mori.) 

From  the  Mulberry-tree  flourifhing  well  in  Corn- 
wall, and  other  counties,  and  bringing  its  fruit  to  per- 
fection ;  the  Prefident  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  has 
been  induced  to  recommend  the  experiment  of  breeding 
Silk-Worms. 

Not  lefs  than  5400  lbs.  weight  of  filk  has  been  raifed 
in  one  year,  in  the  cold,  moftly  fandy,  territories  of 
Pruflia. 

Kinds. 
1.  Common — Brought  originally  from  India. 
1.  Turin — Thefe  have  been  brought  to  England,  and 
appear  to  be  a  variety  quite  diftincl;  from  the  common ; 
I   39  1 


jo6  S  I  L. 

their  eggs  being  fmaller,  the  worms  not  fo  large,  and 
have  fome  peculiar  marks  on  them ;  the  cocoons  arc 
moftly  white,  or  flefh-coloured,  and  of  different  and 
irregular  fhapes,  ibme  of  them  almoft  globular  ;  the 
thread  fmaller  and  more  delicate,  and  more  firm 
fluck  together  with  the  natural  gluten,  fo  that  it  can- 
not be  reeled  off,  but  in  very  hot  water. — One  pecu- 
liarity attending  the  Turin  worms,  is,  that  they  refufe 
lettuce  leaves,  and  choofe  rather  to  die  than  to  tafle 
them. 

3.  Chinefe — Thefe  have  not  as  yet  been  brought  to 
this  kingdom,  though  doubtlefs  the  eggs  eafily  might, 
in  a  leaden  box — They  feed  upon  ain  leaves,  pro- 
bably on  that  kind  grown  by  our  nurfery-men,  and 
known  to  them  by  the  title  of  Fraxinus  Excelfior  Cor- 
tice  nigricante.  The  caterpillars  fpin  a  ftrong  grey 
kind  of  filk. 

Method  of  breeding. 

t.  At  Reggis  in  Italy. 

fi.  Houfes  are  erected  upon  a  particular  conftruction  for 
the  filk  worms — The  windows  are  long,  and  not  above 
6  inches  wide ;  this  narrownefs  prevents  too  great  a 
quantity  of  air  being  admitted  at  a  times  which  would 
overpower  the  tender  infects. 

b.  Eggs — when  thefe  are  on  the  point  of  being  hatched, 
the  windows  are  fhut,  and  a  moderate  fire  kept  up  in 
the  room. 

(1.)  A  fucceffion  of  eggs  is  imported  from  Leghorn 
and  other  places  to  renew  the  breed,  and  by  frequent 
changes,  to  keep  up  the  quality  of  the  filk. 

c.  Worms,  as  foon  as  they  come  out  of  the  eggs,  are 
placed  vpon  beds  of  reeds,  and  fed  with  the  black 
mulberry,  which  is  faid  to  produce  a  more  compact 
and  heavy  filk,  than  thole  that  live  upon  the  white. 

( 1 .)  At  Reggis  they  raife  but  one  brood  in  a  year, 

whereas  in   Tufcany,    though  many    degrees   farther 

north,  they  con:rive  to  have  two. 
2.  Obfervations  made  by  thofe  that  have  reared  them  in 

England. 
a.  Lightning   and  cold    was    found   to  deftroy    them 

— This  points  out  the  neceJTity  of  erecting  houfes  pur- 

pofely  for  them,  like  thofe  in  Italy. 


S I L.  307 

(1.)  See  the  Vllth  Vol.  of  the  Tr3nfacYions  of  the 
London  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts  *  for 
a  figure,  and  defcription  of  an  apparatus  (invented  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Swayne)  for  rearing  filk-worms. 

b.  As  the  mulberry  tree  does  not  leaf  till  the  latter  end 
of  May  or  beginning  of  June,  it  is  found  necefiary 
to  retard  the  hatching  of  the  eggs  till  that  time, 
which  is  found  to  be  practicable;  and  even  to  the  mid- 
dle of  June. 

(1.)  The  inhabitants  of  Syria  and  Phcenice,  fend 
the  eggs  of  the  filk-worm,  as  foon  as  they  are  laid, 
to  Cannoline,  or  fome  other  place  of  Mount  Liba- 
nus  i  where  they  are  kept  cool,  without  danger  of 
hatching,  till  the  mulberry  buds  are  ready  for  them 
in  the  ipring — The  fame  caution  is  ufed  in  the  ifland 
of  Cyprus,  by  preferving  upon  Mount  Olympus. 

c.  From  the  time  of  being  hatched  to  the  worms  fpin- 
ning,  is  about  fix  weeks.  The  four  firft  they  have  been 
fed  with  lettuce  leaves  j  and  the  filk  faid  to  be  as  good 
as  from  thofe  fed  only  on  mulberry  leaves ;  which  are, 
however,  their  bell  and  proper  food. 

fi.)  Fed  upon  the  black   mulberry,  pi oduces  better 

iilk  than  when  fed  upon  the  white. 

(2.)  Are   fed  in  Italy,  France,  an  J   Spain  upon  the 

white — If  the   leaves  of  the  black  are  given  to  the 

worms,  after  they  have  eaten  fome  time  of  the  white, 

they  will  burft. 

(3.)  Eat  eagerly  the  leaves  of  the  Elm. 

(4.)  In  Italy,  in  order  to  provide  food  for  them  in 

cafe  of  a  blight  among   the   mulbesrv   trees,    other 

leaves  have  been  tried,  and  bramble  tops  have  been 

found  the  beft  fuccedaneum. 
a.  One-fourth  part  of  the  price  of  the  filk  is  judged 

enough  to  defray    the  whole  expenfe  of  rearing  the 

worms. 

3.  Silk. 
a.  The  London  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts, 

&c.  offered  the  following  premiums  for  producing  Iilk 

in  England. 

1.  For  the  greateft  quantity  of  merchantable  filk,  not 

lefs  than  5  lbs,  produced  in  England,  the  gold  medah 


jo?  S1L. 

1.  For  the  fecond  greateft   quantity,    not  lefs    than 
1  lbs.  the  filver  medal. 

(i.)  The  firft  premium  was  gained  with  the  filk  ob- 
tained from  twelve  thoufand  worms,  of  uncommon 
fize,  reared  by  Mr.  Bertezen  ;  fome  of  the  cocoons 
were  little  inferior  in  fize  to  a  common  hen's  egg. 
(2.)  A  very  good  cone  of  the  common  fort,  will 
produce  404  yards ;  and  360  fine  cones,  an  ounce  of 
filk. 

b.  King  James  the  firft  was  a  great  encourager  of  filk- 
worms  j  he  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Lord  Lieutenants  of 
the  feveral  (hires  in  England  to  encourage  the  plant- 
ing of  Mulberry-trees,  and  the  breeding  of  Silk- 
Worms ;  and  his  queen  kept  filk- worms  at  the  palace 
at  Oatlands,  in  Surrv. 

c.  Silk  raifed  in  England  exceeds  in  quality  that  of 
Italy,  owing  to  their  being  obliged  to  deftroy  the 
chryfalis  by  heat,  to  prevent  the  moth  from  eating 
its  way  through;  while  in  this  country,  there  is  fuf- 
ficient  time  to  wind  off  the  filk  without  killing  the 
chryfalis. 

(1.)  The  moth  does  not  break  the  thread  ;  the  cones 
are,  however,  more  difficult  to  wind,  than  rhofe  wound 
before  the  moth  has  quitted  the  chryfalis. 

d.  In  the  Ph:lofophical  Tranfacuons  for   176c, 
is  a  figure  and  defcription  of  anew  improved  filk 

and  the  London  Society  abovementioned,  has  offered 
a  premium  of  a  gold  medal,  or  thirty  guineas,  for  the 
bell  machine,  fupcrior  to  any  now  in  ule  for  c: 
wafle  fiik,  equally  well  as  by  hand.  Among  the 
prefents  to  the  fame  fociety,  is  a  fmall  wheel  for 
winding  filk  from  the  cocoons,  and  (pinning  it  at 
the  fame  time.     See  Vol.  X.  of  their  Tranfaclic 

4.    USF. 

a.  The  filk  of  confiderable  importance,  in  many  of  our 
manufactures. 

b.  The  filk- worms  gut  ufed  by  Anglers,  is  obtain 
by  laying  the  caterpillars  in  vinegar  a  certair. 
which  makes  the  interlines  elaflic  and  tough. 

c.  The  loofe  filk,  which  cannot  be  ftripperi  from  the 
cones  before  winding,  can  be  wove  into  {lockings  .. 


SKI.     SLO.  309 

gloves — In  Perfia  it  is  pounded,  and  fpun  like  cotton 
yarn. 

SKIRRETS.     (Sium  Si/arum.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.    Soil. 
a.  Light  and  moift. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  feed  fown  either  in  the  end  of  March  or  early  in 
April ;   broad-caft,  or  in  drills  1  foot  afunder. 

b.  By  flips  taken  from  the  roots  in  fpring  with  a  bud  to 
each,  and  planted  in  rows  1  foot  afunder,  and  4  in- 
ches diftant  in  the  rows. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Thofe  raifed  from  the  broad-caft  to  be  hoed  to  2,  3, 
or  6  inches  afunder;  thofe  in  drills  to  be  thinned  to 
the  fame  diftance — The  earth  between  to  be  hoed 
three  times  to  deftroy  the  weeds. 

The  fupernumerary  plants  may  be  tranfplanted  into 
another  bed,   1  foot  apart. 

b.  The  plants  raifed  from  feed  have  the  beft  roots,  thefe 
begin  to  be  fit  for  ufe  in  autumn,  and  may  be  dug  up 
during  winter  as  wanted. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  roots  are  eaten  boiled,  flewed,  or  baked,  and 
are  efteemed  wholefome  ;  but  have  flatulency  ;  and  its 
fweet  tafle,  exceeding  that  of  the  Parfnip,  is  difagree- 
able  to  many  palates  :  are  by  fome  eaten  raw. 

b.  The  root  has  been  ufed  in  medicine. 

It  is  faid  the  Emperor  Tiberius  fo  valued  them,  that 
he  accepted  them  for  tribute. 

SLOE,  or  BLACK- THORN.      (Prunus  Spinqfa.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  By  lowing  the  ftones  of  the  fruit,  either  in  autumn 
or  winter. 

b.  By  fuckers  from  the  root. 

2.  Shrub. 
a.  In  gardens  are  trained  as  low  ilandards,  with  from 
3  to  5  feet  items,  and  bulhy  heads  -y  the  roots  and  ftem 
to  be  clear  of  fuckers,  and  (hoots. 


310  SMA.     SOI. 

b.  For  hedges,  full  grown  fhmbs  are  to  be  planted  on 
a  bank  4  feet  high,  cutting  off  the  tops  to  the  height 
of  3  feet — Thus  planted  the  objection  to  their  fpread- 
ing  roots  is  done  away. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit  (which  is  extremely  four)  is  ufed  for  culi- 
nary purpofes  i  and  alfo  makes  a  very  grateful  and  fra- 
grant wine. 

I.  The  bark  dyes  woollens  of  a  red  colour  ;  and  the 
juice  of  it,  with  vitriol  or  copperas  will  make  good 
ink. 

e.  For  live  and  dead  hedges — In  open  fields  a  flight 
temporary  fence  is  made,  by  fimply  flicking  the  bran- 
ches into  the  ground. 

SMALL  AGE.     (Apium  Graveolens.) 

This  plant  grows  wild  in  ditches  and  marfhes,  but  is 
fometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  when  the  feed  is  fown 
in  March. 

It  is  eaten  both  boiled  and  raw ;  and  the  roots, 
leaves,  and  feeds  ufed  in  medicine.  Cellery  is  only  this 
plant  improved  by  cultivation. 

In  a  wild  flate  Smallage  is  acrid,  naufeous,  and 
hurtful  j  being  made  mild,  and  efculent,  only  by  cul- 
ture, in  a  drier  foil. 

SOIL. 

By  Soil  is  underftcod  that  part  of  the  land  which 

is  the  bafis  of  vegetation,  and  as  fuch,  the  object  of 

cultivation. 
1.  Timber  trees  grow  fafter  in  a  wet  foil  than  in  a  dry  ; 

but  then  the  wood  is  fofter  and  of  lef>  value. 
1.  Fruits  growing  in  moift  and   fhaay  places  are  harfh 

and  crude;   but  in  dry  warm  foils,  expofed  to  the  fun, 

are  fweet  and  agreeable  to  the  tafte. 

3.  A  dry  foil   renders  plants  more  aromatic ;  a  moift 
foil  more   infipid  ;  and  a  watery  foil  generally  co: 
five. 

4.  A  poor  foil  requires  more  corn  feed  than  a  rich  0 

as  the   plants   do  not  tiller  fo  much,  i.  e.  produce  fo 
many  (talks,  and  confequently  do  not  require  fo  mi 
room. 


SOI.     SPI.  311 

"  SOILING. 

"  Feeding  live  flock,  kept'  up,  with  cut  green-food; 
deferves  every  thought  and  attention,  till  its  advanta- 
ges are  experienced  and  well  underjiood  in  prabJice—- 
fo  promifing  it  is  !" 

SPINAGE. 

i.  Spring  S.  (Spinacia  Glabra,  Miller).  Leaves  oval-, 
feeds  finooth. 

Culture  produces  feveral  varieties ;  as  with  leaves 
remarkably  broad  and  thick  j  which  is  called  Plantain 
Spinage,  &c. 

2.  Winter  S.  (S.  Oleraced).  Leaves  triangular  -3  feeds 
prickly. 

3.  French  S.  Leaves  of  the  fhape  of  the  winter  S. 
but  the  angles  more  rounded  ;  feeds  round  and  flat ; 
grows  6  or  7  feet  high. 

4.  Mountain  S. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Spring  Spinage. 
1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  either  broad-call,  or  in  drills  a  foot  afunder, 
and  an  inch  deep. 

b.  Sown  on  warm  dry  borders  in  January  and  Febru- 
ary ;  and  from  thence  in  more  open  ground  till  the 
beginning  of  Auguft;  as  the  feafon  grows  warmer, 
mould  be  fown  as  often  as  every  fortnight  or  three 
weeks,  and  in  a  moid  foil. 

c.  Sown  with  radifhes,  and  alfo  between  potatoes,  cab- 
bages, beans,  &c. 

1.  Plant. 
#.  The  broad-caft  to  be  hoed  to  3  or  4  inches  afunder, 

and  as  they  increafe  in  fize,  to  be  cut  up  for  the  table 

to  8  or  10  inches. 
b.  Some  plants  raifed  from  the  February  fowing  to  be 

left  for  feed. 

When  left  for  feed,  fome  gardeners  ignorantly  pull 
up  all  the  male  plants  (or  fhe  plants  as  they  call  them), 
which  makes  the  feed  not  fruitful  $  a  few  left  rightly  fi- 
liated, will  be  fufficient,  to  impregnate  a  great  num- 
ber of  plants. 


Jia  SPR.     STE. 

Culture,  &V.  of  Winter  Spinage. 

i.  Seed. 
<i.  Sown  the  end  of  Auguft,  and  in  September. 
b.  Sown  broad-caft   either   alone  ;  or   between  cabba- 
ges, &c. 

i.  Plant. 
a.  To  be  hoed  in  dry  weather  to  3  or  4  inches  apart, 
and  kept  well  weeded. 

3.  Use. 
a.  Both  the  fpring  and  winter  fpinage  is  generally  eaten 
boiled  ;  but  fometimes  frefh  in  fallads. 

Till  fpinage  begins  to  run  to  feed  it  is  iroft  ad- 
vantageous to  gather  only  the  outer  leaves. 

Culture,  &c.  of  French  Spinage. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  early  in  April  either  broad-caft:  or  in  rows  1 
foot  apart. 

b.  If  the  feeds  fall  when  ripe,  plants  will  come  up  the 
following  fpring. 

2.  Use. 

a.  Equally  good  for  the  table  as  the  common  Spi- 
nage. 

SPRUCE,  fee  Fir. 

STEEPS  FOR  WHEAT. 

Steeps  are  ufed  to  render  the  feed  more  fruitful,  as 
prefervations  againfi  diftempers  in  corn,  and  to  prevent 
the  worm  from  eating  it. 

1.  Steeped  in  chamber-ley,  and  powdered  with  quick- 
lime ;  the  fmut  is  fcldom  or  never  ieen,  where  this 
practice  is  followed. 

2.  Take  twenty-eight  gallons  of  water,  boil  in  it  lib. 
of  arfenick,  then  mix  all  together,  and  fteep  your  wheat 
in  it  for  fix  or  eight  hours  ;  when  taken  out,  mix  well 
with  frefh  lime  as  ufual.  The  wheat  fhould  be  put 
through  a  riddle,  and  what  fwims  at  top  fkimmed 
off. 

This  receipt  wholly  prevented  the  fmur,  where,  be- 
fore the  uie  of  it,  the  wheat  was  very  fubjecl:  to  it. 


STR.  3l3 

3.  A  handful  of  fait  to  twelve  Scotch  pints  of  cham- 
ber-ley— It  is  ufual  to  lay  the  grain  on  the  barn  floor 
and  throw  the  pickle  upon  it;  whilft  in  the  mean  time, 
a  perfon  is  employed  in  turning  it  over  feveral  times 
with  a  (hovel,  till  the  whole  is  wet,  when  a  quantity 
of  newly  .flacked  lime  is  fprinkled  upon  it,  through 
a  (ieve  ;  the  wheat  is  in  the  mean  time  turned  over  and 
over,  until  every  grain  has  got  a  thin  covering  of  limef 
this  operation  is  done  immediately  before  the  feed  is 
fown,  for  if  the  grain  thus  treated  Rands  over  night, 
there  is  danger  that  the  limy  incruftation  will  injure  it 
much. 

Tull  relates  that  a  (hip  load  of  wheat  was  funk  near 
Briftol,  in  autumn,  and  afterwards,  at  ebbs,  all  taken 
up  after  it  had  been  foaked  in  fea  water;  but  being 
unfit  for  the  miller,  the  whole  cargo  was  bought  up 
by  farmers,  and  fown  in  different  places.  At  the  fol- 
lowing harveil,  all  the  wheat  in  England  happened  to 
be  fmutty,  except  the  produce  of  this  brined  feed,  and 
that  was  all  clear  from  fmuttinefs.  This  accident  has 
juftified  the  practice  of  brining  ever  fmce,  in  mod: 
parts  of  England. 

STRAW.     See  Chaff. 


i.  Wood  S.   (Fragaria  Vefca.) 

a.  With  red  fruit. 

b.  With  white  fruit,  ripens  later  than  the  former. 

c.  With  green  fruit,  having  a  faint  (hade  of  led  when 
ripe;  called  by  fome  the  Pine  Apple  S.  from  its  rich 
flavour. 

(1.)  Miller  mentions  a  variety  raifed  from  the  feed  of 
the  Lift,  which  continued  to  produce  fruit  from  thefirft 
feafon  for  S.  till  prevented  by  froft. 

2.  Scarlet  S.  The  fruit  is  by  many  of  good  tafte  pre- 
ferred to  all  other  forts — Grows  naturally  in  woods 
and  fields  in  America. 

3.  Hautboy  S.     Fruit  as  large  as  a  fmall  plum. 

This  is   a  dtoica   plant,  and   unlefs  planted  judici- 
oufly,  with  a  few  males  interfperfed   amoneft  the  fe- 
[  4o] 


314  STR. 

males  (both  eafily  diftinguifhed)  there  will  be  no  fruit,- 
by  neglect  of  this,  the  males  being  the  ftrongeft  plants, 
and  (hooting  out  the  mod  vigorous  runners,  will  in 
a  few  years  overpower  the  females  ;  gardeners  then 
call  them  barren,  but  do  not  know  why,  and  root  out 
all  the  males,  which  does  not,  however,  mend  the 
matter. 

4.  Chili  S.  Fruit  large,  firm,  and  well  flavoured  ■, 
leaves  hairy  and  flefhy. 

5.  Alpine. 

6.  One-leaved  S.  (F.  Mcnopbylla).  This  wasraifed  at 
Verfailles  from  a  feed  of  the  Wood  S. — Not  much 
k,.jwn  in  England,  though  a  good  fort. 

7.  Large  leaved  S. — This  was  brought  into  England 
by  J.  Tradefcant  from  Bruffds,  but  in  the  courfe  of 
feven  years  he  never  faw  one  berry  completely  ripe. 
Perhaps  they  were  like  the  Hautboy  of  the  Dioecia 
clafs,  and  he  had  only  female  plants. 

Culture,  tiff. 

1.    Soil. 

a.  A  moift  hazelly  loam. 

b.  The  Chili  a  ftrong  brick  land,  approaching  to  clay. 

c.  The  ground  laid  out  in  beds  4  feet  broad,  with  paths 
2  feet  or  i\  feet  between. 

1.  Increased. 

a.  by  feed. 

b.  By  runners. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Diftance  of  the  plants. 

(1  )  Wood  S.  rows  1  foot  apart,  the  plants  6  inches, 
planted  in  a  quincunx  manner. 
(2)  Scarlets  and  Hautboys  15  inches  both  ways. 
(3.)  Chili  1  feet  both  ways. 

b.  Should  be  kept  free  from  firings  and  runners. 

c.  For  forcing ;  plants  from  one  to  three  years  old 
mould   be  taken   up  in   September,  October,  or  No- 

nber,  with  a  ball   of  earth,  and  planted   in  pots ; 
which  are  to  be  placed  in  hot-beds  or  forcing  hoi 
at  about   two  or  three  weeks  interval,  from  December 
till  the  end  of  April,  to  produce  a  fucceffion  of  crops; 
the  earlieft  will  be  in  March. 


a.  The  fruit. 


SWI.  315 

4.  Use. 


SWINE. 

1.  Cathnefs  S.  A  fmall  fierce  race,  with  long  prick- 
ed ears,  high  backs,  long  bridles,  and  (lender  nofts 
— The  country  being  open  are  tethered  in  the  fields. 

2.  Common  lopped-eared  S.  The  bed  breed  in  Brrk- 
fhire,  Wiltshire,  and  Hampfhire  ;  in  the  laft  county 
being  principally  fed  upon  acorns,  and  beech  mad  ; 
the  bacon  of  them  is  reckoned  fuperior  to  mod  others 
in  the  kingdom. 

3.  Black  African,  or  Negro  S.  Colour  black,  body 
nearly  naked  of  hair  or  bridles. 

4.  Chinefe  S.  Pointed  erect  ears;  belly  hanging  al- 
mod  to  the  ground  ;  legs  fhort. 

Fatten  readily ;  but  have  generally  thick  hides ;  do 
not  bear  the  cold  well,  and  from  their  tendernefs,  are 
apt  to  hide  in  dable  dung,  and  -,et  the  mange. 

5.  German  S.  A  breed  of  this  kind  has  been  intro- 
duced in  the  county  of  Durham  :  they  are  of  a  round 
form,  and  pleafing  appearance,  fpotted  black,  red, 
and  white  -,  but  by  experience  they  have  been  found  un- 
profitable, becaufe  they  require  a  greater  proportion  of 
food,  than  our  old  breed,  to  fatten  them  ;  and  when 
fat,  are  deficient  in  the  weight  that  might  have  been 
expected  from  their  bulk.  • 

6.  Crofs  breeds. 

a.  The  lopped-eared  eroded  either  by  the  African  or 
Chinefe  ;  have  produced  an  improved  breed. 

b.  Two  gentlemen  in  Lancafhire  have  a  breed  be- 
tween the  Wild  Boar  and  the  Chinele  ;  they  have 
very  light  and  fmall  bellies  ;  their  fizes  are  but  fmall, 
weighing  from  ten  to  fifteen  fcore,  generally  twelve 
fcore. 

There  is  an  animal  kept  tame  in  fome  of  the  Ead 
India  iflands,  called  Baby-rov.jTa,  of  the  fame  genus 
as  the  common  iwine  ;  which,  if  it  would  bear  our 
climate,  would  be  an  ufeful  animal,  as  it  lives  folely 
on  herbs  and  leaves  of  trees,  and  never  ravages  gar- 
dens  like  fwirte  ;  the  flefh  is  well  tailed, 


3i6  SYC. 

Swine  are  ready  for  procreation  at  feveri  months  old; 
but  the  male  is  unprofitable  for  that  ufe,  until  twelve, 
and  is  in  his  prime  at  two  years.  The  lew  goes  nomi- 
nally four  months,  or  one  hundred  and  fifteen  days, 
with  very  few  days  variation;  bringing  three  litters,  of 
from  five  to  twelve  pigs  each  litter,  in  about  eighteen 
months,  fuppofmg  the  pigs  to  be  weaned;  but  in  two 
or  three  months,  lefs  time,  the  pigs  being  flickled  for 
roafter:,.  The  old  lopped  eared  make  the  bed  bacon  ; 
the  Chinefe  and  crofles  with  it  the  btft  pork;  for 
which  hey  will  fatten  in  four  or  fix  weeks;  and  killed 
at  eig  .  or  ten  months  old,  are  eftcemed  more  deli  - 
than  if  they  were  kept  longer  in  the  ftye. 
Should  be  reftrained  to  a  certain  quantity  of  water,  and 
kept  clean  and  dry  ;  for  cleanlinefs  is  as  eiTential  to 
the  prefervation  of  their  health  and  well  doing,  as 
that  of  any  other  animal. 

The  cutting  away  wuji  a  fharp  knife,  the  griftley  or 
horney  part  of  the  fnout,  through  which  the  ring  is 
ufually  put ;  will  without  the  leaft-  injury  arifmg  from 
ic  to  the  ani  nal,  effectually  prevent  its  rooting. 

SYCAMORE.     (Acer  PJcudcplatanus.) 

Culture,   &.£. 

i.    Soil 
a.  Will    thrive   in  almoft  any  foil,  but  chiefly  delights 
in  a  dry  and  light>earth. 

2.     INCREASED- 

a.  From  keys,  or  {ccdi  fown  in  the  fpring. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Bears  tranfplantation  very  well  in  the  fpring,  and  of 
any  fize. 

b.  Is  extremely  ufe ful  to  make  plantations  near  the  Tea, 
being  a  tree  which  r;o  dorm  or  wind  can  hurt. 

c.  The  wood   is  io(:,  white,  tough,  and    light,  and  is 
held  little  inferior  to  aft. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  wood  is  of  great    ufe  for  ploughs,  carts,  &c. 
and  for  all  manner  of  turnery  wares. 

b.  By  tapping  in  the  fpring,  itdifcharges  a  cor.fiderable 
quantity  of  a  fweetiih  watery  liquor,  which  is   ufed  in 


TAR.     TEA. 


3*7 


making  wine ;  and  if  infpififated,    it  affords    a    fine 
white  fugar. 

"  TARES. 

"  This  with  other  of  the  pea-kind,  is  very  defirable 
in  the  husbandry  of  America.  Let  it  not  pafa  year 
after  year  unnoticed  by  the  induftrious,  improving, 
A  neriean  hufbandman."     (See  Vetch.) 

TEASEL.     (Dipfacus  Fullonum.) 

Culture,   &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a .  A  itrong  rich  clay,  or  what  is  generally  denomina- 
ted good  wheat  land. 

b.  It  is  obferved  that  in  a  luxuriant  foil,  the  heads  have 
fewer  hooks  in  the  fame  fpace,  than  when  they  grow 
in  a  poorer  foil. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  in  April — two  pecks  per  acre. 

b.  Sown  with  Coriander  and  Carraway.  See  Corian- 
der. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  Muft  be  kept  clean  of  weeds. 

Long  narrow  fpades  are  ufed  for  this  purpofe  in  So- 
merferfhire. 

b.  In  November,  if  the  plants  are  too  thick,  they  are  to 
be  drawn  out  to  fill  up  vacancies  -,  and  the  plants  are 
to  be  fet  at  a  foot  diftance. 

If  after  this  thinning  too  many  plants  remain,  ano- 
ther rWd  muft  be  prepared,  into  which  they  are  to  be 
tranfplanted  ;  but  thofe  plants  which  are  never  moved, 
produce  the  bed  heads.  The  fecond  year  the  plants 
are  to  be  earthed  up. 

c.  In  July  the  uppermoft  heads  begin  to  bloflbm,  and 
as  foon  as  the  bloflbm  falls  they  are  ripe ;  when  they 
are  to  be  cut  off  with  a  knife  -,  after  a  fortnight  the 
ground  is  to  be  gone  over  again,  and  at  a  third  cutting 
the  bufineis  is  completed. 

On  the  day  of  cutting  they  are  to  be  carried  into 
a  houfe;  and  if  the  air  is  clear  they  are  to  be  taken 
out  daily  and  expofed  to  the  fun,  till  they  are  completely 


ji8  TER.     THR. 

dry  i  great  care  muft  be  taken  that  no  rain  falls  on 
m. 

4.  Use. 

-■?.  The  clothiers  employ  the  crooked  awns  of  the  heads 

to  raife  the   knap  upon  the  woollen  cloths.     For  this 

purpofc  they   are   fixed  round   the  circumference  of  a 

large  broad  wheel,  which  is  made  to  turn  round,  and 

:  cloth  is  held  againft  them. 

TEREBRATION 

Or  boring  of  trees  ;    is  a  kind  of  grafting  ufed   by 
the     .  and  confided   in    piercing   ihrough  the 

bark,  and  then  pre  e  inftrun.ent  cow  .-.wards  I  e- 

ren  the  wood  and   the  bark,  to  make  room  ene 
to  recei  foot  of  the  Cion  2  or  3  inches  ■,  by  which 

ay  the  Cion  was  fed,  and  ftruck  root  in  the  tree  ; 
the  foot  or  bottom  part  of  the  Cion  was  pru  ed  a  lit- 
tle, fo  as  ro  -r.ake  it  terminate  in  a  point,  and  when  it 
was  fixed,  the  orifice  was  clofed  with  grafting  wax. — 
Br  I  it  in  England,  found  it  would  fuc- 

:fl  when  the  ba.k  would  flip  eafily  j  he  found  it 
or"  great  ufe,  efpecially  in  difficult  cafes, 

THRESHING  MACHINES. 

1.  A  portable  one  by  Turbat  and  Tunftal :  With  this 
a  man  and  a  boy  are  capabL-  of  tnrefhing  fifty  bufhels 
per  day ;  the  expenfes  no  more  than  two  pence  per 
bufhel,  and  the  laving  one  bufhel  in  ten. 

I  that  a  man  will  threfh   fix    bu- 
fhels in  a  day  of  eight  hours  work,  this  machine  will 
quantity   in  twenty-four   minutes  ■,   and   to 
incomparable    greater    cicrgree  of   perfection,  than 
can  po.Tibly  be  done  by  the  flail;  the  itraw  Uabbpre- 

ears   being  firft   cu:  off;   it  is 
worked  by  hand. 

ravourab!e    circumftances,    will 
threfh  and  clean  from  forty   to  fixty   bufhels  of  wheat 
pg  no  corn  in  :he  ftraw ;  this  is  con- 
jfled  on  the  principle  of  the  flax  mill. 
Some  of  t:.  chines  have  a  winnov 

ne  under  :  threfh  and   winr 


THE.     THY. 


319 


twenty-four  buuSelsofwheat  in  an  hour;  but  the  quan- 
tity threfhe.i  in  a  given  time  depends  on  the  quality 
of  the  corn,  and  the  leng  h  of  the  draw ;  the  number 
of  hands  required  aie,  a  wiman  to  feed  the  machine., 
another  to  hand  the  {"heaves  to  the  feeder,  and  a  third 
to  njce<ve  and  riddle  the  dreiled  corn. 

Threlhing,  winnowing,  and  grinding  machines, 
havf*  been  fixed  one  over  the  other  in  lofts,  and  work- 
ed by  the  fame  machinery. 

THERMOMETER. 

It  has  its  ufes  refpecling  drought  and  moifture,  as  well 
as  of  heat  and  cold.     Farenheit's  is  preferred. 

THYME. 

1.  Garden  Thyme  (Thymus  Vulgaris.) 

1.  Common  Thyme  (7".  SerpyUum.) 

a.  Lemon  Thyme.  This  muft  be  propagated  by  cut- 
tings or  flips,  as  plants  raifed  from  feed,  have  not  the 
fame  agreeable  odour. 

Culture,  &c.  of  Garden  Thyme. 

1.  Soil. 
a.  On  dry,  poor,  ftony  land,  it  will  endure  the  greatefl 
cold  of  this  country;  but  in  rich  ground  is  fometimes 
deftroyed. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed  fown  in  the  fpring,  neither  deep  nor  thick. 

b.  By  parting  the  roots  in  March  or  October. 

3.  Plant. 

a.  The  plants  from  feed  to  be  thinned,  in  June,  to  6 
inches  afunder — Plants,  from  parting  the  root,  to  be 
planted  8  inches  diftance. 

b.  To  be  watered  in  dry  weather,  and  kept  weeded. 

4.  Use. 
a.  Is  cultivated  for  the  kitchen,  and  alfo  for  medicine. 
The  common  Thyme  is  put  to  the  fame  ufes,  and 
cultivated  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  garden  Thyme — 
An  opinion  prevails,  that  it  gives  a  fuperior  flavour  to 
the  flefh  of  fheep  ;  but  this  appears  to  be  a  vulgar 
,jrror,  as  they  icarce  ever  eat  it. 


Tr 

TIMBER. 

i.  State  and  condrion  of  feveral  kinds  after  being  ex- 
po:'c^  -o  the  weather  te 
a.  (  found. 

h.  Larch,  heart  found,  but  the  fap  quite  decayed. 

c.  Spruce-Fir,  found. 

d.  S  ',  in  de: 

e.  S  much  decayed. 
Pineafter,  quite  rotten. 

g.  Chefnut,  perfectly  found. 
h.  White  Poplar,  found. 
i.  Brech,  ibund. 

.  iuc,  in  decay, 
jite  rotu 
Green  fir  timber  may  btfeafowd  and  rendered  fit  for 
.mediate  ufe,  by  /caking  the  pjanks  or  round  trees, 
barked,  a  few  days   in  lime  water;  or  paying  them 
er  with  lime  alo  tcr — Umewatcr  is  made 

lime  in  water,  and  the  hotter  it  is  i 
after  the  lime  is  flacked,  the  better.  e  American 

Poplar  ma  oned  by  fire,  immediate, 

fee  ElTav,  on  H  y,   &c." 

Rot  in  timber  may  be  prevented  by  charring  the 

ejoints,  and  fix:ng  them  in  anchorfmiths  or 

foundery  afhes  laid  under  the  flooring.     Leaving  one 

of  the  boards  of  the  floor  loofe,  and  rem  it  at 

rht,  is  faid  to  prevent  it. 

cllow  Fungi,  and  to 
a  \  ,uld  fpread  by  a  plant,  refer:  c  or 

fed  0 

for     j 

to  water,  and  35  iircd  by 

.ich 

d  lime,  two  of  :hes, 

efe 
e,  2nd  add  as  n  •  oil  as 

a  confidence  foi 

mu!t  be  taken  to 
—    • 


TOB.  321 

ment) — two  coats  are  neceffary  ;  the  firft  rather  thin, 
the  fecond  as  thick  as  can  conveniently  be  worked. 
5.  Painting  wood  before  the  fap  is  dry,  haftens  its  de- 
cay. 

TOBACCO.     (Nicotiana  Rujlica.) 

Culture,   &V. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  Requires  a  rich  forcing  foil,  and  exhaufts  the  land. 
In  America  Tobacco  is  reckoned   better  in  northern 
than  in  fouthern  climates  ;  a  pound  raifed  in  New  Eng- 
land is  fuppoied  to  contain  as  much  itrength  as  2  lbs. 
from  Virginia. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Should  be  fown  on  a  feed-bed,  as  Toon  as  the  wea- 
ther becomes  warm  enough  to  make  it  vegetate. 
3.   Plant. 

a.  When  the  feedling  plants  are  ftrong  enough  to  bear 
removing,  they  are  to  be  tranfplanted  to  the  patch  on 
which  they  are  intended  to  ftand. 

b.  Planted  in  the  quincunx  manner,  1  foot  afunder  ; 
or  in  rows,  2  feet  aparr,  and  1  foot  afunder  in  the 
rows. 

c.  To  be  carefully  hoed,  and  kept  free  from  weeds 
during  the  fummer. 

d.  In  autumn,  when  the  flowers  begin  to  drop  off,  they 
are  to  be  cut  and  dried  in  the  (hade. 

e.  When  dry,  the  leaves  are  to  be  picked  off,  and  pref- 
fed  down  clofe  in  cafks  or  other  veiTels. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  law  does  not  allow  Tobacco  to  be  cultivated  for 
the  pipe  and  pouch  -,  and  only  half  a  rod  for  the  pur- 
pofes  of  phyfic  and  chirurgery. 

A  few  years  ago  fome  people  in  Yorkfhire  not  only 
cured  it  properly,  but  gave  it  the  proper  cut  j  their 
tobacco  was,  however,  ieized,  and  publicly  burnt,  and 
themfelves  feverely  fined  and  imprifoned. 

b.  In  America  Tobacc  1  is  reckoned  as  good,  if  not  fu- 
perior  to  oak  bark,  for  tanning. 

c.  Shepherds  cure  the  fcab  in  fheep  with  an  infuHo" 
of  i:. 

[4>   ] 


322  TRE. 

"  TOP-DRESSING  and  GREEN-DRESSING. 

"  Are  valuable  methods  of  manuring  the  ground  for 
plants." 

TREE. 

A  tree  differs  from  a  Shrub  or  Plant   in  rifmg 

very  great  height,  with  a  fimple,  woody,  and  durable 

fte:  ,  or  trunk, 
i.  It   has   Ken  obferved  that  foreign  trees   grow  in  a 

greater   variety   of   foils,  and    fuuarions,  than    native 

t  ees ;  each  of  which  has  generally  a  foil  and  expolure 

peculiar  to  it. 
1.   Trar.fflanicd  oak  and  perhaps  fome  other  trees,  th 

falter,  and   produce   better  timber   in 

than  thole  which  have  never  been  . 

A  cart  has  been  invemed  for  tak  trees  with  a 

ball  of  earth,  and  carrying  them  to  new  p:.- 

3.  If  the  tap  root  of  the  02k  (and  probably   of  ft 
other  trees)  is  cut  off,  two  or  three  tap  roots  will  gi 
rally  be  formed  in  i:s  Head,  which  affords  them 
opportunity  or*  r'.miingout  the  good  earth,  and  in 
one  of  them  mould  be  flopped   by  a  Hone  or  other- 
wife,  the  others  may  be  more  fortunate,  which  is 
the  cafe  wi  h  a  fingle  tap  root,  and  prcbaL 

account  for  the  fuperioiity  of  trarrfplarited  t: 

To  plant  tap-rooted  trees  without  injuring  them, 
holes  have  been  bored  with  an  iron  inilrun.ient,  ufed 
for  fixing  hop-pole 

4.  Trees  mould  be  planted  as  the  :e,  i.e.  the 
fide  which  formerly  faced  the  fouth  to  be  placed  again 
in  the  fame  direction  j  as  a  guide  the  b..rk  mould  be 
ma  ked  before  the  tree  is  moved. 

It  is  to  be  remarked,  that  trees  :  the   longeft 

and  ftrongeft  root  towards  the  S.  \Y.  in  order  to  fup- 
port  them  againft  the  moft  frequent  attack  of  a  S.  \V. 
wind;  fo  that,  when  a  N.  E  itorm  ha[ 
nu  nber  of  t:ees  are  blown  down,  which  fall  under  as 
great  blafts  from  the  oppofite  quarter. 

5.  Whe.i  a  young  tree  makes  two  or  three  I  om 
the  root  they  fhould  all  be  preferred  and 


TUL.  322 

as  each  will  attain  to  nearly  the  fize  of  fingle-trunked 
trees  that  grow  near  them. 

6.  The  ages  of  the  pine,  cedar,  apple-tree,  pear-tree, 
&c.  may  be  known  while  growing,  by  their  annual 
boughs  or  branches  ;  and  all  trees  when  felled,  by 
the  number  of  the  internal  concentric  circles  or  rofing 
rings. 

7.  It  is  an  infallible  fign  of  hollownefs,  when  there  is  a 
fwelling  vein,  which  evidently  difcovers  itfelf  above 
the  reft  of  the  trunk,  although  inverted  with  bark,  and 
which  frequently  circles  the  tree  like  ivy. 

As  the  woodpecker  has  not  power  to  penetrate  a 
found  tree  -,  their  perforation  of  any  tree  is  a  warning 
to  the  owner  to  throw  it  down. 

TULIP  TREE.     (Tulipifera  Liriodendron.) 

Culture,   &c. 

i.    Soil. 
«.  A  light  loamy  foil,  not  too  dry. 
2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed. 

b.  By  layers  :  They  are  commonly  two  or  three  years 
before  they  take  root,  and  they  feidom  grow  to  flraight 
trees,  though  they  produce  flowers  fooner  than  thofe 
raifed  from  iced,  which  is  always  the  cafe  with  {tinted 
plants. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  Seedlings  require  protection,  efpecially  from  autumn 
frofts. 

b.  Should  be  planted  where  they  are  to  remain,  at  two 
years  old. 

c.  Grows  beft  in  woods. 

d.  Has  grown  in  England  to  41  feet  in  girth,  ana  77 
feet  high. 

Is  a  native  of  N.  America  where  it  grows  to  10  (ttt 
diameter.     "  There  called  the  Poplar." 

4.  Use. 

?.  The  wood  makes  hanJibme  wainfcot,  tables,  Ihin- 
gles    for    houfes,   and    planks   for   various   purpofes. 


324  TUR. 

b.  Cattle  are  fond  of  its  buds,  which  gives  a  very  odd 
tafte  to  the  milk. 

"Its  bloflbms  abound  in  honey,  and  in  the  feafon 
bees,  &c.  among  the  branches,  feem  to  give  vociferous 
life  to  the  trees,  with  their  buzz." 

TURNEP.     (Braffica  Rapa.) 

Field  Turneps. 
i  .  Oval  White. 

2.  Large  green-topped;  attains  to  a  large  fize,  is  fofc 
and  fweet,  but  growing  much  above  ground  is  in  dan- 
ger of  fuftaining  injury  from  fevere  frofts. 

3.  Red  or  Purple-topped ';  has  a  large  root,  grows  hard; 
and  ltringy  fooner  than  the  former.     This  is  a  hardy 

fort,    ihe  roots  being  more  than  half  covered  by  the 
foil,  and  continues  good  till  the  beginning  of  April. 
The  above  are  Norfolk  Turneps. 

4.  Tankard;   this  \%  proof  againfi  fev ere  froft. 

5.  Yellow  Turnep;  this  is  cultivated  principally  in  Scot- 
land, North  Wales,  and  Ireland;  is  fuppofed  to  con- 
tain more  nutriment  than  the  white,  and  lafts  longer 
in  the  fpring  without  being  flicky,, 

6.  Swedi/b  Turnep  or  Ruta-Baga. 

As  the  Swedifh  Turnep,  when  fuffered  to  feed  near 
the  Norfolk  white,  produces  many  varieties,  it  has 
been  fuppofed,  that  a  fort  might  be  obtained  by  a  due 
admixture,  which  fhall  receive  from  one  a  degree  of 
folidity  fufficient  to  enable  it  to  bear  our  winter;  and 
from  the  other,  an  enlargement  of  fize,  and,  perhaps, 
a  quicknefs  of  growth,  which  at  prefent  is  apparently 
wanted. 

Culture,  &Pr.  of  the  Common  Turnep. 

1.  Soil. 
4.  Turneps  delight  in  a  light  foil,  confiiling  of  fand  and 
loam  mixed. 

1.  Seed. 

a.  From  one  to  two  quarts,  fown  broad  caft. 

New  feed  will  come  tip  three  days  fooner  than  old 
— mould  be  frequently  changed. 

b.  Sown  between  fpring  wheat,  drilled  at  1  feet — The 
wheat  was  a  very  good  crop;  the  turneps  were  thinned 


TUR.  3-5 

with  the  hand-hoe,  and  after  harveft  the  weeds  were 
cut  up  round  the  turneps  with  the  hand-hoe,  and  they 
grew  very  large  and  vigorous. 
(i.)  Sown  between  peas. 

c.  In  dniis  3  feet  afunJer;  at  the  fecond  hoeing  left  one 
foot  apart ;  the  intervals  may  eafily  be  cleared  of  weeds 

by  the  horfe-hoe. 

d.  Sown  in  drills,  between  double  rows  of  beans,  about 
one  foot  of  under,  with  alleys  more  than  2  feet  wide  be- 
tween the  double  rows  of  beans. 

e.  Drills  made  by  a  light  plough  18  inches  afunder,  and 
the  feed  rilled  by  girls  out  of  half  pint  phials ;  either 
with  the  mouth  open,  or  what  feems  betfiec,  through  a 
quill  inferted  through  the  cork  of  the  phial. 

/.  Sown  broad  caft,  between  beans  planted  in  rills,  1 
feet  apart;  the  beans  horfe-hoed  and  the  turneps  fown 
either  at  the  fecond  or  third  hoeing. 

Turneps  fown  between  beat;;  are  not  attacked  by  the 

fiy- 

g.  Sown  the  latter  end  of  July  or  beginning  of  Auguft. 
3.  Plant. 

a.  Plants  from  the  broad-caft,  hoed  two  or  three  times 
with  a  7  or  9  inch  hoe,  and  the  plants  left  one  foot  a- 
part. 

b.  A  light  harrow  run  over  the  field  within  three  days 
of  hoeing,  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  fowing. 

c.  Hoed,  when  they  have  got  fiv  {saves,  to  fix  inches 
apart  i  and  a  month  afterwards  (or  earlier  if  a  wet  fea- 
fon)  hoed  to  at  leafl  fourteen  inches  from  each  other. 

Figure  1,  in  the  plate,  repreients  a  turnip  tranfplant- 
er  ufed  to  fill  up  fpots  in  fields  where  they  have  failed. 
The  method  of  ufing  it  is,  to  hold  the  long  handle 
with  the  left  hand,  and  the  fhort  handle  with  the  right 
drawn  up;  put  the  inftrument  over  the  plant  that  is  to 
be  taken  up,  and  with  your  feet  force  it  into  the  ground  ; 
then  give  it  a  twift  round,  and  by  drawing  it  gently 
up,  the  earth  will  adhere  to  the  roots  of  the  plant  in  a 
folid  body;  then  with  another  inftrument  of  the  fame 
fize,  take  the  earth  out  where  the  plant  is  to  be  put, 
and  bringing  the  inftrument  with  the  plant  in  it,  put  it 
;nto  the  hole  which   has  been  made  with  the  other ; 


TUR. 

then  keep  your  right  hand  fteady,  and  draw  up  your 
left,  and  the  earth  and  plant  will  be  left  in  the  hole 
with  the  root  undiftu; bed.  'This  is  a  ufeful  Tranf- 
f  lanter  of  many  delicate  kinds  of  plants — melons,  Lima 
beans,  &"c.'f 

d.  Turneps  of  the  befl  form  are  to  be  feletled  for  feed, 
and  tranfpltnted'm  the  month  of  October,  November, 
or  December,  into  a  piece  of  ground  properly  prepared 
for  them  j  in  July  or  Auguft  following  it  is  generally 
reaped,  tied  up  in  (heaves,  and  when  dry  put  into  a 
long  ftack,  where  it  is  kept  through  the  winter  ;  and 
thremed  out  in  April  or  May — Seed  raijed  "without 
tranfplantin*  fells  for  one-half  or  one-third  the  price  of 
tranfplanted  feed. 

The  feed  mould  be  gathered  when  the  fun  fhines, 
and  is  frequently  like  Rape,  threfhed  abroad. 

e.  To  py  trnefs  from  the  f 

(i.)  After  drawing  them  in  February,  cut  off  the  tops 
and  tap-roots,  (which  may  be  given  to  fheep)  and  let 
them  lay  a  few  days  in  the  field,  as  no  weather  will  hurt 
them;  then  on  a  layer  of  draw  next  the  ground  place  a 
^r  of  turneps,  i  feet  thick;  and  then  anotner  layer  of 
draw,  and  fo  on  alternately,  til!  you  have  brought  the 
heap  to  a  point.  Care  mufl  be  taken  to  turn  up  the 
edges  of  the  lavers  o:  ilraw  to  prevent  the  turneps  from 
rolling  out;  cover  the  to;1  well  with  draw  and  ic  • 
ferve  as  a  thatch  for  the  whole;  a  load  ot  draw  is  fuf- 
ficient  to  prefer ve  forty  tons  o;  .     Kept  in  this 

/ill  be  nearly  as  good  in  May  as  when 
firft  drawn  from  the  field ; — or  cut  off  the  top  and  roots, 
and  pile  the  turneps  in  heaps  of  about  twelve  cart  loads 
each,  in  form  of  the  cone  of  a  wheat  i  en  cover 

a  foot  thick  with  Itraw  and  thatch.  "  Yet,  in  America 
they  cannot  ftand,  :;;  tie  ground,  through  winter." 

i  drilled;  puli  up  every  other  row  for  food, 
jan1:  fpaces  about  3  feet  wide,  and  with  a 
plough  mould  up  the  turnepb  on  each  fide.       '  The 
Id  beard  plow  excels  in  this;   in  difpatcl. 
]  as  in  1  n  of  its  work." 

:.ally,    if  no: 


TUR.  m 

vents,  the  danger  arifing  from  the  frequently  fatal  ef- 
fects of  a  exiting  frojl. 

Thefe  ferve  as  a  refource  in  time  of  frcfl  and  fnow. 
4.  Method  of  preserving  turneps  from  the  Fly, 

Slug,  Caterpiller,  Worm,  &c. 
a.  For  ..      (Aphis.) 

( 1 . )  i  j  a  quart  of  turnep-feed  add  one  ounce  of  brim- 
ftone  finely  powdered,  putting  both  in  a  bottie,  large 
enougn  to  afford  room  to  (hake  them  well  together  e- 
very  da-  for  four  or  five  days  previous  to  fowing; — 
keep  the  horde  well  corked. 

(2.)  Strew  foot  on  the  land  when  the  plants  are  juft 
come  up. 

(3.)  Elder  boughs,  fixed  in  a  harrow,  and  drawn  over 
the  land  as  foon  as  the  feed  is  fown  or  the  plants  come 
up.  Some  bruife  the  boughs  and  fumigate  ihem  with 
burnt  tobacco,  mixed  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  afiafce- 
tida. 

(4-)  Want  of  moiiture,  and  not  the  fly,  has  been  fla- 
ted  to  be  the  general  caufe  of  the  failure  of  the  turnep 
crops,  and  therefore  the  putting  of  the  feed  deeper  into 
the  ground  than  is  commonly  practifed,  has  been  re- 
commended. 

(5.)  The  early  fown  efcapes  the  fly ;  it  is  faid  to  be  al- 
io in  fome  cafes  avoided  by  fowing  the  feeds  of  two  dif- 
ferent years. 

b.  For  the  Slug,  (Umax  Agreftis);  rolling  the  ground 
at  night  is  recommended  ;  and  lowing  lime  with  the 
feed. 

c.  For  the  worm  which  feeds  upon  the  root,  nothing  has 
been  devifed.  Though  they  are  probably  deftroyed  by 
manuring  with  foapers'  afhes,  which  is  faid  to  preferve 
the  plants;  "  or  with  lime." 

d.  Black  Canker.  Some  people  draw  a  rope  over  the 
ridges,  two  perfons  holding  the  oppofite  ends;  this  will 
brufh  them  oflf.  Ducks  will  alfo  clear  them.  This  in- 
fect, is  defcribed  as  a  caterpiller,  as  black  as  foot,  and 
at  full  growth  about  £  of  an  inch  in  length.  Turneps 
are  infefled  by  two  other  infects,  a  yellow  Tenthedro 
Fly  and  a  Beetle  (Chryfomela  Nemo  rum.) 

e.  The  Hanbury.     This  is  a  fmall  worm  in  the  knobs 


328  TUR. 

on  the  tur.nep  roots,  and  er.ts  into  their  hearts;  it  is  moft 
common  in  a  dry  feafon,  and  a  Tandy  foil. 
5.  Use. 

a.  For  horfes:  Thefe  when  fed  upon  turneps 
are  induced  to  eat  the  barn  chaff,  and  other  dry  food 
with  a  good  appetite ;  are  kept  healthy,  and  will  work 
without  corn. 

b.  For  feeding  cattle  and  jheep. 

(1.)  Fed  firft  with  bead,  then  with  wethers,  and  laftly 

(2.)  Carried  off  the  field  and  given  in   houfes,  farm 
yards,  in  a  grafs  field  or  unploughcd  ftubble. 
The  mutton  of  met p  fed  with  turneps  is  not  ill-tafted. 

c.  For  feeding  cows.      To  make  fzveet  and  veil  tafled 

tttr  from  the  milk  of  cows  fed  upon  turneps ; — Let 
the  bowls,  either  of  wood  or'lead,  be  kept  constantly 
clean,  and  well  fcalded  with  boiling  water  before  ufing. 
When  the  milk  is  brought  into  the  dairy,  to  every  e;ght 
quarts  mix  one  quart  of  bo<ling  water j  then  put  up 
the  milk  into  the  bowl  to  ftand  for  cream.     Turneps 

.1  not  give  a  bad  tafte  to  butter  if  the  green  tops  are 
carefully  cut  off  before  they  are  given  to  the  Cows. 

d.  One  bujbel  of  feed  returns  two  gallons  of  oil,  by  ex- 
preiTjon;  which  is  ufed  in  tbe  wool  bufmefs,  or  for  burn- 

y. 
In  China,  an  oil  for  common  purpofes  is  drawn  from 
the  feed. 

Culture,  Id 'c.  of  the  S-wediJb  Titrzep, — "  or  Rcfj-baga.li 

1.  The  infide  white. 

2.  The  infide  yellow  ■,  a  better  fort  than  the  white. 

1.  Seed. 
a.  Sown  from  the  15  th  of  May  till  the  icth  of  June. 
.  .    2  lb.  fown  per  dcrt. 

c.  Drilled  3  feet;  and  the  plants  laid  out  like  the  com- 
mon turnep. 

1.  Pl.-. 

a.  Hoed  9  inches  afundcr. 

b.  Is  bard:.  the  common  turnep,  (landing  the  fe- 
vereft  winter  without  injury,   either  when  left  in  the 
ground,    or  {lacked.      "  It  has  ftood   die  winters  of 
Per   .  failure." 


TUR. 


3*9 


c.  The  roots  have  grown  to  the  weight  of  16  lbs. 

3.  Use. 

a.  As  food  for  draft  horfes  inftead  of  corn. 

The  turneps  are  to  be  put  into  a  barrel  or  tub  and 
cut  fmall  with  an  inftrument  like  a  hoe,  with  the  blade 
put  perpendicularly  on  to  rhe  fliaft.  A  man  will  cut  as 
much  in  one  hour  as  fix  horfes  can  eat  in  24.  The 
tops  and  bottoms  are  to  be  prcvioufly  cut  off  and  given 
to  the  pigs. 

b.  Makes  the  coat  of  horfes  fine,  and  cures  the  greafe. 
e.  Sheep  prefer  them  to  the  common  turnep. 

d.  Eaten  by  cows  and  oxen  as  readily  as  the  common 
turnep. 

e.  Preferred  to  the  common  turnep  for  the  table. 

This  plant  has  been  fuppofed  to  be  a  variety  of  the 
rape,  rather  than  of  the  turnep. 

Garden  Turneps. 

1.  Early  white  Dutch — The  bed  fort  for  gardens,  par- 
ticularly for  the  early  crop. 

2.  Com.-non  large  white — Very  proper  for  gardens. 

3.  Yellow — Very  good. 

4.  Long-rooted. 

5.  Small  round  French — If  not  ufed  young,    they  be- 
come rank  and  ftringy. 

6.  Small  round  red — For  curiofity  and  for  eating. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  light,  fandy,  loamy  foil,  which  fhould  not  be  too 
rich. 

b.  A  moift  foil  in  fummer. 

c.  Are  always  fweeteft  in  frefh  land. 

2.  Seed. 

a.  Two  or  three  ounces  will  fow  15  or  16  rods  or  poles 
of  ground. 

b.  Only  fmall  quantities  to  be  fown  in  February,  as  they 
loon  run  up  to  feed.  , 

c.  Full  crops  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  end  of 
May — In  the  laft  month  mould  not  be  fown  in  dry 
weather. 

d.  Between  the  10th  and  25th  of  June  for  an  autumn 
crop  j  and 

[  42  ] 


33*  VAL. 

e.  In  July  for  a  crop  to  laftfrom  Michaelmas  to  Chrifr- 
mas. 

3.   Plant. 

a.  The  young  plants  to  be  hoed,  when  they  have  rough 
leaves  an  inch  broad,  to  the  diftance  of  7  or  S  inches — 
This  fhould  be  performed  in  dry  weather. 

b.  It  has  been  obferved  that  tranfplanted  turneps  grow- 
larger  than  thofe  that  have  not  been  moved. 

4.  Use. 

a.  For  the  table. 

0.  As  a  fubftitute  for  bread;  this  was  the  cafe  in  1693, 
when  the  dearnefs  of  all  forts  of  corn,  occafioned  ma- 
ny poor  people  in  Effex,  to  make  bread  of  them;  they 
took  the  peeled  roots,  and  boiled  them  in  water  until 
ihev  were  fofr,  then  ftrongly  prefting  out  their  juices, 
they  mixed  them  with  their  weight  of  wheat-meal ;  and 
adding  fait,  yeaft,  and  warm  water,  they  kneaded  it  up 
as  other  pafte,  which  having  lain  a  little  while  to  fer- 
ment, they  ordered  and  baked  it  as  common  bread. 

"  In  America,  attention  is  wanted  to  this  fo  very 
important  an  article  of  food  to  live-jicck, — The  great 
fupport  of  the  prcduftive  powers  of  the  foil!" 

VALERIAN.      (Valeriana  Phu.) 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  It  is  propagated  by  parting  of  the  roots,  either  in  the 
fpring  or  autumn  (but  the  latter  is  much  preferable,) 
and  planting  them  2  feet  aiunder,  keeping  them  clear 
of  weeds. 

z.  Use. 

a.  It  is  cultivated  for  medicinal  ufe,  and  is  called  in  the 
fhops  by  the  name  of  Pbu;  the  root  is  the  part  ufed, 
which  fhould  be  taken  up  and  dried,  when  the  leaves 
decay  in  autumn. 

We  have  a  native  Valerian  (V.  Officii;:  ills'),  the  root 
of  which  is  ufed  medicinally,  and  is  fometimes  culti- 
vated in  the  fame  manner  as  the  above,  but  it  pofieffes 
moft  virtue  in  a  wild  Hate. 


VER.  33r 

VERMIN. 

I.  Weasels,  Stotes,  and  Polecats. 
a.  Great  numbers  have  been  taken  in  a  trap  of  the  fol- 
lowing conftrucYion — It  confifts  of  a  wooden  box,  or 
hutch,  refembling  the  dog  kennel,  which  is  ufually 
provided  for  a  yard  dog  ;  its  form  being  that  of  a  barn. 
It  is  divided  in  the  middle  by  an  open  wire  partition 
running  from  end  to  end,  and  reaching  from  the  edge 
of  the  roof  to  the  floor;  one  fide  of  this  partition  is 
again  divided  into  two  parts,  or  cages;  one  of  them  for 
a  tame  rabbit,  the  other  for  a  live  fowl,  to  allure  the 
vermin;  the  other  half  of  the  hutch  being  formed  into 
a  falling  box  to  take  them. 

This  trap  is  to  be  placed  in  coppices  and  hedge-rows. 

2.  Moles. 

a.  Deftroyed  by  feveral  townlhips  aiTociating  together, 
and  engaging  a  mole-catcher,  at  the  rate  of  four-pence 
per  acre,  for  a  term  of  i'tvcn  years. 

This  agreement,  towards  a  total  extirpation,  muft 
be  more  efficacious,  than  the  greateft  exertions  of  indi- 
viduals. 

3.  Rats. 

a.  May  be  deftroyed  by  collecting  them  with  pafte  made 
with  wheat  flour  and  fugar,  fcented  with  the  oil  of  car- 
raway,  and  formed  into  a  pafte  with  water;  they  are 
to  be  fed  with  bits  or  pieces,  at  ftated  times,  till  they 
are  all  collected;  when  either  a  falling  trap,  or  which 
requires  much  lefs  time  and  attention,  a  fufficient  quan- 
tity of  arjenic*  is  added  to  the  pafte,  to  operate  as  a 
poifon — This  is  to  be  done  in  fummer,  when  the  barns 
are  empty;  and  care  muft  be  taken  that  the  arfenic  is 
not  the  leaft  gritty ;  the  fcent  of  the  oil  is  to  be  com- 
municated by  rubbing  it  into  the  palms  of  the  hands, 
and  then  rubbing  the  flour  between  them. 

b.  If  the  exprefTed  juice  of  the  ftalks  or  leaves  of  the 
Deadly  Nightfhade,  is  made  into  a  foft  pafte  with  oat- 
meal or  wheat  flour,  and  placed  in  the  holes  or  tracks 
which  rats  frequent,  though  they  will  not  eat  it,  yet  it 
is  fo  difagreeable  to  them  that  they  will  inftantly  leave 
the  premifes. 

•    "  B:\Y3re  of  Arfenic." 


332  VER. 

c.  About  a  halfpenny  has  been  the  afleffed  rate  for  de- 
ftroying  them. 

From  the  calculations  laid  before  the  public  by  Sir 
James  Wright  it  appears  too  evident,  that  the  damage 
done  Ov  thefe  wide-wafting  devcirers  of  corn,  amounts 
to  no  lefs  than  16,850,000  bufhels  annually,  which  is 
far  more  than  fufficient  for  feed  to  low  a  year's  crop! 
ani  Dr.  Arthur  Young  affirms,  that  a  full  fourth  of 
the  grain  railed  in  Great  Britain  is  deftroyed  by  ver- 
min ;  but  particularly  by  rats:  They  alfo  deftroy  great 
numbers  of  young  ducks,  and  chickens. 

Merchant  fhips  fometimes  bring  home" in  them  the 
Mutk  Rat;  and  ofrmer  from  St.  Helena,  a  large  fiat 
headed  Rat,  called  a  Bandicote. 

4.  Mice. 
a.   Deftroyed  with  traps;   thofe  in  barns  to  be  baited  with 
ther,  greafe,  or  other  animal  food;  and  with  cheefe 

^ers  with  corn. 
£0  prevent  rheir  burrowing  under  barn-floors,  they 
i  on  flints  or  broken  cinders;  or  what  is  ftill  bet- 
.  on  p:ers  ot  brick,  15  or  18  inches  high,  to  permit 
;s  or  cats  to  pafs  under. 

c.  Huckfters  place  the  boughs  of  Knee  Holly  (Rufcus 
Acnieatu$\   round  bacon  and  cheefe,    to  defend  them 

%  for  they  cannot  make  their  way  through 
the  prickly  leaves. 

d.  The  encouragment  of  the  barn  Owl  is  probably  the 
only  in  ihod  that  can  ce  devifed  for  deftroying  of  field- 
mice,  as  that  bird  beats  the  fields  as  regularly  as  a  fpa- 
n;e!,  in  queft  of  them;  and  requires  for  the  rearing  of  one 
brood  of  its  voung,  many  hundreds  of  mice. 

5.  Crows. 
a.   Ti  :    number  jreatly  leiTer.ed  by  a  collection  of  fix- 
pence  a  plough,  made  by  a  few  farmers,    for  pulling 
down  their  nefts. 

"  Crojjs  are  terrible  deftroyers  of  Indian  corn.   Black- 
birds and    squirrels  are  alfo  great  enemies  to  the  corn 
crop;    but  the  poor  ll'God-feckers,  accaicd  of   eating 
maize  in    he  field,  do  but  dig  for  snd  pick  out  11  cytv.s  ; 
which  they  deferve  a  premium,  .  in 

dirFe:ent  fhapts  and  characters,  become  enemies  to  \i- 
getable  productions. <c 


VER  333 

6.  Sparrows. 
<?.  For  thefe  a  iuccefsjul  trap  is  made,  on  the  principle 
of  a  fiih  pot;  it  is  made  of  brown  impeded  ozuis,  the 
diameter  abour  i  feet;  the  depth  9  inches.;   th,e  top  is 
fomewhat  di(hed,  with  a  tunnel  or    inverted   cone  in 
the  centre,  reaching;  to  within  about  an  inch  of  the  dot- 
torn  of  the  balket ;    the  aperture,  or  entrance,  fori, 
by  the  points  of  the  twigs  of  which  the  tunnel  is 
ftructed,  being  about  ji  inch  in  diameter;  the  belt  bait, 
wheat  fcattered  in  the  balket. 

Succeeds  beft  during  the  breeding  feafon. 

7.  Cock-chaffer  Grub — which  deftroys  the  roots  of 
Corn,  Peas,  Beans,   and  Turneps. 

a.  Land  very  much  infefted  with  them,  has  been  freed 
by  manuring  with  moory  foil.. 

b.  Encouraging  the  breed  of  Rooks  is  recommended. 

c.  A  partial  relief  has  been  obtained  by  perlbns  follow- 
ing, and  picking  them  up  as  the  ground  is  ploughed. 

d.  Destroyed  by  irrigation. 

8.  The  keeping  of  a  Hedge-Hog  (it  is  (aid)  will 
free  kitchens  from  beetles,  rats,  and  mice;  this  is  fup- 
pofed  to  be  effected  by  the  fcent  of  the  hedge-hog  be- 
ing obnoxious  to  them;  for  he  will  feed  only  on  apples, 
or  bread  foaked  in  milk. 

9.  Crickets  are  eafily  d enjoyed  by  making  a  pafte  of 
po%vdered  arfenic,  wheat  meal,  and  fcraped  carrots; 
which  mud  be  placed  near  their  habitation. 

10.  Vermin  which  infest  plants. 

a.  Take  of  black  foap  2|  lbs.  flour  of  fulphiir  2-ilbs. 
mufhrooms  of  any  kind  2  lb.  water  60  pints;  divide 
the  water  into  two  equal  parts,  and  put  one  half  in  a 
barrel  with  the  foap  and  the  mufhrooms,  after  having 
bruifed  them  a  little — The  other  half  of  the  water  is 
to  be  boiled  in  a  cauldron,  with  the  fulphur  incloied 
in  a  bag,  and  fixed  to  the  bottom  of  the  cauldron  by  a 
ftone  or  other  weight.  The  bag  of  fulphiir  muft  be 
ftirrcd  about  with  a  (lick,  the  better  to  impregnate  the 
water.  By  augmenting  the  quantity  of  ingredients  the 
effect  will  be  more  fenfible.  The  water  that  has  been 
thus  boiled,  muft  be  poured  into  the  barn  I  faily 

ftirred  with  a  (tick,  until  it  acquires  the  higheft  degree 


334  VER. 

of  ranknefs;  care  being  taken  to  flop  up  the  barrel  af- 
ter the  water  has  been  ftirred.  This  compofition  is  to 
be  fprinkled,  or  injected  on  the  plants  infefted;  and  it 
will,  at  the  firft  injection,  deftroy  the  greater  number 
ot  the  infects  ;  but  it  will  require  frequent  repetitions 
to  kill  thofe  who  live  under  ground;  efpecially  the 
ants  *  to  exterminate  them,  from  two  to  eight  pints  of 
the  liquor  will  be  neceffary,  according  to  the  extent  of 
their  nefts — two  ounces  of  nux  I'cmica,  added  to  the 
above  compofition,  and  boiled  together  with  the  flour 
of  fulphur,  will  render  the  recipe  ftill  more  effectual; 
especially  when  ants  are  to  be  deftroyed. 

h.  Biite  injeSIs  {Aphis)  ;  may  be  deftroyed  by  the  fmoke 
of  tobacco,  or  by  fprinkling  with  Scotch  fnuff. 

Dr.  Darwin,  in  his  work  named  Pbytologia,  thinks, 
that  the  moft  effectual  means  of  counteracting  the  blite 
infers,  would  be  the  propagation  of  t  of  the 

Aphidivoru; 

c.  A.  kind  of  bellows  has  been  invented  by  Mr.  Green, 
of  ner  Majefty's  Flower  Garden  at  Kew,  to  deftroy  the 
Red  Spider,  and  other  noxious  in 'eels  in  Hot-bou/es  and 
Pinerys,  with  the  fumes  of  burning  tobacco.  Thefe 
infects  have  alfo  been  deftroyed  by  burning,  at  the  time 
of  (hutting  up  the  hot-houfe,  matches,  rnoiftencd  with 
a  tincture  of  AfTafcenda  in  Spirit  of  Wine,  and  rolled 
in  a  powder  of  equal  parts  of  brimftone  and  Scorch 
fnuff\  walhing  the  hot-houfe,  frames,  &c.  wi:h  four 
ounces  of  Sublimate  diffolved  in  two  gallons  of  water; 
this  mod  be  clone  with  great  care  and  cr.niicr.,  in  con- 
fiderarion  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  V. 
Sublimate. 

10.  To  protect  ripe  wall  fruit;  place  phials  tcn- 

ed  liquor,  to  decoy  and  drown  wafps  and ' fii-::.  Grapes 
are  often  covered  with  bags  maJe  of  paper  or  gauze  to 
protect  them. 

ii.  Snails  (Helix);  may  be  kept  off  trees  bv  bind 
round  the  trunks  two  or  three  rounds  of  a  horle  hair 

•  "  An'.s   are  common   enemies  in  the  corn-fields  of  America.     They 
refide  about  the  roots  of  plants;    and  ■round  and  luck  the  crown  of  the 
root  of  Indian  czrn,   a5  ot   the  IV  3: -ernes  in  the  Well  Indies.      R-.-. 
up  and  burning  jluhblt  of  the  final!  corn  is  a  very  a^ 
For  deftroying  thefe  ^cd  other  iuieds  and  vciro::.." 


VET-  33S 

rope;  in  efpaliers  it  is  neceflary  to  bind  alfo  the  flakes ; 
and  in  wall  trees  it  muft  not  only  be  wound  round  the 
trunks,  but  alfo  be  nailed  on  the  wall  in  a  circle  be- 
yond the  ends  of  the  boughs. 

Snails  require  not  only  to  be  guarded  againft,  but 
deftroyed ;  as  they  increafe  greatly,  being  hermaphro- 
dites, and  lay  each  from  60  to  no  eggs;  which  they 
bury  in  June  about  an  inch  deep  in  loofe  mould. 

12.  Slugs,  (Limax) ;  plants  are  ufually  protected  from 
thefe  by  ftrewing  flacked  lime,  foot,  or  faw-duft,  on 
and  around  themj  as  ducks  feed  upon  them,  the  turn- 
ing a  few  into  kitchen  gardens  would  be  perhaps  the 
beft  way  of  preventing  their  depredations. 

13.  Worms  (Lumbricus  terreftris).  Gardeners  foak 
the  bruifed  leaves  or  hulks  of  the  Walnut  tree,  in  warm 
water,  and  when  cold  pour  the  water  on  grafs  plats 
and  gravel  walks,  to  kill  them ;  they  greatly  disfigure 
gravel  walks,  by  drawing  dead  leaves  into  their  holes, 
they  alfo  draw  fmall  tranfplanted  plants  out  of  the 
ground,  and  are  full  as  injurious  to  gardens  as  the  Aug. 

14.  To  preferve  young  plantations  of  trees  from  being 
injured  by  Hares,  Rabbits,  or  Rats— take  any  quan- 
tity of  tar  and  fix  or  k\en  times  as  much  greafe,  ftir- 
ring  and  mixing  them  well  together;  with  this  compo- 
fition  brufh  the  ftems  of  young  trees,  as  high  as  hares, 
&c.  can  reach,  and  it  will  effectually  prevent  their 
being  barked. 

VETCH  or  TARE. 

1.  Vetch.     (Vicia  Sativa.) 

a.  Summer  Vetch. 

b.  IVinter  Vetch. 

c.  Rath-ripe  Vetch,  or  Pebble  Vetch.  Not  much  cul- 
tivated, being  tenderer  than  the  common  Tare,  and 
does  not  produce  near  fo  much  fodder.  The  feed  is 
fown  in  the  fpring. 

2.  Wood  Vetch.     (Vicia  Syhatica.) 

3.  Tufted  Vetch.  (Vicia  Cracca.)  This  and  the  pre- 
ceding fpecies  faid  to  advance  ftarven  or  weak  catrk 
above  any  thing  yet  known. 


336  VLT. 

The  Tufted  Vetch  has  been  cultivated  on  a  flnall 
fcale,  both  bv  dividing  of  the  root,  and  Towing  of  the 
feeds  the  end  of  March,  and  ihe  increafe  was  great 
both  ways  :  This  pi  in,t  is  perennial,  flowers  the  iecond 
year,  and  grdws  aboye  two  feer  high. 

4.  (Vicia  Sepiura.)  This  is  fuppofed  to 
rival  Ltifce  oeen  cut  four  times  between  ihe  16th 
of  M&rch  and  the  30th  of  September.  The  feeds  are 
difficult  to  procure  in  a  large  quantity,  as  the  pods  do 
no  ripen  together,  and  when  ripe,  burft  and  fcatter  the 
feed  around.  As  it  is  perennial,  might  it  not  be  in- 
creafed  by  dividing  the  root? 

5.  Chinefe  Vetch.  Produces  four  crops  in  a  year  of  ex- 
cellent food  for  cattle  j  thev  grow  erect  in  tufts  from  18 
inches  to  2  feet  high.     Cultivated  in  Glamorganshire 

Culture,  &c.   of  the  Simmer  Vetch. 
1.  Seed. 

a.  Eight  or  ten  pecks  of  feed  per  acre. 

b.  Sown  about  L,ady-day. 

c.  S  >wn  where  the  clover  has  died  off  in  the  fpiing. 

d.  Sown  in  Scotland  with  peas  and  beans. 

e.  Sown  with  a  little  Wheat,  black  Oats,  or  Beans, 
which  nourishes,  protefls,  and  draws  up  the  Tares — 
May  be  advantageouQy  mixed  with  Oats  or  Barley. 

f.  The  drill  requires  only  about  half  the  quantity  fown 
broad-cad,  and  the  crop  is  fuperior. 

Rooks  and  Pigeons  are  well  known  to  be  dreadful 
enemies  to  this  crop,  a  orcumilance  which  forms  a 
ftrong  objection  to  iht  broad-caft  culture,  in  which  the 
feed  is  inlufficiently  covered. 

1.  Plant. 

a.  Cut  ivhen  the  kids  begin  to  fitly  then  faved,  and  (lack- 
ed as  hay,  and  makes  a  hearty  food  for  cattle;  parti- 
cularly for  hoi: 

b.  This  comes  into  ufe  a  fortnight  later  than  the  Win 
ter  V. 

3.  Use. 

a.  For  feeding  wear, 

b.  For  foiling  horfes  and  co 

Supplies    (for  this  purpofe)    the  want  between 
firft  and  fecond  cutting  of  red  clever. 


VIN. 


337 


c.  The  feeds  are  excellent  food  :or  pigeons. 

d.  Bets  colkdt  much  honey  from  rJ  ;  -;  not  fronn 
the  flower,  bu;  a  frcxall  !  a  ,  a  black  fpbt  on  it, 
from  which  oozes  d  ne&ftfidus  juice. 

Culture,  &c.  of  the  IVinte.    Vetch. 

i.  Seed. 

a.  Sown  rrom  the  middle  of  Aug- ft  to  the  middle  of 
October;  earliefl:  on  poor  hind,  or  expofed  fituations. 

b.  May  be  /own  in  J'pring  for  foil;  but  neither  this  nor 
the  Summer-tare,  will  ripen  their  leed,  if  fown  out  of 
their  fealbn. 

c.  A  little  rye  /own  with  it,  nourishes,  protects,  and 
draWb  up  the  Tares. 

i.  Plant. 
a.  Covered  with  loofe  ftrawey  dung  to  preferve  it  from 
the  froit. 
b.  A  f -w  oats  or  beans  mixed  with  them  to  keep  them 
up;  black  oats  reckoned  beft,  as  being  lefs  liable  to  be 
cut  off  by  frofts  than  white. 

3.  Use. 

a.  The  fame  as  the  fummer  vetch. 

In  Glouceflerihire  they  fow  it  as  pajturage  for  hor/es, 
and  eat  it  off  early  enough  to  allow  of  turneps  being 
fown  the  fame  year. 

b.  As  manure,  ploughed  into  the  land  in  May;  ahfwers 
well  on  chalk  land  for  wheat  in  the  fucceeding  autumn. 

When  Vetches  were  firft  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try from  Flanders,  they  were  cultivated  for  the  feed, 
which  were  given  to  horfes  in  the  manner  of  beans;  bur 
no  ufe  was  then  made  of  the  plant. 

"  This  is  a  plant  very  defirable,  to  be  introduced 
into  the  hufbandry  of  America" 

VINE.     (Vitis  Vim/era.) 
Hardy  Vines. 

1.  Ripening  in  Auguft — Black  July  Grape.  Black 
Sweet  Water.  White  ditto.  Black  Corinth,  or  Cur- 
rant. 

2.  Ripening  in  September — Early  White  Mufcadine. 
White  Mufcadine  Royal,  or  Chaffelas  Blanc.  White 
le  Cour  Grape,    or  Mufk  Chaflfelas.     Red  Chaffelas 

[   43   ] 


33*  V.I#, 

Black  Burgundy.  Black  Frontiniac.  Black  clutter, 
having  hoary,  whitifh  leaves,  and  fhort  compact  cluf- 
ters. 

3.  Ripening  in  October — Red  Hamburgh.  Black  do. 
The  grapes  of  bom  la; 

T  er  Vines  j  feldom  ripening  unlefs  the  autumn  proves 
very  warm  and  mild;  and  are  therefore  often  planted 
ag\inft  hot-walls,  hot-houles,  and   forcing-frames. 

1.  Ripening  in  September — Red  Frontiniac.  Grifly 
ditto.  White  ditto.  White  Mufcat  of  Alexandria. 
Red  ditto. 

2.  Ripening  in  October — St.  Peter's.  Tokay.  White 
Syrian  (exceeding  large  clufters).  Red  Raifin.  WThite 
dit'O.     Clarer. 

"  Tokay  Grapes  are  ffouriihing  in  Marvhnd,  from 
vines  imported  by  Mr.  Barnfter  C.  Carrol.  The 
fruit  is  excellent,  tne  vines  very  Bouriftrmg  and  hardy. 

The  hot-houfe  ripens  fome  of  the  early  forts  in  May 
and  June ;  others  in  July  and  Auguft. 

Culture,  &JV. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  A  light  dry  warm  foil. 

b.  If  a  ftrong  moift  clay;  muft  be  improved  with  \ 
dry  materials,  as  fea-fand,  road-flurr",  lime-rubl 
coal-afhes,  &c. 

c.  In  France  and  Spain  they  manure  the  ground  about 
the  roots,  with  cow-dung. 

2.  Increased. 

a.  By  feed,  which  readily  grows  in  hot-houfes. 

b.  By  layers  :  The  greater  part  is  to  be  buried  5  or  6 
inches  deep,  pegged  firmly  down,  and  covered  with 
earth  ;   the  top  to  be  fhortened  to  three  or  four  c 

c.  By  cuttings :  The  middle  and  lower  part  of  young 
moots,  of  the  former  fummer,  are  the  only  proper  parts 
for  cuttings ;  wheh  are  to  be  planted  in  autumn,  or 
early  in  the  fpring. 

3.  Tree. 
a.  Planted  from  November  ro  March  in  open  weather, 
and  the   heads  of  young  trees  to  be  pruned  to  about 
three  eyes ;  of  old  trees,  to  three,  four,  or  five. 


VI N.  339 

h.  A  fouth  afpect  the  beft ;  but  in  default  of  fufficient 
fcope,  may  be  trained  on  an  eaft  or  weft. 

c.  Bears  fruit  on  young  moots  of  the  fame  year,  which 
arife  from  the  former  year's  wood. 

d.  Pruning. 

(i.)  In  fummer  commencing  in  May  or  as  foon  as  the 
fruit  buds  appear,  rub  off  weak,  ftraggling,  and  evi- 
dently unfruitful  moots  of  the  year ;  and  train  the  reit 
at  full  length. 

(2.)  in  July  the  fruit-moots  may  be  topped,  to  throw 
a  gfeacer  fupply  of  nutriment  co  the  fruit. 
(3.)  In  winter  fhorten  ro  a  few  eyes. 
(4.)  Have  been  pruned,  and  the  leaves  pulled  off  in 
September ;  thus  treated,  they  have  corne  the  year 
following  a  greater  plenty  of  grapes  than  others,  that 
were  not  fo  managed. 

It  has  lately  been  recommended  to  train  the  bran- 
ches in  a  Terpentine  man 

e.  It  is  fiid  that  when  grapes  have  acquired  their  expect- 
ed fize,  if  the  ftalks  or  each  bunch  be  cut  half  through, 
they  will  the  fooner  ripen — Su  1  raifins  are  grapes  thus 
treated  abroad,  and  left  on  the  tree  till  dry. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  fruit  both  for  the  table  arri  making  of  wine. 

h.  In  Italy  an  ufefu!  oil  is  drawn  from  the  ^rape  ftones 
— In  order  to  fepar re  the  feeds  from  the  hulks  and  refufe 
matter,  the  mart  is  put  into  a  bucket  with  fome  water, 
an.;  worked  about  with  hands,  till  rhe  feeds,  fro  heir 
fuperior  .  gbr,  have  ail  fallen  to  the  bo::om  <  ;  the 
v.  lei.  Tney  are  then  to  be  remov 
fun,  or  by  any  oth?r  way,  as  foon  as  polTible  :  v\  hen 
a  fufficient  quantity  is  collected,  ;-  "to  be 

ground  in  [  e  kind  0  that  is  uied  for  hemp 

and  colefeed;  being  then  cold  a  awn,  a  fine  oil  is  pro- 
cured, which  is  ft  :eiy  diftinguiftia  le  from  con  iron 
olive  oil.     The   re  tter   be  1  :  leaked  in  a  little 

hot  water,  yields  a  .  :h  portion  of  oil,  though  of  an 
inferior  quality,  wnich  burns  excellently  well  in  a 
lamp,  giving  out  no  unpleafant  odour,  an  :oke 

than  cither  rape  or  colefeed  oil.  It  is  alio  ufed  in 
the  Parmefan,  for  preparing  the  bed  kind  of  calf-lkin 
leather. 


340  VI N. 

ENGLISH  VINE- YARDS. 

1.  In  1718  there  was  one  near  Dorking,  in  Surry,  of 
many  acres,  which  faced  the  S.  and  S.  \V.  Planted 
by  the  Honourable  Charles  Howard,  of  Norfolk. 

2.  About  the  year  1720,  a  Mr.  Warner,  had  ajuccefs- 
ful  one  of  the  burgundy  grape,  at  Rotherithe,  near 
London. 

3.  Vine-yards  fiourifhed  near  Bath  in  1742. 

There  was  alfo  in  another  part  of  the  county  of  Sc- 
merjetf.ire,  a  vme-yai  ,  that  produced  annually  feme 
hogfeads  of  a  good  be    led  and  palatable  ivine. 

4.  At  Mr.  Hamilton's,  Pains-Hill,  Surry. 

5.  At  b*ir  Richard  Woifieys  in  the  IJle  of  Wight,  is  at 
prefenr,  a  vine-yard  of  White  Mufcadine  and  Plant 
Verd  vines,  which  are  planted  in  beds  12  feet  wide, 
with  foot  paths  between  ,  the  plants  li  foot  afunder; 
the  ftems  8  inches  high  ;  at  firft  only  two  fhoots  are 
fuffered  to  remain   on  the  ftem,  and   thofe  cut  off  the 

ig   Marcn  ;   and   their    place  fupplitd   by   ether 

ones  ;  the  fhoots  are   not   fuffered   to  run    .nto 

but  kep:  at  me  length  of  2  feet,  or  i\. 

is  head  mav  be  infrrted  the  fucctfsfui  ma- 

n  •  by  fames  Gefop,  gardener  to  John 

mitb ;    who    having    in    the 
year  17  :y   of  exceeding  good  wine 

fi  kic<  d  to  attend  very  | 

ticul  rly    to  trj     {  of  the  vine:  His  method 

v,.  lows.;  th  n   it  fi  1  ft  came  under  his 

c.  •    .  v  tad  been  injured  more  by  neglect 

2  id  >us  managen  ent  than   by  years  ;  he  cut 

whole  ftem  quite  away,  and 
if  of  the  remainder  of  the  wood,  and  the 
il  nop  of  improved  fruit  which  fucceeded, 
j  h  i.  n  1  aid  his  care  ;  the  vine,  by  continual  cut- 
li  g,  confifted,  in  the  enfuing  year,  of  almofl:  entirely 
new  wood.  In  the  year  1779  he  cut  down  all  the  old 
wood  which  was  lefc,  and  laid  the  fintft  wires  he  could 
fekct  perpendicularly,  about  iS  inches  afunder;  fome 
of  them  3,  and  others  6  feet  h-ng;  by  this  means  he 
covered  the  wall  with  plenty  of  well-  ripened  wood.  In 
the  year  178c,  according  to  cuftom,  he  cut  off  all  the 


I 


UND.     WAL  341 

old  wood,  and  laid  the  young  wires  perpendicularly 
in  the  ground,  6  or  7  feet  in  length,  and  at  the  dif- 
tance  of  1 8  inches  from  each  other :  Of  the  full  crop 
of  excellent  grapes  which  this  culture  produced,  he 
made  wint  in  the  proportion  of  100  gallons  to  100 
yards  of  wall. 

UNDERWOODS  OR  COPPICES. 

1.  The  heads  of  the  (tools  fhould  be  but  little,  if  any, 
above  the  furface  of  the  ground. 

2.  Should  be  cut  as  clofe  and  fmooth  to  the  (tool  as  pof- 
fible,  and  before  the  fap  is  in  motion. 

3.  The  fallen  (luff  fhould  be  cleared  away,  before  the 
young  (hoots  begin  to  lpring. 

4.  Particular  attention  fhould  be  given  to  the  fences,  to 
prevent  cattle  committing  irreparable  injury. 

5.  Hep-binds  laid  among  the  (tools  has  proved  of  the 
greateft  fervice,  by  fuppreiling  of  weeds  and  grafs, 
which  would  otherwife  have  exhaufted  the  foil. 

6.  All  trees  growing  among  underwood  ihould,  if  de- 
(jgned  to  be  fallen,  be  cut  with  it. 

7-  Unthrifty  and  (tunted  trees  ihould  be  removed,  and 
ail  healthy  young  trees  and  faplings  preferved  for  a 
fucceffion. 

8.  Trees  are  detrimental  to  underwood,  as  their  (hade 
and  roots  prevent  its  increa(e. 

WALNUT.     (Juglans  Regit.) 

Varies.  Early  oval,  common  oval,  round,  lar£re, 
largeit,  French,  large  double,  late-ripe,  tender- (helled, 
hard-ihclled  ;  The  tree  that  bears  the  harci-fhelled  nut, 
is  the  darkeft  coloured,  and  hardied  timber. 

Culture,   i?c. 

1.  Soil. 
.7.  Will  fucceed   in  either  low  or   high  (ituatlons,  and 
almoft   any    foil  ;    but   is  molt    profperous  in    loamy 
ground. 

2.  Increased. 
a.  By  nuts  preferved  till  the  February  following  in  dry 
(and;  then  planted  in  lightifh  ground,  in  drills  3  inches 
deep,  and  a  foot  afunder. 


WAL. 

3.  Tree. 

a.  At  two  years  old  to  be  tranfplanted  into  the  nurfery, 
and  the  tap  root  fhortened. 

b.  Begins  to  bear  at  feven  or  eight  years  old,  but  not 
confiderable,  till  they  attain  a  large  growth. 

c.  Grows  40  or  50  feet  high. 

d.  The  wood  is  durable,  and  not  attacked  by  the 
worm. 

e.  Nothing  will  grow  under  its  made ;  but  as  it  does 
not  leaf  till  about  the  21ft  of  April,  gardeners  raife 
early  crops  under  the  branches,  as  coleworts,  fpinage, 
&c.  and  plant  goofeberry  trees,  whofe  fruit  is  gathered 
green. 

4.  Use. 

a.  The  timber  proves  valuable  for  many  purpofes  in  the 
cabinet,  and  joinery  branches. 

b.  A  wine  is  made  from  the  tree,  by  boring  the  trunk  ; 
or  which  is  lets  injurious,  and  produces  more  liquor, 
by  cutting  off  the  end  of  fome  fuperfluous  branch,  of 
fuch  a  fize  as  may  fit  the  mouth  of  a  bottle  to  receive 
the  fap. 

c.  The  fruit. 

(1.)  When  about  half  or  three  parts  grown,  is  excel- 
lent for  pickling. 

(2.)  When  .ripe  for  the  table  fhould  be  gathered  in 
heaps  to  ferment  and  fweat  a  few  days;  when  the  green 
covers  will  feparate  from  the  nuts,  rnufr.  be  kept  in  a 
dry  room,  or  in  boxes  or  tubs  of  land,  for  ufc. 

If  the  drieft  nuts  are  (lightly  cracked,  and  foaked 
for  twelve  hours  in  cold  water,  the  kernels  will  peel  as 
eafily  as  frefh  ones. 

(3.)  An  oil  is  drawn  from  the  kernel,  which  is  ufed  by 
painters,  for  whites  and  other  delicate  colours;  and  al- 
fo  for  goki-iize  and  varnifh  ;  it  likewife  (tains  wood  a 
dark  colour :  The  lees  fatten  hogs. 

The  feoper  the  oil  is  drawn  the  greater  quantity, 
but  the  drier  the  nut  the  better. 

(4.)  The  green  hufks  boiled  dye  a  yellow  without  any 
mixture. 

d.  Fiftxermen  ufc  water  in  which  the  bruifed  leaves  have 
bem  foaked,  to  drive  worms  out  of  their  holes ;  tc 


WAR.  343 

which  gardeners  add  the  hufks,  and  pour  the  water  on 
grafs  plats  to  kill  them. 

WARPING 

Is  a  procefs  ufed  in  Lincolnfhire,  and  fome  other 
places,  for  raifing  the  furface  oflow  and  marfhy  lands, 
by  repeatedly  flooding  them,  and  allowing  a  fuccefiion 
of  fediment  to  be  depofited. 

1.  Is  effected  by  a  cut  or  canal  from  the  river,  having 
a  fluice  for  the  admiflion  and  difcharge  of  the  w;.ter, 
which  is  alfo  confined  to  the  grounds  intended  to  be 
warped,  by  furrounding  banks  raifed  to  the  required 
heigh: ;  which  may  be  f  om  4  to  7  feet. 

2.  A  fluice  for  warping,  5  feet  high  and  7  wide,  will 
do  for  50  acres  per  annum  -,  if  the  land  lies  near  the 
river,  for  70. 

With  but  one  fluice,  every  other  tide  only  can  be 
ufed  ;  as  the  water  muft  run  perfectly  off  that  the  fur- 
face  may  incruft ;  and  if  the  canal  be  not  perfectly 
empty  the    ide  has  no  effect. 

3.  One  tide  will  leave,  on  an  average,  one-eighth  of  an 
inch ;  and  in  four  years,  land  has  been  warped  to  the 
depth  of  34  fret.  The  farther  the  courfe  of  water, 
the  fmaller  the  fediment. 

4.  Its  effect  is  very  lading  upon  land,  which  requires 
no  farther  manure  for  many  years ;  and  produces  vaft 
crops. 

a.  A  wheat  Hubble  warped,  and  fown  with  oats  the 
following  April,  produced  twelve  quarters  per  acre. 

b.  Wheat  afterwards  36  bufhels. 

c.  Oats  fcuffled  upon  the  frefh  warp,  the  fcuffle  being 
drawn  by  eight,  and  held  by  one  man,  produced  on 
3  acres  particularly  j  fourteen  quarters,  one  fack,  per 
acre. 

d.  Beans  90  bufhels  per  acre  j  one  acre  meafured  to  de- 
cide a  wager,  yielded  99  bufhels — And  144  pods  have 
been  taken  from  one  bean,  on  four  ftalks. 

e.  Tartarian  Oats  have  grown  7  feet  high. 

/.  White  clover  and  hay-feeds,  mown  twice  the  firft 
year ;  the  firft  cutting  three  tons  per  acre,  the  iecond 
one  ton,  afterwards  an  immenfe  after -math. 


344  WAT.     WEF.. 

5.  Theexpenfeof  warping  has  been  12I.  per  acre;  but 
poor  knd  has  been  fo  railed  in  value,  as  to  let  from 
50s.  to  5I.  per  acre. 

6.  The  fediment  from  tide  water  is  fea-fand  and  flime; 
from  river  water,  mud. 

WATERCRESS.     (Sifymbrium  Najlurtium.) 

Culture,  65V. 

1.   Plant. 

d.  To  cultivate  this  in  gardens  requi-es  a  running  ftream 
with  a  muddy  bottom  ;  if  the  land  has  much  flope, 
the  water  muft  he  dammed  up  in  fmall  p<  h  61  the 
depth  of  about  a  foot;  the  plants  are  to  be  fet  to  the 
fpring,  and  not  cut  the  firfl  feafon,  but  fufrered  to  run 
to  feed. 

b.  Grows  naturally  in  fprings,  brooks,  and  rivulets. 

1.   Use. 

a.  This  is  very  univerfally  ufed  as  an  early  and  whole 
fome  fpring  fallet. 

b.  Ufed  medicinally. 

WEEDS. 

1.  Injurious  to  arable  land. 

a.  Couch  is  the  proper  name  of  the  Triticum  Repens, 
but  is  frequently  applied  to  other  graffes  which  have  a 
perennial  creeping  root;  as  the  Bent  graffes,  (Agro- 
ftis's) ;  creeping  foft  Grafs,  (Holcus  Mollis)  ;  Tall 
Oat  grafs,  (Avena  Elatior)  ;   and  fome  others. 

They  are  deftroyed  by  repeated  fummer  ploughing:, 
or  by  forking  them  out  and  burning  them. 

Among  Sharp's  plates,  containing  figures  of  new 
invented  implements  of  hufbandry,  is  a  jointed  horfe 
rake  for  pulling  up  Couch- grafs. 

b.  Colftfoot.  (Tumlago  Farfara.)  The  way  to  de- 
Ilroy  this  weed  is  by  cutting  it  up  in  thofc  months  whtn 
it  begins  to  throw  its  flower,  i.  e.  February  or  March  ; 
at  which  time  it  will  bleed  to  death. 

c.  Charlock  is  the  Raphanus  Rapbaniftfiim  ;  but  the 
following  plants,  equally  noxious  to  the  farmer,  pafs 
under  its  name — viz.   Wild  Muftard,  (Sinapis  Nigra); 


WEE.  w 

Wild  Rape,  (Braffica  Napus).  Thefe  plants  are  an- 
nuals ;  their  feeds  will  lie  in  a  clod  as  fafe  as  in  a  gra- 
nary, and  vegetate  at  the  end  of  20  years,  when 
ploughed  up  and  expofed  to  moifture. 

They  are  to  be  extirpated  by  ploughing  them  under 
when  the  field  is  fallow,  or  by  weeding  them  out  of 
the  crop  before  their  feed  fhall  have  been  ripened.  The 
fame  method  muft  be  purfued  with  other  weeds.  See 
Cultivator. 

d.  Melilot,  (Trifolium  Melilot  Officinalis) ;  White 
Darnel,  (Lolium  Temulentum)  ;  and  Garic,  (Allium 
Oleraceum)  ;  require  particular  care  to  deltrc.y,  as  t^ty 
not  only  injure  a  wheat  crop  wiien  growing,  but  lefifi  n 
its  value  at  market,  by  communicating  a  molt  loath- 
fome  flavour  to  wheat  and  other  grain,  fo  as  to  render 
it  unfit  for  making  bread.  Stinking  Chamomile)  (An- 
themis  Cotula)y  where  it  abounds,  is  often  found  to 
blifter  the  hands  of  weeders  and  icapeis. 

e.  Corn  Marigold.  (Chryfanthemum  Segetum.)  This 
noxious  weed  is  faid  to  be  deftroyed  by  dunging  rhe 
foil  where  it  grows  in  autumn  ;  letting  it  lie  fallow  one 
fummer  ;  and  harrowing  the  ground  in  about  five  days 
aftc  fowing  the  feed  for  the  future  crop — Alio  by  ma- 
nuring with  chalk. 

f.  Tbiftles,  cut  an  inch  above  the  ground  will  not  be  fo 
formidable  at  harveft,  as  thofe  cut  at  the  fame  time 
with  the  hoe,  and  below  the  furfice.  In  the  former 
cafe,  the  remaining  ftub  of  the  thiftie  ge:s  filled  with 
water,  which  refting  upon  the  crown  of  the  plant,  in- 
jures it  fo  far  as  to  occafion  a  few  feeble  fhoots  only  to 
rife  ;  whillt  in  the  latter,  ftrong  and  luxuriant  flools 
fhoot  forth. 

(1.)   If  Tbiftles,  Briers,  &c.  are  cut  with  a  mattock 
in  Augufi,  they  will  bleed  to  death. 
(2  )  Pear-dud:  fcattered  upon  thirties  caufes   them  to 
wither,  as  if  fcorched  ;   but  they  generally  recover  un- 
lefs  the  dull  be  repeated. 

g.  Berberry.  (Perberris  Vulgaris.)  This  (hrub  is  faid 
to  have  the  quality  of  blighting  the  ears  of  wheat  even 
to  the  diftance  of  300  or  400  varus  acrofs  one  or  more 
fields. 

L  44] 


346  WEE. 

b.  A  weed,  fuppofed  to  be  either  the  BmJ/ica  Muralis 
of  H'.idfon,  or  a  variety  of  it,  begins  to  infeit  the 
ifland  of  Thaner,  and  is  not  a  little  alarming  to  the 
farmers,  as  it  is  of  the  mod  prolirx  kinc/,  and  very 
difficult  to  eradicate.  It  was  introduced  a  few  years 
ago  among  fome  oats,  which  were  imported  in  a  veflel 
that  was  wrecked  upon  the  coaft  of  the  ifiand,  and  were 
warned  by  the  tides  along  the  fhore  among  the  lea 
weeds,  and  with  that  carried  to  different  farms.  It 
flowers  and  feeds  in  autumn.  The  inhabitants  call  it 
the  Stink-weedy  from  its  fetid  fmeil. 
;'.  Dodder  or  Hfiixveed  (Cuicuta  Enrofi&n.)  This  is  a 
very  fingular  plant;  as  icon  as  it  creeps  up  ar.othir  it 
quits  its  root,  and  is  fed  by  the  plant  on  which  it  fas- 
tens, and  its  branches  will  thus  run  from  one  to  another 
a  furlong  or  more.  Hops,  Fi.'.x,  and  Eeans,  arc 
moftly  attacked  by  it.  The  laft  is  beft  freed  from  it 
by  turning  in  fheep,  which  both  break  its  branches 
and  feed  upon  it. 

Many  weeds  are  generally  intrcduced  into  fields  by 
that  Q'jvenly  practice  ofjuferimg  them  to  grow  andjeed 
on  the  dung-heaps, : 

C5=  "  One  year's  good  weeding, 
II  prevent  feeding  ; 
But  one  year's  fee  iog, 
M  ;kes  leven  year's  weeding." 

i.  Injurious  to  cattle  in  pasture  lands. 

a.  Water  Hemlock,  (Phellandrium  Aquathum)  is  ge- 
nerally efteemed  a  fatal  poiibn  to  horfe  ,  occafioning 
them  to  become  paralytic  ;  but  this  effect  is  owing  to 
an  infect,  (Curouiio  ParcpUblicus),  which  generally 
inhabits  within  the  item.  The  ufual  antidote  is  j 
dung:  To  oxen  this  plant  is  both  whoicfome  and 
agreeable.  Horles  are  faid  to  have  been  killed  by 
eating  the  Common  Wormwood.  (Artemifia  Ab 
tbiumJ) 

b.  Water  Cowbane.  (Cicuta  J'lrcfa.)  Early  in  the 
fpring  when  it  grows  in  the  water,  Cows  often  eat  of 
it,  and  are  killed  by  it ;  but  as  the  fummer  advances, 
and  its  fin  ell  becomes  flronger,  they  carefully  avoid  it. 


WEE.  347 

Cattle  reared  in  Herefordfhire  avoid  Meadow  Saffron, 
(Colchicum  Autumnale),  which  grows  there  in  plenty  ; 
but  cattle  brought  from  other  parts  eat  of  it,  and  are 
poifoned. 

c.  Water  Germander,  (Teucrium  Scordiutri) ;  Blue 
Sowthiftle,  (Sonchus  Alpinus)  ;  Ramfons,  (Allium 
Urftnum)  ;  Treacle  Muftard,  (Thlafpi  .drvenfis)  -,  and 
Common  Wormwood,  (Artemiiia  Ahfinthiuni)  ;  gives 
a  difag'reeable  odour  to  the  milk  of  Cows  that  ked  on 
them  ;  and  Corn  Mint,  (Mentha  Arvenenfis),  prevents 
its  coagulation. 

d.  Wild  Angelica,  (Angelica  Sylvefiris),  renders  hay 
ungrateful  to  cattle  :  and  Wall  Barley  Grals,  (Hordi- 
um  Mxrinum),  when  mixed  in  hav,  proves  highly  inju- 
rious to  horfes,  the  awns  or  beards  of  the  ears  flicking 
into  their  mouths,  and  making  them  fo  fore  that  they 
are  unable  to  eat. 

e.  Yew.  (Taxus  Baccata.)  The  loppings,  in  a  half 
dried  (late,  h-ive  frequently  been  fatal  ro  cattle  ;  and 
tiie  bark  to  (hteept  ..vtir'.h  Marigold,  (Calefoa  Pak* 
ftris),  occafions  inch  an  inflammation  to  cows  that  eat 
of  it,  that  they  generally  dfe:  Staying  Ho.ftail, 
(Equifetum  Hycmale),  is  reckoned  hurtful  ro  cattle  ; 
fome  entertain  an  opinion,  that  if  cows  chance  to  f.ed 
upon  it  their  teeth  will  drop  out. 

/.  CommAn  Loufewort.  (Pedicularis  Syhatlca.)  If 
the  healthieft  flock  of  fheep  are  fed  with  it,  they  become 
fcabby  and  fcurfy  in  a  (hort  time ;  the  wool  gets  loofe, 
and  they  will  be  over-run  with  vermin. 

g.  Common  Wormwood,  gives  a  bitter  talle  to  the  flefh 
of  ilieep  that  have  eaten  it ;  as  does  Sun  Spurge,  (Eu- 
phorbia Hdiojcopia.)  One  fort  of  Poppy,  (Papaver), 
and  Moufe-ear  Scorpion  Grafs,  (Myolbtis  Scopicidcs), 
generally  proves  fatal  to  fheep  :  Dog's  Mercury  (Mer- 
curialis  Pcrennis),  is  faid  to  be  hurtful  to  them  j  and 
Wood  Anemone  (Anemone  Nemorofa),  brings  on  a 
bloody  flux  to  fuch  as  are  unaccuitomed  to  eat  it.  In 
fome  part  of  Cambridgeshire  fheep  are  fubjecT:  to  a 
relaxation  of  the  moulder  ;  this  is  imputed  to  their 
eating  an  herb  or  grafs  called  Cockfpire  (Cocksfoot ;) 


343  WEL. 

a  cure  Is  effected  by  renoving  to  high  land  on  the  nrft 
appearance  of  the  difeafc. 
h.  Shepher  s  impute  the   rot  in  fheep  feeding  on  the 
K  Hind-  i  (Drofera  Rctundifclia'  ;  Marfl) 

ft  .  .   (HvJrocoryie    Vulfuris)\    and    Common 

:1a     Vu.garn   ;     all    of    which 
But  from  an  c-nt 

•vith  the  lift,   it  appeared    that  t 
do  I:  r.ay  be  made  a  qucftion,   whether  the 

nuch   •  tabid  in 

ma   ". . .   a  cal  ed   a   Fluke, 

(VafcioU  H  i  is  found  in  et  fitu- 

cring  to  the  ^ian  s,  and  likcwife  in  the  li- 
s  mi  biliary  dufrs  of  fheep,  that  are  effected  with 
the  rot. 
i.  o.civ  Boletus  (Boletus  Bcvhtus.)  In  cows  and  other 
cattle  that  have  eat  of  it,  it  ha5  been  known  to  create 
bloo/iy  urine,  naufrous  milk,  fuellings  of  the  <•. 
inflammations  in  the  bowels,  ftoppagts,  diarrhoeas, 
an  In  fh  3r-ng  on  a  Ic.rrhous  liver,  a 

cough,  a  general  wafting,  and  drop  v. 
k.  Foj  Mii.ov\s,  Docks,  and  feme  o:her  deep-rooted 
plants,  which,  though  perhaps  not  noxious  to'  cattle, 
are  feldo  n  or  nc\  r  eaten,  and  take  up  the  room  of 
wilful  plan's;  the  Docking  iron  fhoulJ  be  made  ufe 
of  to  eradicate  them ;  of  which  foe  the  plate,  fig.  14 

Y>"ELD.     (Refeda  Lutala.) 

1.   Soil. 
a.  A  ftiff  ion 2  loam,  ;  :t. 

ly  foil. 
-    lets   the  land    is    very   poor  it  does    not    require 
dm 

ich  fail  Paid  to  rr.-ke  the  llalk  hollow  ana  noi  fo 
goo  J. 

:    Seed. 
a.   Sown   with   barley   and  a   peck  to 

acre — Is  pulled  up  from  amcfigtl  er  the   r 


WHE.  349 

b.  Sown  alone  in  Anguft,  one  gallon  to  an  acre. 

c.  Sown  with  a  (mall  portion  of  turnep  and  ntpe,  which 
are  eat  off  by  fheep  in  winter  or  early  in  April,  and 
the  weld  let  ftand  for  a  crop. 

(i.)  Four  quarts  of  weki-feed,    with   two   quarts  of 
Rape-feed,  and  one  quart  of   Turnep-fced. 
3.   Plant. 

a.  When  railed  alone  to  be  hoed  to  the  diftance  of  6 
inches  about  two  months  after  they  are  come  up,  and 
on  the  whole  treated  like  turneps. 

b.  Tranlplanted  fron  feed  beds  at  Midfummer,  iland 
all  winter,  and  ripen  the  fummer  follow.ng. 

c.  When  in  full  bloom,  are  either  drawn  or  cut,  dried 
and  laid  up  for  ufe. 

As  leaving  the  plants  to  ripen  their  feed  injures  their 
dyin^  quality,  a  piece  of  ground  mould  be  purpofely 
allotted  to  plants  intended  for  feed. 
4.  Usr. 

a.  Dyes  a  beautiful  yellow. 

b.  Blue  cloths,  dipped  in  a  decoction  of  it,  become 
green. 

c.  The  yellow  colour  of  paint,  called  Dutch  Pink,  is 
got  from  this  plant. 

The  tinging  quality  refides  in  the  ftems  and  roots. 
Dried  in  proper  houfes  in  Scotland  the  colour  was  found 
equal  to  the  foreign. 

WHEAT. 

1.  Without  beards. 

a.  Winter  Wheat,  (Triticum  Hybernum)  ;  mould  not 
be  iown  before  September,  nor  later  than  November. 

b.  Spying  or  Summer  Wheat,  (Triticum  Aejlivum); 
fown  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  nth  of  May. 

1.  Sown  with  feed. 

Thefe  produce  finer  flour  than  the  bearded  wheats. 

1.  With  beards. 
a.  Grey,  Duckbill,  Grey    Pollard,'    or  Fullers  Wheat, 

(Triticum  Turridum)  ;  apt  to  lodge  if  fown  thick — 

The  grain  faid    to  produce  more  flour   in  proportion 

than  any  other  fort  of  wheat. 
/'.  Cone  Wheat.    (Triticum  Quadratum  Miller).    This 

is  fuited  to  ftrong  wet  lands. 


350  WHE. 

c.  Polonian  Wheat,  (Triticum  Pclonieum)  -Apt  to  lodge 
if  fown  thick;   produces  much  flour. 

Of  the  above  there  are  feveral  varieties  known  to  our 
farmers,  but  which  differ  in  little  befides  the  colour  of 
the  chaff  and  form  of  the  ears. 

In  old  books  bearded  wheat  h  called  French  Wheat, 
and  without  beards,   Not- Wheat. 
3.   Foreign.     The'e  appear  as  yet  to  have  had  only  a 
partial  trial  towards  determining  their  value. 

a.  Siberian  Spring-wheat,  ripens  full  as  early  as  the 
co.i.v.un  Spnng  wheat — the  increafe  twenty-five  for 
one  on  the  iced  fown  ;  gives  only  half  the  fiour  of  the 
winter  wheat. 

b.  Switzerland  Spring-wheat,  ripens  a  fortnight  fooner 
thin  the  common  Spring-wheat,  and  as  early  as  any 
of  the  autumnal  forts 

c.  /Egyptian  bearded  Wheat;  fix  grains  fown  produced 
102  ftems,  with  large  branching  ears,  and  the  ears 
contained,  upon  an  average  102  grains  or  better;  fo 
that  the  produce  of  the  fix  grains,  at  the  medium  of 
120  grains  to  each  ear,  make  12,240,  or  2040  from 
each  grain. 

d.  Murwaany  Wheat,  which  Dr.  Shaw  brought  from 
Barbary,  and  planted  in  the  Phytic  garden  at  Oxford, 
threw  out  each  5oftalks — It  likewife  happens  that  one 
of  thefe  ftaiks  will  fometimes  bear  tzvo  ears ,  whilfl:  each 
of  thefe  ears  will  as  often  fhuot  out  into  a  number  of 
letter  ones* 

e.  A  fpecies  of  Spring  Wheat  fuppefed  to  be  the  Ger- 
man Spelter,  was  cultivated  (oc  three  years  near  Edin- 
burgh; it  was  fown  fo  late  as  the  icth  of  April,  and 
was  always  amongft  the  firft  grain  harvtfled.  It  item- 
ed to  be  well  adapted  to  thole  places,  where  the  feve- 
rity  of  the  winter  ftorms,  and  o:hcr  circumftances,  pre- 
vent the  cultivation  of  wheat  fown  in  autumn.  The 
produce  the  firfr.  year  was  feven  bolls  an  acre,  3nd  die 
next  year  eight  bolls,  en  land  not  our  eing 
a  very  weighty  (.Main,  it  yielded  a  great  deaj  or  flour. 
But  in  1799  it  fail                             >  that  it  would  fi 

to  be  unable  to  withftand  a  fevcre  feafon. 

-  "  Such  is  the  unimportant 

IjiisfiCtion.'' 


WHE.  J5i 

/.  Zealand  JVbeat\  a  white  and  full  bodied  grain,  chaff 
white,  without  awns;  ears  fomewhat  large;  ftraw  I 
and   reedy.      This  fort  is  well  adapted   to  weak   and 
middling  land:    in  a  rich  foil,    eJptcially  in  a  motft 
feafon,  it  runs  too  much  to  ftraw. 

g.  In  the  ifland  of  Jerfey,  they  cultivate  a  fmall  fpring 
wheat,  called  From  nit  Treaiais;  becaufe  it  is  only  three 
months  in  the  earth. 

Culture,  &c. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  White  wheats  fuit  beft  light  foils;  and  brown,  ftrong. 
(i)  White  wheats  are  more  apt  to  fprout  in  the  ear 
from  wet  fcafons,  than  the  brown  or  red. 

(2)  White  wheats    when    fown   repeatedly   on  ftrong 
land  become  gradually  browner. 

b.  In  Norfolk  light  fandy  fo'.ls  are  held  together  by  ray- 
grafs,  white  clover,  trefoil,  and  other  ufeful  plants ; 
and  the  wheat  dibbled  on  the  lays  ;  the  fward  or  flag 
being  firft  turned  over  flat,  and  rolled. 

c.  Wheat  has  been  fown  and  harrowed  in  after  turneps 
withou:  ploughing — The  crop  fine  and  dee  from  fmut. 

d.  Thick  fet  woolly-eared  wheat,  owing  to  its  retaining 
much  moifture,  is  better  fuited  to  a  dry  foil,  and  a  dry 
climate;  than  the  thin  ki  eared,  with  fmooth  chaff. 

2.    Increased  from  seed. 

a.  Sown  broad-cajl  ;  this  method  is  fuited  to  ftrong 
lands,  the  quantity  three  bufhels  per  acre. 

The  broad-caft  is  unfavourable  to  the  hoe. 

b.  Set, — faid  to  have  the  advanta  e  over  the  broad-caft, 
by  a  laving  at  leaf!  of  fix  peck  per  acre  of  wheat;  gi- 
ving cleaner  and  better  corn,  and  alfo  providing  a  ve- 
ry lucrative  employment  for  the  poor;  a  fingle  family 
having  received  two  guineas  a  week,  tor  fix  weeks. 

c.  Drilled — Saves  half  the  feed  that  is  ufually  fown 
broad-  call,  produces  a  better  crop,  deftroys  more  weeds, 
harveft  at  lefs  expenfe,  and  leaves  the  foil  better  for 
future  crops.  Sows  the  feed  at  lefs  than  half  the  expenfe 
attending  fetting. 

3.    Increased  by   dividing  the  root. 
a.  The  following  fuccefsful  attempt  was  made  by  Mr. 
Miller  to  lave  feed  corn  by  g  the  root. 


252  "VYHE. 

A  fingle  p]ant;  taken  up  the  8th  of  Auguft,  was  di- 
vided into  1 8  parts,  and  each  part  panted;  between 
the  middle  of  September  and  Oflober  they  were  again 
divided  into  67  plants;  and  again  the  roos  were  divi- 
ded between  the  middle  of  March  and  12th  of  April, 
and  produced  500  plants:  by  this  means  one  fmgle 
gra.n  produced  in  one  feafjn 

In  earb 2  1,1  cq 

In  number  ....   5~o,ooofold! 

In  meafure  ....   3^  pecks 

In  weight 47  pou: 

4.   Plant. 

a.  Thirty  (terns  have  grown  from  a  f.ngle  roo%  with 
ears  containing  from  90  to  igo  grains.  In  another  in- 
flance  20  ftems,  proceeding  from  one  root,  produced 
ears  containing  968  grains. 

b.  The  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  &c. 
gave  the  filver  medal  for  the  {allowing  method  of  har- 
vefting  corn  in  wet  weather:  Mr.  Palmer,  to  whom 
it  was  aijudg^d,  collected  as  .  ere  ne- 
ceffary  for  the  purpofe,  ar.  :  a  p  rt  of  them  to 
cut  the  corn  in  the  common  method  with  fickles,  and 
bind  it  into  fheaves;  he  employed  others  to  houfe  and 
threfh  it.  The  next  morning  it  was  winnowed,  and 
dried  in  a  malt-kiln.  A  timber  ftove  or  a  hop  kiln 
will  anfwer  the  fame  purpofe,  and  the  extra-expenfe  of 
this  method  of  harveltinj;  is  estimated  at  9s.  an  a- 
viz.  5s.  per  acie  For  drying  and  4s.  for  the  extra  t:  -..- 
lie  of  threfh ing  it. 

c.  In  Cornwall  and  in  c  .hire  it  is  the  practice  id 
rainy  weather,  to  build  the  eat,    hz\ 
and     :her  grain  in  the  field,  into  a              r  folid  c>. 
about  12  feet  high;  the  be 

the  but-end  only  expofed  to  the  weather.  '.'ie 

is  finiihed  by  an  inverted  fheai  of  reed  or  corn,  tied  to 
the  upper  re 

ommon  e  to  cut  .eat 

before  it  is  quite  ripe,  efpeciaiiy  if  there  is  any  app- 
ance  of  blight  upon  the  ftraw.     In  th; 
it  down  in  gripe   (.  call  it),  with  the  ears  hang- 

ing into  the  funf  to  receive  as  much  of  the 


WHE. 


353 


dews  as  pofTible,  and  turn  it  for  two  or  three  days  to- 
gether before  they  bind  it  into  fheaf.  This  is  found 
to  improve  the  grain  in  quality,  as  well  as  to  increafe 
the  quantity. 

5.    Distempers,  cause  of,  and  cure. 

a.  Black-Ruft,  is  cured  by  letting  the  wheat  ftand  un- 
cut, three  weeks  or  more  after  the  ufual  time  at  which 
people  in  general  cut  fuch  wheat;  by  which  time  the 
fun  and  air  will  deilroy  the  infects  that  occafioned  it; 
the  knots  will  then  open,  and  the  fap  paiTing  up  will 
recover  the  grain. 

b.  Smut,  in  wheat  m.iy  be  removed  by  finking  a  vefTel 
that  contains  the  feed  beneath  the  running  ftream,  or 
under  a  pump;  ftirring  it  brifkly  with  a  broom,  where- 
by the  balls,  if  any,  of  tljns  pernicious  fubftance  will 
float  away,  or  may  be  (ki mined  off;  and  if  there  be 
not  any  of  them,  but  fjme  of  the  powder  adhering  to 
the  feed-wheat,  this  active  ftirring,  or  brufhing,  will 
cleanfe  it  from  every  particle  of  this  infecting  matter. 
The  feed  will  then  be  in  proper  condkion  for  lowing. 

If  intended  for  flour  after  being  thus  clesnfed,  it  muft 
be  dried  in  a  malt-kiln,  heated  lb  as  not  to  exceed  the 
85th  degree  on  Farenheit's  thermometer;  and  it  will 
dry  in  about  18  hours. 

c.  Mildew,  this  and  the  ruft,  is  faid  to  be  occafioned  by 
fungi;  and  thefmut,  a  decay  of  the  feed  in  confluence 
of  its  want  of  impregnation  by  the  male  farina. 

6.  Preservation  of  Seed  and  Plant. 
a.  In  granaries  corn  is  fubjecc.  to  be  deftroyed  by  the 
Weevil,  Moth  and  Beetle,  /'.  e.  the  larva  of  a  Moth 
(Phalcena  E-vonymella),  and  of  a  Beetle  (Curculio 
Frumentarius):  Frequent  fcreening,  ftirring,  and  ex- 
pofure  to  draught  of  wind  or  frrfh  air  will  prevent  thefe 
infects  injuring  it,  and  deftroy  their  eggs  if  laid  among 
it — Should  this  have  been  neglected,  and  the  infects 
appear  in  the  winged  ftate . — 

(1.)  A  hen  or  hens  with  new  hatched  chickens,  will 
free  it  entirely  of  the  infects,  without  feeding  (or  very 
fparingly)  on  the  corn. 
(2.)  It  is  faid  that  the  leaves  of  Pellicory  of  the  Wall 

[  45  1     * 


3*4 


WHE. 


will  deftroy  the  Weevil  in  corn,  and  that  the  fmell  of 
lobfters  alfo  proves  fatal  to  them. 
(3)   When  the  larva  forfake  their  food  and  afcend  the 
walls,  and  alfo  the  moth,  they  may  be  exterminated  by 
clofing  up  all   the  doors   and  windows  of  the   corn- 
chamber,   and  filling  it  with  the  fumes  of  Brinjlcm, 
by  leaving  it  burning  on  a  pan  of  charcoal,    with 
giving  it  any  vent  for  24  hours.     Great  caution  how- 
ever, muft  be  ufed,   to  open  the  windows  and  doors, 
and  let  all  the  fumes  be  entirely  gone  before  any  body 
enters  the  place,  for  fear  of  fuftbcation.     The  fumes 
of  Sulphur  .'.re  in  no  wife  hurtful  to  the  corn. 
(4.)  See  Poplar. 

b.  On  fnip-board. — A  cheap  and  efficacious  ventilator 
for  prelerving  corn  on  fhip-board  from  hearing  has 
been  invented   by  Mr.  Sou:h;    the  fuppofed  t: 

from  6  to  20  guineas,   according  to   the   fize  of 
fhip,  which  is  under  4d.  per  quarter  en  the  firft  cargo; 
it  takes  to  pieces,  and  will,  if  well  piir.red,  h: 
years.    A  full  account  of  this  invention  may  be  feen  in 
the  VHIth   Vol.  of  the  Bath  Agricultural  Societies* 
tpers.     P.  S3 — 68. 

c.  Wheat,  while  growing,  is  often  deftroyed  by  the  red 

re  worm,  (JjIus),  which  feeds  on  zhs  principal  cr 
downward  root.     The  remedy  is  to  roll  the  furfacc 
ry  hard,  or  to  tread  it  with  fheep,  either  folded  or  dri- 
ven on  it,  between  the  (owing  of  the  crop  and  i:s  ap- 
pearing above  ground.     A  top  dreffing  with 
the  fpnng  is  alfo  laid  to  deftroy  them. 

This  infect  is  equally  injurious  to  turners. 

d.  In  the  dry  fummer  of  iSco,    the  larva  of  an  in 
called  Lor  i  Taylors    (Tipula  «),    ciid 
grea:  damage  in  Scotland  to  the  wheat,  a.  roPsi 
fown  upon  a  clover  lea  in  the  fpring  of  the  year, 
eating  the  leaves;  thefe  deftru;             -its  were  princi- 
pally upon  ftrong  lands,    and  moift  foils ;    fandy 
foih  were  perfectly  free  from  them. 

e.  The  fpur  in  tne  feed  proceeds  from  the  impregnation 
of  an  infect. 

7.  I 

a.  The  feed  for  flour  and  for  ftarch. 

b.  The  ltraw  for  thatching,  litter,  and  manure. 


WIL.  3SS 

WILLOW. 

f.  Yellow  Willow.     (Salix  Vatallina.) 

2.  Almond-leaved  Willow.     (Salix  Amygdalina.) 

a.  Small  Red  Willow,  or  Binding  Rod. 

b.  New  kind. 

3.  Ofier  Willow.     (Salix  Viminalis.) 

a.  Yellow  Ofier. 

b.  Brown  Oiler. 

4.  Spaniard. 

5.  Broad-leaved  red-hearted  Huntingtonihire  Willow. 

6.  Sweet  bay-leaved  Willow.     (Salix  Pentandria.) 
7-  Common  Sallow.     (Salix  Caprea.) 

8.  Common  White  Willow.     Salix  Alba. 
$.  Purple  Willow.     Salix  Purpurea. 

10.  Dutch  Willow. 

11.  Upland  or  Red  Willow. 

12.  Hartlib,  in  his  Legacy,  mentions  a  fmall  Ofier  or 
Willow  at  St.  Omar's  in  Flanders,  which  grows  on 
iflands  which  float  up  and  down,  of  which  they  make 
curious  fine  baikets:  He  advifes  the  introducing  it  in- 
to England ;  at  the  fame  time  fays,  it  grew  in  John 
Tradefcant's  garden  at  South  Lambeth,  near  London. 

Culture,  &c. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  The  common  Sallow  grows  beft  upon  a  dry  foil,  as 
does  the  upland  Willow. 

b.  A  moift  foil  fuits  all  the  above  trees,  except  the  Sal- 
low and  Upland  Willow. 

2.   Increased. 

a.  By  Cuttings. 

b.  By  plaining  down  the  ihoots  of  old  Willow  (locks. 

3.  Tree. 
a.  Willow  bed.  The  ground  to  be  dug  a  fpade  deep, 
and  planted  in  March  with  fets  15  or  16  inches  long, 
cut  diagonally  off"  the  flrongeft  ihoots  of  the  laft  year's 
growth,  but  not  near  the  top,  that  being  too  porous: 
the  rows  2  feet  afunder,  and  the  fets  iS  inches  from 
each  other,  leaving  about  7  inches  above  the  ground; 
mull  be  kept  well  weeded,  and  the  ground  not  furFer- 
cd  to  be  long  under  the  tide.    The  ihoots  are  to  be  cut 


3$6  WIL. 

clofe  the  firft  year,  the  fecond  next  cutting  feafon  a 
portion  may  be  left  to  (land  ano.her  year,  where  large 
fluff  is  wanted,  for  the  ribs  of  large  bafkets,  &c. 

b.  The  Dutch  Willow  mud  be  planted  6  feet  from  each 
other — Are  cut  from  7  to  15  years  growth. 

c.  Upland  or  Red  Willow  :  The  London  Society  for 
the  Encouragement  of  Agriculture,  &c.  require  1200 
at  lead  to  be  planted  on  an  acre. 

d.  Pollard  Willows — For  thefe  are  planted  in  March 
boughs  of  the  common  white  Willow,  about  10  inches 
in  circumference,  and  9  ittx.  long,  trimmed  of  the 
lefllr  branches,  and  a  fhort  fork,  left  at  the  top — they 
are  planted  8  or  9  feet  apart  near  the  fides  of  rivers, 
and  wet  ditches. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Yellow  Willow.  Being  of  a  tough,  but  yielding 
nature,  it  is  ufed  by  nurfery-men  for  binding  packages 
of  trees  and  fhrubs,  and  for  tying  up  the  branches  of 
wall  and  efpalier  trees  -,  it  is  alfo  ufed  by  crate  and  baf- 
ket-makers. 

b*  Almond  leaved  Willow — The  variety  a.  is  ufed  for 
binding  the  produce  of  garden  grounds — var.  b.  is  of 
a  large  growth,  and  produces  a  great  crop.  It  is  ufed 
both  by  the  bafket-makers  and  the  corn-fieve  makers; 
and,  indeed,  is  fit  for  any  work  which  requires  a  firm 
as  well  as  a  tough  rod. 

c.  Ofier.  This  is  a  very  pleafant  working  rod,  and  pro- 
duces a  great  ciopj  of  it  is  made  bafkets,  hoops, 
crates,  birdcages,  &c.  It  is  often  planted  To  prevent 
the  banks  of  rivers  from  being  wafhed  away  by  the 
force  of  the  current. 

Paper  has  been  made  from  the  bark  and  leaves. 

d.  Spaniard.      Uieful  in  binding  brum  or  underwood. 
c.  Broad-leaved  red-hearted   Huntingtonfhire  Willow. 

For  making  hurdles,  flakes,  gates,  and  other  farming 
implements.  The  wood  is  tough  and  light,  and  an- 
fwers  for  all  the  purpofes  of  deal. 

This  tree  grows  fa  ft,  and  to  a  large  fize.  On  the 
weftcrn  coaft  of  Scotland,  are  fome  2  feet  or  more,  in 
diameter. 


WIN.  ty 

f  Sweet  bay-leaved  Willow.  The  down  of  the  feeds, 
mixed  with  a  third  part  of  cotton,  has  been  proved  to 
be  a  very  good  fubftitute  for  cotton  itfclf ;  the  leaves 
dye  yellow ;  and  the  branches  are  cut  to  make  fprin- 
gles.     The  wood  may  be  made  into  paper. 

g.  Common  Sallow.  The  bark  is  ufed  to  tan  leather ; 
the  wood  is  fmooth,  foft,  white  and  flexible;  it  is 
ufed  to  make  handles  for  hatchets,  prongs,  fpades,  &c. 
and  furnifhes  fhoemakers  with  cutting-boards  and 
whetting-boards,  to  fmooth  the  edge  of  their  knives 
upon.  It  alfo  makes  an  excellent  coal  for  painters' 
fcribets. 

It  may  be  topped  every  fecond  or  third  year. 

h.  Common  white  Willow.  The  bark  will  tan  leather, 
and  dye  yarn  of  a  cinnamon  colour  ;  of  it  is  alfo  made 
a  fort  of  ropes  ;  the  wood  is  ufed  to  make  poles,  (lakes, 
hoops  for  cafks,  &c.    and  for  fuel. 

i.  Purple  Willow.  The  moots  are  ufed  to  make  baf- 
kets,  cradles,  and  all  forts  of  twig-work. 

k.  Dutch  Wilbw.  Are  fplit  and  made  ufe  of  for 
hoops,  chairs,  polls,  gates,  rails,  &c.  for  which  they 
are  very  excellent ;  fome  are  fent  abroad  to  fupport 
vines. 

/.  Willows  make  (with  oak  pods)  very  durable  gates; 
which  have  the  advantage  of  lightnefs,  and  not  da- 
maging themfelves  by  fhutting  to — The  wood  alfo  re- 
fills water,  and  remains  found  many  years  after  mod 
other  woods  are  totally  decayed. 

w.  For  hedges,  being  planted  crofs  or  lattice  wife,  and 
bound  along  the  top. 

;?.  In  Sweden  and  in  Germany  fheep  a*-e  fed  partly  du- 
ring the  winter  with  the  leaves  of  trees,  of  which  the 
bell  are  thofe  of  the  WmIIow,  Ofier,  and  Sallow ;  and 
alfo  of  the  Maple,  Birch,  Beech,  and  Quickfet ;  if 
given  in  too  great  quantities  they  heat  them.  Sheep 
will  alfo  eagerly  eat  the  leaves  of  the  trembling  Pop- 
lar, which  are  fuppofed  to  be  hurtful. 

WTNE  (fee  page  29-) 


358  W.OA. 

WOAD.     (Ifatis  Tiuttoria.) 

Culture,  fcfr. 

i.  Soil. 

a.  Delights  mod  in  a  deep  fat  loam,  with  as  much  fand 
as  to  admit  of  eafy  pulverization. 

Exhaufts  the  land  exceedingly,  and  more  than  two 
crops  mult  not  in  general  be  taken. 

b.  The  land  to  be  ploughed — i.  againft  winter — 2.  in 
the  fpring,  when  the  ridges  mould  be  formed — 3.  in 
June,  and  the  laft  in  July,  or  very  early  in  Auguft. 
In  the  intervals  of  the  ploughing,  harrowing  mould 
take  place,  to  deftroy  all  weeds. 

2.  Seed. 

c.  Sown  early  in  Auguft — Aniwers  better  drilled  than 
broad-cafl. 

3.  Plant. 

c.  To  be  hoed  when  two  or  three  weeks  old  to  at  lead 
the  diftance  of  6  inches  -,  fome  thin  and  weed  them  by 
hand. 

b.  Three  or  four  crops  or  gatherings  will  be  produced 
in  fuccefllon  j  but  the  firft  two  are  the  belt.  The  time 
of  gathering  is  determined  by  the  full  growth  of  the 
leaves,  and  the  firft  appearance  of  change  of  colour  at 
the  extremities.  The  leaves  are  cut  by  hand,  and  ga- 
thered into  bafkets  by  women  and  children. 

c.  Is  cured  by  throwing  it  into  a  mill  conftructed  with 
a  heavy  iron  ribbed  roller,  iomething  like  that  which 
is  ufed  for  bruifing  bark  and  other  fubftances;  by  this 
procefs  it  is  cut  and  bruifed  to  a  pulp.  It  is  then  laid 
in  fmall  heaps,  preffed  clofe  and  fmooth ;  and  as  the 
cruft  formed  on  the  outfide  cracks,  it  is  clofed  again  to 
prefcrve  the  ftrength  of  the  fubftance.  After  laying 
about  a  fortnight  in  this  Irate,  the  heaps  are  broken  up; 
the  outfide  worked  into  a  mats,  and  the  whole  formed 
by  the  hand,  and  lometimcs  by  wooden  moulds,  into 
oval  balls  ■,  which  are  then  dried  on  hurdles  under  a 
fhed  expofcd  to  the  fun. 

They  turn  black,  or  of  a  dark  brown  on  the  out- 
fide, when  well  manufactured  ;  and  are  valued  in  pro- 
portion to  their  fpccifk  weigh:,  and  a  purplifh  cait  In 
the  infide. 


YAM. 


3S9 


d.  If  feed  be  wanted,  after  two  cuttings,  the  crop  is 
fuffered  to  go  to  feed  for  the  next  year  ;  but  if  only 
one  crop  is  taken  the  feed  will  be  finer.  When  the 
pods  turn  of  a  dark  colour  the  feed  is  ripe  j  the  ftalks 
fhould  then  be  reaped  like  wheat,  and  fpread  abroad  j 
and  if  the  weather  be  favourable  the  feed  will  be  fit 
for  threfhing  in  four  or  five  days. 
4.  Use. 

a.  It  is  much  valued  by  dyers  for  its  blue  colour ;  and 
it  is  the  bafis  of  many  other  colours.  A  French  chy- 
mift  has  lately  published  an  opinion,  that  real  indigo 
may  be  obtained  from  Woad,  and  from  the  blue  fca- 
bious  j  by  treating  them  like  the  indigo  plant  in  A- 
merica. 

b.  Is  coveted  and  fed  on  by  fheep,  and  faid  to  cure  them 
of  the  rot. 

YAMS.     (Diofcorea  Bulbifera  ?  Saliva  .?) 

1.  Red. 

2.  White,  called  Tannie  in  the  Weft  Indies  (Arum 
E/cu  lent  urn  .?) 

3.  Weft  India  Yam  (Diofcorea  Alata)  Will  grow  in 
the  open  ground  in  England. 

Culture,   (3c.  of  the  red  and  white  yams. 

1.  Soil. 

a.  They  grow  on  poor  foil,  even  more  abundantly  than 
rich,  (where  they  are  apt  to  run  too  much  to  item, 
and  to  be  lefs  productive  at  the  root)  j  and  from  the 
conftant  verdure  which  they  retain  to  the  lateft  period 
of  the  feafon,  they  enrich  the  ground  little  lefs  than  a 
crop  of  turneps  itfelf.  The  Yam  is  cultivated  in  molt 
parts  of  Scotland  and  in  North  Wales. 

2.  Plant. 

a.  Are  treated  in  cultivation  like  potatoes  j  are  excellent 
preparations  for  a  wheat  crop. 

b.  Are  very  productive  ;  from  12  to  20  tons  an  acre  is 
a  common  return  of  the  red  ;  the  white  is  a  finer  fpe- 
cies,  but  a  lefs  luxuriant  crop. 

c.  The  time  of  planting  the  end  of  May  or  beginning 
of  June  j  are  taken  up  in  October  or  November,  and 
houfed,  or  laid  up  in  pits  like  potatoes. 


360  YAR.     YEW. 

3.   Use. 

a.  Cnicfly  for  milch  cows,  increafing  the  produce  with- 
out affecling  the  quality  or  tafte  of  the  milk.  As  cat- 
tle eat  them  with  the  greateft  voracity  there  is  a  danger 
attending  them,  if  given  in  large  quantities  ;  hence, 
cows  are  never  allowed  above  half  a  peck  at  a  time  i 
but  this  quantity  may  be  repeated  twice,  or  thrice  a 
day,  if  care  is  taken  to  allow  a  eonfiderable  interval 
between  each  feed.  In  the  Weft  Indies  are  given  to 
Mules. 

b.  The  white  yam  eats  tolerable  well  at  table.  In  the 
Weft  Indies  it  is  ufed  to  thicken  ibups. 

YARD  LAND. 

Is  a  quantity  of  land,  different,  in  different  places; 
at  Wimbleton  in  Surry,  it  is  15  acres ;  in  other  coun- 
ties it  is  20,  in  fome  24,  and  in  others  30  or  40  acres. — 
It  alfo  (ignifies  the  right  which  a  pariih  or  farmer  has, 
to  depafture  with  fheep,  cov\s,  or  horfes,  on  wafte 
land. 

YARROW.     (Archillea  Millefolium.') 

Sheep  are  fo  particularly  fond  of  this  plant,  that  its 
cultivation  has  been  recommended  ;  grows  very  well 
in  a  dry  fandy  foil,  and  its  deep  roots  enable  it,  to  keep 
its  verdure  in  very  dry  fealbns. 

YEW.     (Taxus  Baccata.) 

Culture,  &fV. 

1.  Soil. 
it.  Grows  naturally  on  chalk,  and  thrives  beft  on  hills. 
b.  Very  large  trees  have  grown  upon  barren  cold  foils. 

2.  Increased. 
ti.  By  berr'es  fbwn   as  foon  as  ripe,   with  the  mucilage 
that  furrounds  them. 

3-    Tr 
a.   Is  of  no    great  height,    but   the  trunk    grows  to  a 
large  fize — Mr.  Pennant  (in   his  Scotch  Tour)  men- 
tions the  remains  of  one,  whofc   ruins    mtafuivd   $6[ 
feet  in  circumference. 
'>.  Bears  tranfpliintlng  even  when  old. 


ZEU.  361 

c.  The  wood  is  hard,  fmooth,  and  beautifully  veined 
with  red. 

d.  The  leaves  are  fatal  to  the  human  fpecies ;  and  the 
loppings  in  a  half  dried  ftate  to  cattle. 

4.  Use. 

a.  Of  the  wood  is  made  tops  for  angling  rods,  bows, 
axle-trees,  fpoons,  cogs  for  mills,  wheels ;  and  flood- 
gates for  rlfh-ponds  which  hardly  ever  decay. 

The  wood  is  lbmetimes  found  fo  hard   in  bogs  in 
Ireland,  as  to  give  fire  at  the  ftroke  of  a  hatchet. 

b.  Is  the  moft  proper  of  all  trees  for  forming  hedges  for 
the  defiance  of  exotic  plants  -,  even  a  better  protection 
than  walls,  as  the  winds  are  not  reverberated. 

ZEUGOMETER. 

A  fmall  pocket  inftrument  for  proving  corn,  {eed,  &c. 

''From  a  late  Englijh  Publication. 

"  A  difcovery  of  confiderable  importance  has  been 
announced,  with  regard  to  the  prefervation  of  corn. 
To  preferve  Rye  and  fecure  it  from  infects  and  rats,  no- 
thing more  is  necefiary  than  not  to  fan  it  after  it  is 
threfhed,  and  to  flow  it  in  the  granaries  mixed  with,  the 
chaff.  In  this  ftate  it  has  been  kept  more  than  three 
years,  without  experiencing  the  fmalleft  alteration,  and 
even  without  the  neceMity  of  being  turned  to  preferve  it 
from  humidity  and  fermentation. — Rats  and  mice  may 
be  prevented  from  entering  the  barn,  by  putting  fome 
wild  wine  or  hedge  plants  upon  the  heaps  ;  the  f  r.ell  of 
this  wood  is  fo  offenfive  to  thole  animals  that  they  will 
not  approach  it.  The  experiment  has  not  yet  been 
made  with  wheat  and  other  kinds  of  grain,  but  they 
may  probably  be  preferved  in  the  chaff  with  equal  ad- 
vantage." 

Library 

N.  C.   State   College 

[  46  ] 


Pages  in  which  the  Figures  in  the  Plate  are  particu* 
larly  referred  to. 

Fig.  i.  A  turnep  tranfplanter,  page  325. 

2.  A  tinple,  p.  81. 

3.  A  draining  fpade,  p.  104. 

4.  A  draining  fcoop,  p.  105. 

5.  An  engine  for  twilling  flraw,  p.  105. 

6.  A  hoilow  brick ;  two  of  which  form  a  pipe  drain, 

p.  103. 

7.  D  D  two  bricks,  and  E  a  ftone  cover  for  a  drain, 

p.  103. 
8  and  9.     Shews  the  order  in  which  fome  place  the 
ftones  in  drains,   p    105. 

10.  A  mole  plough,  p  214. 

11.  and  12.      American  implements  for  collecting  the 

heads  of  clever,  p.  80.   81. 
13.  and  14.     Double  plough,  p.  255. 
15.  An  implement   for  eradicating  Dicks,  Mallows 

and  other  deep  rooted  weeds,  p.  348. 
x6,  Potatoe  fcoop,  p.  264. 


ALPHABETICAL   TABLE 


OF 


LINNJEAN  NAMES. 


Acer  Campeflre 

2IO 

Capficum  Annuum 

5« 

Pfeudoplatanus 

316 

Crambe  Maritima 

«S 

^fcuhis    Hippo  Caflav.um 

I62 

Caipinus   Betulus 

161 

Agaricus    Campefiris 

217 

Cartham'js  TinBorious 

291 

Allium    Afcalonicum 

297 

Cam  til   Carui 

58 

Sckcenoprafum 

77 

Celtis  Occidentals 

223 

Porrum 

189 

Cichorium  Intybus 

76 

Cepa 

232 

Cochlearia  Armoracia 

163 

Fijfulofum 

233 

Columba  JEnas 

249 

Scorodoprafum 

287 

Palumbus 

IOZ 

AHopecunis    Pratetijis 

142 

Biforia 

id. 

Amorpha    Fruticofa 

171 

Pajferina 

id. 

Amydalus    Communis 

4 

Cohitea  Arborefcens 

100 

Perfica 

22 1 

Colchicum  Varigatutn 

291 

Perji.a 

*39 

Convolvulus  Eatatus 

27c 

Anas    Cynoides 

231 

Coriandrum  Sativum 

«S 

Canadenfis 

id. 

Cornus  Mafcula 

87 

/Egyptiaca 

132 

Sanguinea 

id. 

Barnicle 

id. 

Cory  1  us  Avellana 

I  5* 

Anser 

id. 

Cratcegus  Oxyacanthus 

7.-JZ. 

Anetlium    Fceniculum 

»»5 

Azarolus 

2E 

Anthemis     Nobilis 

67 

Aria 

7.6 

Anthoxanthum    Odoratum 

138 

Crocus  Sati'vus 

291 

.Apium    Graveoleris 

310 

Crotalaria  Juncea 

»54 

Petrofelinum 

235 

Cucub  lus  Behen 

261 

Apocynum    Cannabium 

102 

Cucumis  Melo 

210 

Arachis    Hypagaea 

224 

Sati'vus 

95 

Arch i  1  le3    Millefolium 

360 

Flexuofus 

id. 

Arundo    Phragmites 

281 

Cucurbiia  Lagenaria 

*34 

Arenait  a 

id. 

Melopepo 

id. 

Afparagus    Officinalis 

*9 

Cynara  Scolymus 

J5 

Ave -a    Sati'va 

228 



59 

Nuda 

id. 

Cynofurus  Criftatus 

139 

Stipiformis 

id. 

Cypiinus  Carpio 

zzz 

Tinea 

id. 

B 

Carajjius 

123 

Berberis    Vulgaris 

34 

\  Brema 
Rufilus 

id. 
id. 

Beta    Vulgaris 
Betula  Alnus 
Alba 
Bixa  Orellana 

33-'99 

2 

35 
13 

Le.itifcus 
Gobio 
Cytifus  Laburnum 

id. 
id. 
I8S 

Braflica  Oleracea 

49 

D 

Napus 

279 

Rapa 

324 

Daucus  Carota 

60 

Bromus  Molli; 

139 

Diofcorea  Eulbijera 

360 

364 


INDEX. 


D>ofcorea  Alata 
Diplacus  Fulloitum 


Equifet  ile 

Eriophoium  Vaginatum 
En  urn    Lens 
Elox   Lucius 


Far  us  Syli'atica 
Caflanea 
Ferula  Affafattida 
Feituca    Pratenjls 
Ficue  Carica 
Fragaria    Vefca 

Monopbjila 
Fraxir.us  Exlc. 
Ornus 
Fixes  Ve/iculofus 

'   G 

G!edit/;a   Triaeanthus 
Glyc'yrrhiza  Glair  a 
C-r-:iv;i  Officinalis 

H 
Kedera  Helix 
H  3flaruin  Onn: 
• 

■  ~om    Spi 
Hcicus  Ltmatus 

H-rdcum    Vulgar: 
Zcvcriton 

Dij:: 

Huronlus   Luf ; 

uhus   AV: 
Kyif  pus  Off.:; . 

J 
Ilex  Aquifclium 
Iris   PJt 

Ifatis    TinSoria 
ts   Reg; a 
Juncu-    Conglomerates 
Junipe.us  Vtrginiand 


fa 
Lavandula  Spi:  at  a 
Lep  dium  Sativum 
Liux'K  UfitatiJJ'mum 


360 
3»7 


163 
289 
189 
"J 


30 

20 

13s 

1'7 

3T3 

3'  + 
16 
id. 

180 


*93 


1  So 

•94 

167 

236 
13S 
14S 

2 1 

id. 

id. 

id. 
158 
i65 

id. 


J57 
289 

358 
34i 

64 
179 


190 
191 
ji3 

9- 
114. 


Lclium  Pe 
Lycopodium  Selago 

If 

Marania  Galangc 

ca^b   Saliva 

Falcata 

Fa  Officinalis 

.JiS 

Millinra 

Morus  Nigra 
Alba 

Pyfyrifera 
x\\:\.  Anguilla. 
rum  Sativum 
Myrica  Ga/*j 

Cerifera 

N 

N 3rd  os   Stride 
Nicotfana  Rujlica 
bfda  Meiea't 

O 

O  ymum  Baf.i'.. 
Oica  Europma 
Oiizu  Sativa 


Panax  Quinquefolium 
Papaver  Somnift 

QrientaJts 
Rbaras 
Paftinaca    Sativa 
Pha'ccna    Msr; 
Phalans  Car.arienis 
Phallus   Efculentus 
Phafianus    Colekieus 

Galltis 
Phafe^lus  Vulgaris 
Phelum  Prai 
Pir. us    Cedrus 

Sjl'veftris 

"  bus 
Abies 
Picea 
Lr.rix 
Cembra 
Piftacia  T-erebinthus 
Piiuni  Sativum 

■  go  Lanceolcta 
Llarine 
Co'onapus 
Platan  us  Orier.tal'.s 

Occi.icnialis 
Poa  Aquatics 


»3* 

215 


14 
194 

id. 

26 
213 
213 
215 

id. 
2-16 
123 
131 
220 

id. 


18s 

321 
149 


137 

261 

id. 
236 
3  =  5 

214. 

~  ■  Q 

--■ 
iSr 

M9 

1  9 
id. 

id. 
id. 

187 

250 

*5* 

244 

M3 

id. 
252 

id. 
z8z 


INDEX. 

365 

Pratenfis 

139 

Salmo   Eperlanus 

124. 

Tri-vialis 

id. 

Salvia  Officinalis 

293 

Polygonum  Fagopyrum 

43 

Sambucus    Nigra 

109 

Poly  podium  Felix  mas 

117 

Sanguiforba  Officinalis 

47 

Populus  Alba 

a  50 

Satureja  Hortenjis 

296 

Tremula 

id. 

Montana 

id. 

Nigra 

id. 

Scriptus  Lacuflris 

28$ 

Potentilla  Reptans 

77 

Secale  Cere  ale 

289 

Poteri  urn  Sanguiforba 

46 

Sinapis  Alba 

219 

Primus  Domeflica 

=  55 

A  igra 

id. 

Spina  fa 

309 

Ar<venfis 

id. 

Armeniaca 

12 

Sifymbrium  Najlurtium 

344 

Padus 

36.73 

Sium  Sifarum 

309 

Virginiana 

36 

Smyrnium    Olufatrum 

4 

Injititiua 

41 

Solanum  Lycoperftcu/n 
Tuberofum 

194 

Cera/us 

73 

263 

Pteris  Aqtiilina 

116 

Spartium  Scopariam 

4i 

Punica  Granatum 

2  57 

Junceum 

id. 

Pyrus    Cy  don't  a 

274 

Monofpermum 

42 

Mains 

6 

Spinacia  Glabra 

311 

Communis 

241 

Oleracea 

id. 

Q. 

T 

Quercus  Saber 

86 

Taxus  Baccata 

360 

Rober 

224 

Tetrao  Perdix 

237 

Teucrium  Scordonia 

293 

R 

Thymus  Vulgaris 

319 

Ranunculus  Acris 

Sceleratus 

Aquatilis 

Flammula 

93 
94 
id. 
id. 

Serpyllus 
Tilia  Europoea 
Trifolium  rratenfe 
Alpejlre 

id. 

191 

7S 

id. 

Repens 
Bulbofus 
Paphanus  Sati'vus 
Refeda  Luteola 
Rhamnus  Frangula 

id. 
id. 

277 

348 

2 

Agrarium 
Hybridum 
Repens 
Triticum  Hybernum 
Mjli'vum 
Turgidum 
SZuadratum 
Polonicum 
Tropsolum  Majus 
Tulipifera  Liriodendron 

79 

id. 
id. 

349 
id. 
id. 

Rheum  Palmatum 

Rhaponticum 
Undulatum 
Ribes  Rubrtim 
Nigrum 
Grofj'ularia 

283 

id." 

id. 
i"d. 
98 
id. 
*33 

35° 
223 

3-3 

TufSlago  Petafites 

49 

Rofa  Sua<vifolia 

109 

u 

Rosmarinus  -  - 

287 

Rubia    Tinilorum 

*95 

Ulex  Europaa 

J2g 

Rubus  hiatus 

280 

Ulmus  Campeftris 

no 

Occidentalis 

id. 

V 

S 

Valeriana  Locufla 

88 

Sagittaria  Sagittifolia 

14 

Pbu 

33=» 

Salix  Vatallina 

355 

Vicia  Faba 

26 

Amygdalina 

id. 

Saliva 

335 

Viminalis 

id. 

Sylvatica 

id. 

Pentandria 

id. 

Cracca 

id. 

Caprea 

id. 

Septum 

5  3^ 

Alba 

id. 

Vitis  Vinifera 

337 

Purpurea 

id. 

* 


yuft  Publijhed  and  to  be  Sold  by 
James   Humphreys, 

At  the  N.  W.  Corner  of  Walnut  and  Dock-Jireets. 

AN   EPITOME   OF 

Forfyth's  Treatife  on  the  Culture  and  Management 

of  Fruit  Trees : 

With  Notes  on  American  Gardening,  and  Fruits;  and 
Defigns  for  promoting  the  Ripening  of  Fruits,  and 
fecuring  them  as  early  Comforts : 

And  further 

Of  Economical  Principles  in  building  Farmer's  Habi- 
tations 

By  an  American  Farmer. 
The  Pleader's  Guide, 

A  Didatlic  Poem,   in  Two  Books; 

CONTAINING 

The  Conduct  of  a  Suit  at  Law,  with  the  Arguments 
of  Counfellor  Bother'um,  and  Counfellor  Bore'um,  in 
an  Action  betwixt  John-a-Gull  and  John-a-Gudgeon, 
for  Ailault  and  Battery,    at  a  late  contefted  iiledion : 

By  the  late  JOHN  SURREBUTTER,  Efq. 

Special  Pleader  and  Barrijler  at  Law. 
«*»©«■» 

Practical  Observations  on  Vaccination  or  Inoculation  for 

The  Cow-Pock, 
By  JOHN  REDMAN  COXE,  M.  D, 

With  a  coloured  Engraving  from  Nature  of  the  various  Stages  of  the 
Vaccine  and  Small-Pox. 

-mm<2>*~- 

The  Town  and  Country 

Friend  and  Phyfician, 

Or  an  Affe&ionate  Addrefs  on  the  Prefervation  of  Health, 
and  the  Removal  of  Difeafe  on  its  firft  Appearance. 


A  Compendium  of  the 

Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body : 

BY  ANDREW  FYFE  :    In  Two  Volumes. 
Parkinfon's  Chemical  Pocket  Book; 

Embel/ijhed  with  Engravings. 

Henry's  Epitome  of  Chemiftry. 
— -•<©—■- — 

Abbott's  Treatifc  on  the  Law  relative  to 

Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen  : 

Enlarged  with  a  Digeft  of  the  Marine  Laws  of  the 
United  States. 

Said  Humphreys  has  now  in  the  Pre/sj  and  will  fhortly 

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Commercial  and  Notarial  Precedents: 

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All  the  moft  approved  Forms,  Common  and  Special, 
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ing  Laws  relative  to  Bills  of  Exchange,  Injur  ance,  and 
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BY  JOSHUA  MONTEFIORE. 

7*o  nuhicb  is  n)iv  added t 

A  Number  of  fuch  FORMS  as  are  in  ejlallijjjed 
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The  whole  reviled  and  edited  by  a  Gcntlcmau  of  the  Bar 
in  this  City. 


C5«      Tbt  Pnce  »f  tl.i:  7  ht  toujiderably  enhanced  Ic 

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